1
|
Yahiaoui WI, Dahmani A. Brucellosis in hospitalized patients and their animals in the agro-pastoral region of Theniet El Had (Algeria) during ten years (2013-2023). IDCases 2024; 36:e01945. [PMID: 38681083 PMCID: PMC11047185 DOI: 10.1016/j.idcr.2024.e01945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Brucellosis is an important zoonosis problem worldwide. It's also recognized as a clinical and health problem in Algeria. Methods This research is a descriptive study to determine the prevalence of brucellosis and some clinical and epidemiological aspects of hospitalized patients in the agro-pastoral region of Theniet El Had for ten years, between March 2013 and March 2023. During the study period, 180 patients (61.66% men and 38.33% women) with confirmed brucellosis based on clinical symptoms and serological tests were hospitalized for treatment. Patients working with animals were requested to screen their animals (383 goats from 27 suspicious farms with no history of vaccination), 16, 71% of goats from 44%, and 44% herds were infected. Results The occurrence of human cases varied from 49.18 to 66.02pcm (cases/100,000 inhabitants) with an average of 58, 48pcm (cases/100,000 inhabitants). Almost half of hospitalized people who had been in contact with animals could have been contaminated by direct contact. Consumption of unpasteurized dairy products during the last 2 months was at the order of 95.55%. A family history of Brucellosis was observed in 36 (20%) patients. Brucella epididymo-orchitis occurred in 18.01% while relapse occurred in a small proportion of 7.22%. Conclusions Local authorities should prevent human brucellosis with surveillance systems, disease declarations, biosecurity programs, and warning communities about the hazards of consumption of unpasteurized milk and dairy products.
Collapse
|
2
|
Bapir R, Abdalqadir AM, Aghaways E, Bayz HH, Abdullah HO, Ahmed SF, Abdalla BA, Hama JI, Muhammed BO, Hamahussein KF, Faraj FM, Kakamad FH. Brucella epididymo-orchitis: A single-center experience with a review of the literature. Arch Ital Urol Androl 2023; 95:11978. [PMID: 38193225 DOI: 10.4081/aiua.2023.11978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Brucella epididymo-orchitis (BEO) is a rare complication of brucellosis. Despite the high incidence of brucellosis in developing countries, few case series on BEO are available. This study focuses on the clinical presentations, diagnosis, and treatment of BEO with a review of the literature. This study included consecutive BEO patients diagnosed and treated at Smart Health Tower between 2021 and 2023. The required data were retrospectively collected from patients' profiles. The BEO diagnosis was established through scrotal Doppler ultrasound in cases with a positive Rose Bengal test and positive IgG and IgM results for brucellosis, in addition to scrotal pain and swelling. This study included 11 cases whose ages ranged from 22 to 55 years. Most of the cases presented with testicular pain (72.7%), followed by fever (63.6%) and arthralgia (63.6%). The right side (54.5%) was slightly more affected than the left side (45.5%). The major abnormal laboratory finding was an elevated C-reactive protein (82%). The treatment was conservative, in which a combination of gentamicin, doxycycline, and rifampicin was administered to the patients for about 6-8 weeks. One case underwent an orchiectomy due to the abscess formation. All the patients responded well to the treatment, with no recurrence. In the Middle East, brucellosis remains a concerning infectious disease. Early diagnosis, aimed at preventing abscess formation and other complications, takes first priority to avoid invasive interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rawa Bapir
- Smart Health Tower, Madam Mitterrand Street, Sulaimani, Kurdistan; Department of Urology, Sulaimani Surgical Teaching Hospital, Sulaimani; Kscien Organization, Hamdi Street, Azadi Mall, Sulaimani, Kurdistan.
| | | | - Esmaeel Aghaways
- College of Medicine, University of Sulaimani, Madam Mitterrand Street, Sulaimani, Kurdistan.
| | | | - Hiwa O Abdullah
- Smart Health Tower, Madam Mitterrand Street, Sulaimani, Kurdistan; Kscien Organization, Hamdi Street, Azadi Mall, Sulaimani, Kurdistan.
| | - Shaho F Ahmed
- Smart Health Tower, Madam Mitterrand Street, Sulaimani, Kurdistan.
| | - Berun A Abdalla
- Smart Health Tower, Madam Mitterrand Street, Sulaimani, Kurdistan; Kscien Organization, Hamdi Street, Azadi Mall, Sulaimani, Kurdistan.
| | | | | | - Karokh Fadhil Hamahussein
- Smart Health Tower, Madam Mitterrand Street, Sulaimani, Kurdistan; Kurdistan Center for Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sulaimani, Kurdistan.
| | | | - Fahmi Hussein Kakamad
- Smart Health Tower, Madam Mitterrand Street, Sulaimani, Kurdistan; Kscien Organization, Hamdi Street, Azadi Mall, Sulaimani, Kurdistan; College of Medicine, University of Sulaimani, Madam Mitterrand Street, Sulaimani, Kurdistan.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Öztürk-Çerik H, Özbek LM, Altıntaş-Öner B, Bozkurt İ. Brucellar Epididymo-Orchitis in a Brucellosis Hyperendemic Region in Türkiye. INFECTIOUS DISEASES & CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY 2023; 5:367-375. [PMID: 38633857 PMCID: PMC10986701 DOI: 10.36519/idcm.2023.253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Objective Brucellosis is one of the most prevalent zoonoses worldwide and is endemic in Türkiye. It is a multisystemic infection that can affect various organ systems. Epididymo-orchitis is the most common form of genitourinary involvement. This study aimed to evaluate the incidence, clinical characteristics, laboratory values, and treatment outcomes of brucellar epididymo-orchitis (BEO) in the East Anatolian region, where brucellosis is hyperendemic. Materials and Methods This study was conducted between January 1, 2018, and April 30, 2019. All male patients diagnosed with brucellosis at the infectious disease clinic were evaluated for epididymo-orchitis according to clinical findings (testicular pain, swelling, erythema). In addition, to identify BEO patients, all epididymo-orchitis cases admitted to the urology outpatient clinic according to the study protocol were referred to the infectious diseases clinic for Brucella infection. Patients were enrolled prospectively, and data were analyzed retrospectively. Results Brucella infection was diagnosed in 326 patients during the study period, of whom 208 (63.8%) were male. Brucellar epididymo-orchitis was diagnosed in 18 patients at the end of sixteen months. The incidence of epididymo-orchitis in patients with Brucella infection was 8.7%. The mean age of the patients was 36.9±11.5 years. The majority of patients had occupational animal contact (83.3%) and consumption of fresh cheese made from raw milk (55.5%). Acute brucellosis was diagnosed in 17 (94.4%) patients; all patients presented with scrotal pain and swelling. Unilateral epididymo-orchitis was observed in 16 (88.8%) patients. Most patients (88.3%) applied to outpatient clinics other than infectious diseases, especially the urology clinic (77.7%).Double or triple combined treatments with aminoglycoside/doxycycline/rifampicin were given to the patients. Hydrocelectomy was performed in three patients, orchiectomy in one patient, and relapse was seen in one patient. Conclusion Brucella infection should be considered in patients presenting with epididymo-orchitis in endemic regions. Awareness of brucellosis by urologists will ensure that the disease is diagnosed without complications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hatun Öztürk-Çerik
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Ordu University School of Medicine, Ordu, Türkiye
| | | | - Betül Altıntaş-Öner
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Osmangazi University School of Medicine, Eskişehir, Türkiye
| | - İlkay Bozkurt
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Ondokuz Mayıs University School of Medicine, Samsun, Türkiye
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gozdas HT, Bal T. Can it be osteoarticular involvement in the brucellosis? Aging Male 2023; 26:13. [PMID: 36705661 DOI: 10.1080/13685538.2023.2165643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Tahsin Gozdas
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Abant Izzet Baysal University Faculty of Medicine, Bolu, Turkey
| | - Tayibe Bal
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Mustafa Kemal University Faculty of Medicine, Hatay, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hamoda TAAAM, Bahassan O, Almalki AM, Alkhzaim AH, Khogeer AN, Ahmed EM, Algarni K. Brucellar testicular abscess: The 17 th case report and review of literature. Urol Ann 2023; 15:340-348. [PMID: 37664095 PMCID: PMC10471823 DOI: 10.4103/ua.ua_129_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis is an endemic zoonotic disease caused by intracellular gram-negative coccobacilli called Brucella. This infectious disease may implicate many farm animals and is transmissible to exposed humans. Brucellosis is potentially life-threatening and may lead to granulomatous multi-organ involvement with tendency to chronicity and recurrence. The treatment of brucellosis requires combined and protracted antimicrobial therapies to eliminate the disease and to avoid its relapse. Genitourinary brucellosis is common among infected humans in endemic areas and is considered the second-most affected focal site, which commonly manifests as epididymo-orchitis. Testicular abscess, however, is an extremely rare complication of brucellosis. To the best of our knowledge, in the literature, there are to date only 16 previously published case reports, including 22 patients of brucellar testicular abscesses, emphasizing the extreme rarity of this condition. Most of these cases harbored small abscesses, which were treated conservatively using antibiotics therapy only, or with added drainage of the abscesses. Larger abscesses were reported to necessitate orchiectomy. In some cases, the abscesses were mimicking tumors, and surgeries for orchiectomy were done accordingly. A summary of the previously reported cases in the literature is presented. Here, we present the 17th case report of a 34-year-old man with a right-side huge multilocular brucellar testicular abscess apparently replacing the entire testicle, who was successfully treated with organ-sparing management by incision-drainage of the large abscess with antibiotics, to eventually preserve his testis. In conclusion, brucellosis should be considered among the differential diagnoses of any testicular swelling, especially in endemic areas. Drainage of brucellar testicular abscess with appropriate medical treatment is feasible and may preserve the testicle, even with large abscess apparently replacing the entire testicle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taha Abo-Almagd Abdel-Meguid Hamoda
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Urology, Minia University, El-Minia, Egypt
| | - Omar Bahassan
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Majed Almalki
- Department of Urology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Hasan Alkhzaim
- Department of Urology, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Nizar Khogeer
- Department of Urology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ehab Mahmoud Ahmed
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kamal Algarni
- Department of Urology, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Jin M, Fan Z, Gao R, Li X, Gao Z, Wang Z. Research progress on complications of Brucellosis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1136674. [PMID: 37065189 PMCID: PMC10102637 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1136674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis is a common zoonotic disease that is widely spread worldwide and poses a major threat to human health. Clinically, it often presents with non-specific symptoms such as fever, excessive sweating, malaise, myalgia, arthralgia, loss of appetite, weight loss, and enlarged liver, spleen and lymph nodes. The disease has a long and recurrent course, often accumulating in multiple systems and organs. Of these, osteoarticular involvement is the most common complication, with a prevalence of approximately 2-77%, usually manifesting as spondylitis, sacroiliac arthritis and peripheral arthritis. Hepatosplenomegaly is seen in about 50% of patients with brucellosis, and gastrointestinal disturbances such as abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting are common. Although respiratory involvement is less common, pneumonia, pleurisy, pleural effusion, and pulmonary nodules have been reported. Besides, approximately 2-20% of cases involve infections of the male genitourinary system, mainly manifesting as unilateral epididymal-orchitis and orchitis. The most serious complication facing brucellosis is cardiovascular involvement, and although the overall mortality rate of brucellosis is about 1% and the incidence of brucellosis endocarditis is less than 2%, more than 80% of deaths are associated with endocarditis. Furthermore, brucellosis is complicated by hematologic disease, with anemia occurring in approximately 20-53% of children during the acute phase. In addition, the neurological incidence of brucellosis is about 0.5-25%, mainly manifested as meningitis. In this study, we review the multisystem complications of brucellosis with the aim of improving early diagnosis, timely treatment and prevention of long-term complications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Jin
- School of Public Health, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Zoonotic Diseases and Translational Medicine, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, China
| | - Zixu Fan
- School of Public Health, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, China
| | - Ruifang Gao
- School of Public Health, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, China
| | - Xingnan Li
- School of Public Health, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, China
| | - Zhixiang Gao
- School of Public Health, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
- *Correspondence: Zhixiang Gao, ; Zhanli Wang,
| | - Zhanli Wang
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Disease-Related Biomarkers, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, China
- *Correspondence: Zhixiang Gao, ; Zhanli Wang,
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Al Hamad HK, Nadukkandiyil N, Al Husami M, Abdelgawad HA, Meenakshisundaram S, Bashir Nemeri O. Brucellosis in older person: a case report from Qatar. Aging Male 2022; 25:266-268. [PMID: 36286586 DOI: 10.1080/13685538.2022.2138851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brucellosis is a multisystem disease with a broad spectrum of non-specific symptoms that generally occur within three weeks but sometimes up to 3 months after inoculation. Human brucellosis is quite uncommon in Elderly in Qatar. CASE REPORT This report describes a case of Brucellosis in acute geriatric unit under Rumailah Hospital in Qatar. The patient was an 81-year-old Qatari Gentle man, functionally able to walk with minimal assistance and had mild cognitive impairment who presented with high-grade fever with chills, anorexia, low back pain and arthralgia for 10 days. The above complaints occurred often for 1 month and had fever intermittently. Lab investigations revealed as high CRP 117 mg/l, low Hb 9.1 g/dl and mild elevation in ALP (151 µ/l) with normal leukocyte and platelet count. His blood culture positive for Brucella melitensis with high brucella Antibody titter 1:1280. The diagnosis made as Brucellosis. DISCUSSION The clinical manifestations of Brucellosis are fever, night sweating, chills, arthralgia and loss of appetite. It seems pyrexia of unknown origin without other symptoms is most common presentation of Brucellosis in old age. The confirmation of Brucellosis made with serological tests, with significantly high titer, in the presence or absence of blood culture. Brucella antibody titers (≥1:160) are suggestive of active infection. Anemia and raised CRP and liver enzymes were the most prominent laboratory abnormalities in our patients. Previous study from Qatar reported that 41.7% had a history of raw milk consumption and 12.5% had a history of animal contact. The objectives of Brucellosis treatment include the prevention of complications and relapse. CONCLUSION Our case presented with classical symptoms and received appropriate treatment on time. However, atypical clinical presentation and lack of specific history taking can delay diagnosis and treatment; it leads to serious clinical disease progression with increased complications. From this case study, we would contribute to optimal assessment and to keep differential diagnosis for unknown cause of fever can be Brucellosis in geriatric population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanadi Khamis Al Hamad
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Hamad General Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Navas Nadukkandiyil
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Hamad General Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mohammed Al Husami
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Hamad General Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | | | | | - Osman Bashir Nemeri
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Hamad General Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lan S, Guo Z, He Y, Liu W, Guo H. Brucella prostatic abscess: a retrospective study of eight cases and a literature review. J Int Med Res 2021; 49:3000605211027442. [PMID: 34586877 PMCID: PMC8485306 DOI: 10.1177/03000605211027442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To present the clinical characteristics, diagnostics, and treatments for Brucella prostatic abscess (BPA). METHODS We retrospectively analyzed eight BPA patients according to their vocations, age, clinical manifestations, laboratory test results, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings, and treatments. RESULTS The median age was 59 years. The most common clinical symptom was fever, followed by dysuria, erectile dysfunction, frequent urination, and urodynia. C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations were significantly elevated in all patients, and in all by one patient, the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) was high. Prostate enlargement occurred in 87.5% of the patients. Lesions were located in the prostate peripheral (87.5%) and central zones (100%), with homogenous signals on T1-weighted imaging (T1WI) and a hyperintense signal on short tau inversion recovery (STIR). Patients had a small nodule or multiple nodules, with slight hyperintense to hyperintense signals on T2-weighted imaging (T2WI) and diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI). Three patients had pelvic effusion, and seminal vesicle (37.5%), epididymis (12.5%), and bladder (12.5%) infections occurred. All patients received rifampicin and doxycycline with levofloxacin; all lesions had resolved at follow-up ultrasonography. CONCLUSION Even in epidemic areas, the incidence of BPA is relatively rare. Our findings may increase the understanding of BPA and reduce misdiagnosis and mistreatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siqin Lan
- Xinjiang Medical University Affiliated First Hospital, Medical Imaging Center, Urumqi, P.R. China
| | - Zhaoxing Guo
- Beijing Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yuanlin He
- Xinjiang Medical University Affiliated First Hospital, Medical Imaging Center, Urumqi, P.R. China
| | - Wenya Liu
- Xinjiang Medical University Affiliated First Hospital, Medical Imaging Center, Urumqi, P.R. China
| | - Hui Guo
- Xinjiang Medical University Affiliated First Hospital, Medical Imaging Center, Urumqi, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Khurana SK, Sehrawat A, Tiwari R, Prasad M, Gulati B, Shabbir MZ, Chhabra R, Karthik K, Patel SK, Pathak M, Iqbal Yatoo M, Gupta VK, Dhama K, Sah R, Chaicumpa W. Bovine brucellosis - a comprehensive review. Vet Q 2021; 41:61-88. [PMID: 33353489 PMCID: PMC7833053 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2020.1868616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease of great animal welfare and economic implications worldwide known since ancient times. The emergence of brucellosis in new areas as well as transmission of brucellosis from wild and domestic animals is of great significance in terms of new epidemiological dimensions. Brucellosis poses a major public health threat by the consumption of non-pasteurized milk and milk products produced by unhygienic dairy farms in endemic areas. Regular and meticulous surveillance is essentially required to determine the true picture of brucellosis especially in areas with continuous high prevalence. Additionally, international migration of humans, animals and trade of animal products has created a challenge for disease spread and diagnosis in non-endemic areas. Isolation and identification remain the gold standard test, which requires expertise. The advancement in diagnostic strategies coupled with screening of newly introduced animals is warranted to control the disease. Of note, the diagnostic value of miRNAs for appropriate detection of B. abortus infection has been shown. The most widely used vaccine strains to protect against Brucella infection and related abortions in cattle are strain 19 and RB51. Moreover, it is very important to note that no vaccine, which is highly protective, safe and effective is available either for bovines or human beings. Research results encourage the use of bacteriophage lysates in treatment of bovine brucellosis. One Health approach can aid in control of this disease, both in animals and man.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anju Sehrawat
- ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes, Hisar, India
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Sciences, UP Pandit Deen Dayal Upadyaya Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalya Evam Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Minakshi Prasad
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (LUVAS), Hisar, India
| | - Baldev Gulati
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Equine, Hisar, India
| | - Muhammad Zubair Shabbir
- Quality Operations Laboratory, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Rajesh Chhabra
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (LUVAS), Hisar, India
| | - Kumaragurubaran Karthik
- Central University Laboratory, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Shailesh Kumar Patel
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, India
| | - Mamta Pathak
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, India
| | - Mohd Iqbal Yatoo
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Complex, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-E-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Vivek Kumar Gupta
- Centre for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, India
| | - Ranjit Sah
- Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Institute of Medicine, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Wanpen Chaicumpa
- Center of Research Excellence on Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|