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Diversity of Geophilic Dermatophytes Species in the Soils of Iran; The Significant Preponderance of Nannizzia fulva. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7050345. [PMID: 33925095 PMCID: PMC8145706 DOI: 10.3390/jof7050345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
A molecular epidemiology study was conducted between 2016 and 2017 by a network of collaborators from 12 provinces in the Islamic Republic of Iran. A total of 1484 soil samples from different habitats were screened for the presence of dermatophytes by using the hair baiting technique. The primary identification of isolates was carried out by amplification and MvaI restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of the internal transcribed spacers regions of ribosomal DNA (ITS-rDNA). The identifications, especially in the cases of isolates with unknown RFLP patterns, were confirmed by sequencing of the ITS-rDNA region. As a result, 256 isolates were recovered. The isolation rate was higher in soils with pH range 7.1–8.0, collected from animal habitats (n = 78; 34%) and parks and gardens (n = 75; 32%), geographically from Mazandaran Province (n = 115; 49.5%) and seasonally in the spring (n = 129; 50.4%), all of which were statistically significant (p < 0.05). The dermatophytes comprising five species of the two genera, viz., Nannizzia fulva (n = 214), N. gypsea (n = 34), Arthroderma quadrifidum (n = 5), A. gertleri (n = 2) and A. tuberculatum (n = 1), were isolated. The geophilic dermatophytes occurred in various soils from different parts of Iran; however, surprisingly, N. fulva emerged as the dominant species, outnumbering the common geophilic species of N. gypsea. For the definitive identification of soil inhabitant dermatophytes, DNA-based identification is strongly recommended.
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Čmoková A, Kolařík M, Dobiáš R, Hoyer LL, Janouškovcová H, Kano R, Kuklová I, Lysková P, Machová L, Maier T, Mallátová N, Man M, Mencl K, Nenoff P, Peano A, Prausová H, Stubbe D, Uhrlaß S, Větrovský T, Wiegand C, Hubka V. Resolving the taxonomy of emerging zoonotic pathogens in the Trichophyton benhamiae complex. FUNGAL DIVERS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13225-020-00465-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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3
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Dukik K, de Hoog GS, Stielow JB, Freeke J, van den Ende BG, Vicente VA, Menken SBJ, Ahmed SA. Molecular and Phenotypic Characterization of Nannizzia (Arthrodermataceae). Mycopathologia 2020; 185:9-35. [PMID: 30976955 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-019-00336-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Phylogenetic studies of the family Arthrodermataceae have revealed seven monophyletic dermatophyte clades representing the genera Trichophyton, Epidermophyton, Nannizzia, Lophophyton, Paraphyton, Microsporum, and Arthroderma. Members of the genus Nannizzia are geo- or zoophiles that occasionally infect humans. With the newly proposed taxonomy, the genus Nannizzia comprises thirteen species, i.e., Nannizzia aenigmatica, N. corniculata, N. duboisii, N. fulva, N. graeserae, N. gypsea, N. nana, N. incurvata, N. perplicata, N. persicolor, N. praecox, and two novel species. Nannizzia polymorpha sp. nov. was isolated from a skin lesion of a patient from French Guiana. For the strain originally described as Microsporum racemosum by Borelli in 1965, we proposed Nannizzia lorica nom. nov. The species are fully characterized with five sequenced loci (ITS, LSU, TUB2, RP 60S L1 and TEF3), combined with morphology of the asexual form and physiological features. A key to the species based on phenotypic and physiological characters is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Dukik
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - G Sybren de Hoog
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Microbiology, Parasitology and Pathology Post-Graduation Program, Department of Basic Pathology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
- Center of Expertise in Mycology of Radboudumc/Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Foundation Atlas of Clinical Fungi, Hilversum, The Netherlands
| | - J Benjamin Stielow
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Landsmeer, The Netherlands
| | - Joanna Freeke
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Landsmeer, The Netherlands
| | | | - Vania A Vicente
- Microbiology, Parasitology and Pathology Post-Graduation Program, Department of Basic Pathology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Steph B J Menken
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sarah A Ahmed
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- Foundation Atlas of Clinical Fungi, Hilversum, The Netherlands.
- Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan.
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Metin B, Heitman J. She Loves Me, She Loves Me Not: On the Dualistic Asexual/Sexual Nature of Dermatophyte Fungi. Mycopathologia 2019; 185:87-101. [PMID: 31578669 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-019-00390-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Dermatophytes are ascomycetous fungi whose sexuality is greatly influenced by their ecology. Sexual reproduction is ubiquitous among soil-related geophiles and some animal-associated zoophiles. In contrast, anthropophiles are generally present as a single mating type in the population and appear to reproduce asexually. In this article, the current knowledge on the sexuality of dermatophytes including reproduction modes, mating conditions, mating type distributions and the mating type (MAT) locus is presented in the context of revised taxonomy and discussed from an evolutionary perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banu Metin
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istanbul Sabahattin Zaim University, Halkali Cad, No: 2, Halkali, Kucukcekmece, 34303, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Joseph Heitman
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
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Wiegand C, Burmester A, Tittelbach J, Darr-Foit S, Goetze S, Elsner P, Hipler UC. [Dermatophytosis caused by rare anthropophilic and zoophilic agents]. Hautarzt 2019; 70:561-574. [PMID: 31139861 DOI: 10.1007/s00105-019-4429-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The basis for effective treatment of any dermatomycosis is the correct and timely identification of the pathogen, which allows the targeted choice of the most suitable antimycotic and is important for the prevention of repeated infections. In recent years, infections with dermatophytes seem to have increased. In fact, from 2007 to 2018, there was an increase in the number of samples processed in the Mycology Laboratory of the Department of Dermatology at the University Hospital Jena. The most common isolated dermatophytes between 2007 and 2018 were Trichophyton (T.) rubrum, T. interdigitale, Microsporum (M.) canis and T. benhamiae. However, dermatophytoses may also be caused by rare anthropophilic agents such as Epidermophyton floccosum, zoophiles such as T. verrucosum, T. quinckeanum or Nannizzia (N.) persicolor as well as by geophiles such as N. gypsea. Therefore, these dermatophytes should at least be known, so that in case of unusual observations investigations can be performed accordingly. Changes in the pathogen spectrum of dermatophytoses have taken place over time and it is expected that the occurrence of dermatophytes will be subject of continuous fluctuations, which may mean that the incidence of some of these "rare" dermatophytes, as described here in five clinical examples, may be changing.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Wiegand
- Klinik für Hautkrankheiten, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Erfurter Str. 35, 07740, Jena, Deutschland.
| | - A Burmester
- Klinik für Hautkrankheiten, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Erfurter Str. 35, 07740, Jena, Deutschland
| | - J Tittelbach
- Klinik für Hautkrankheiten, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Erfurter Str. 35, 07740, Jena, Deutschland
| | - S Darr-Foit
- Klinik für Hautkrankheiten, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Erfurter Str. 35, 07740, Jena, Deutschland
| | - S Goetze
- Klinik für Hautkrankheiten, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Erfurter Str. 35, 07740, Jena, Deutschland
| | - P Elsner
- Klinik für Hautkrankheiten, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Erfurter Str. 35, 07740, Jena, Deutschland
| | - U C Hipler
- Klinik für Hautkrankheiten, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Erfurter Str. 35, 07740, Jena, Deutschland
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Abstract
Patient 1: After contact to a central European hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus), a 50-year-old female with atopy developed erythrosquamous tinea manus on the thumb and thenar eminence of the right hand. The patient had previously been scalded by hot steam at the affected site. The zoophilic dermatophyte Trichophyton erinacei could be cultured from the hedgehog as well as from scrapings from the woman's skin. Antifungal treatment of the hedgehog was initiated using 2 weekly cycles of itraconazole solution (0.1 ml/kg body weight, BW). In addition, every other day enilconazole solution was used for topical treatment. The patient was treated with ciclopirox olamine cream and oral terbinafine 250 mg daily for 2 weeks, which led to healing of the Tinea manus .Patient 2: An 18-year-old woman presented for emergency consultation with rimmed, papulous, vesicular and erosive crusted skin lesions of the index finger, and an erythematous dry scaling round lesion on the thigh. The patient worked at an animal care facility, specifically caring for hedgehogs. One of the hedgehogs suffered from a substantial loss of spines. Fungal cultures from skin scrapings of both lesions yielded T. erinacei. Treatment with ciclopirox olamine cream and oral terbinafine 250 mg for 14 days was initiated which led to healing of the lesions. Identification of all three T. erinacei isolates from both patients and from the hedgehog was confirmed by sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the ribosomal DNA, and of the translation elongation factor (TEF)-1-alpha gene. Using ITS sequencing discrimination between T. erinacei strains from European and from African hedgehogs is possible. T. erinacei should be considered a so-called emerging pathogen. In Germany the zoophilic dermatophyte T. erinacei should be taken into account as causative agent of dermatomycoses in humans after contact to hedgehogs.
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Nenoff P, Verma SB, Vasani R, Burmester A, Hipler UC, Wittig F, Krüger C, Nenoff K, Wiegand C, Saraswat A, Madhu R, Panda S, Das A, Kura M, Jain A, Koch D, Gräser Y, Uhrlaß S. The current Indian epidemic of superficial dermatophytosis due to Trichophyton mentagrophytes-A molecular study. Mycoses 2019; 62:336-356. [PMID: 30561859 DOI: 10.1111/myc.12878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The disease burden of chronic-relapsing and therapy-refractory superficial dermatophytosis dramatically increased in India within the past 5-6 years. In order to evaluate the prevalence of this trend, 201 skin scrapings were collected from patients from all parts of India and were tested for dermatophytes using both fungal culture and a PCR-ELISA directly performed with native skin scrapings. Fungal culture material was identified by genomic Sanger sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and the translation elongation factor (TEF)-1α gene. In total, 149 (74.13%) out of the 201 samples showed a dermatophyte-positive culture result. Out of this, 138 (92.62%) samples were identified as Trichophyton (T.) mentagrophytes and 11 (7.38%) as Trichophyton rubrum. The PCR-ELISA revealed similar results: 162 out of 201 (80.56%) samples were dermatophyte-positive showing 151 (93.21%) T mentagrophytes- and 11 (6.79%) T rubrum-positive samples. In this study, we show for the first time a dramatic Indian-wide switch from T rubrum to T mentagrophytes. Additionally, sequencing revealed a solely occurring T mentagrophytes "Indian ITS genotype" that might be disseminated Indian-wide due to the widespread abuse of topical clobetasol and other steroid molecules mixed with antifungal and antibacterial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Nenoff
- Laboratory for Medical Microbiology, Mölbis, Germany
| | - Shyam B Verma
- Nirvan and In Skin Clinics, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
| | | | - Anke Burmester
- Klinik für Hautkrankheiten, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Jena, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Kolja Nenoff
- Laboratory for Medical Microbiology, Mölbis, Germany
| | - Cornelia Wiegand
- Klinik für Hautkrankheiten, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Abir Saraswat
- Department of Dermatology, Indushree Skin Clinic, Lucknow, India
| | - Rengarajan Madhu
- Department of Dermatology (Mycology), Madras Medical College, Chennai, India
| | - Saumya Panda
- Department of Dermatology, KPC Medical College, Kolkata, India
| | - Anupam Das
- Department of Dermatology, KPC Medical College, Kolkata, India
| | - Mahendra Kura
- Department of Dermatology, Grant Medical College, Sir JJ Group of Hospitals, Mumbai, India
| | | | - Daniela Koch
- Laboratory for Medical Microbiology, Mölbis, Germany
| | - Yvonne Gräser
- Universitätsmedizin Berlin-Charité, Institut für Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Nationales Konsiliarlabor für Dermatophyten, Berlin, Germany
| | - Silke Uhrlaß
- Laboratory for Medical Microbiology, Mölbis, Germany
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8
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Abstract
We report on a tinea faciei caused by Nannizzia (N.) persicolor. The 4‑year-old boy had probably been infected by a guinea pig. Unambiguous infections caused by N. persicolor are rarely seen in Germany; however, this zoophilic and geophilic dermatophyte may only be rarely identified due to its resemblance to Trichophyton (T.) mentagrophytes. Therefore, the diagnostic attributes of N. persicolor and its differentiation from T. mentagrophytes are described. Particularly in case of contact with rodents, N. persicolor should be kept in mind.
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9
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Mochizuki T, Takeda K, Anzawa K. Molecular Markers Useful for Intraspecies Subtyping and Strain Differentiation of Dermatophytes. Mycopathologia 2016; 182:57-65. [PMID: 27456819 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-016-0041-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Dermatophytosis is a very common skin disorder and the most frequent infection encountered by practicing dermatologists. The identification, pathogenicity, biology, and epidemiology of dermatophytes, the causative agents of dermatophytosis, are of interest for both dermatologists and medical mycologists. Recent advances in molecular methods have provided new techniques for identifying dermatophytes, including intraspecies variations. Intraspecies subtyping and strain differentiation have made possible the tracking of infections, the identification of common sources of infections, recurrence or reinfection after treatment, and analysis of strain virulence and drug resistance. This review describes molecular methods of intraspecies subtyping and strain differentiation, including analyses of mitochondrial DNA and non-transcribed spacer regions of ribosomal RNA genes, random amplification of polymorphic DNA, and microsatellite markers, along with their advantages and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Mochizuki
- Department of Dermatology, Kanazawa Medical University, Daigaku 1-1, Uchinada, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan.
| | - Kiminobu Takeda
- Department of Dermatology, Kanazawa Medical University, Daigaku 1-1, Uchinada, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan
| | - Kazushi Anzawa
- Department of Dermatology, Kanazawa Medical University, Daigaku 1-1, Uchinada, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan
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10
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Krzyściak P, Al-Hatmi AMS, Ahmed SA, Macura AB. Rare zoonotic infection with Microsporum persicolor with literature review. Mycoses 2015; 58:511-5. [PMID: 26103049 DOI: 10.1111/myc.12341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 04/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report a case of dermatophytosis caused by Microsporum persicolor in a 38-year-old male from Poland. Direct microscopic examination revealed high amounts of fungal hyphae from the right elbow material. The mould recovered in multiple cultures was identified as Microsporum persicolor by molecular identification based on partial of β-tubulin gene (BT2), internal transcribed spacer, partial small ribosomal subunit (SSU) and large ribosomal subunit, partial translation elongation factor (TEF1) and RNA polymerase second largest subunit (RPB1) loci sequence data. The patient was treated with terbinafine. Clinical and mycological cure was achieved with this regimen and the patient was subsequently followed for 1 year without relapse. Microsporum persicolor is a very rare causative agent of dermatophytosis worldwide. The source of infection for the patient remained unclear and zoonotic transmission could not be confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawe Krzyściak
- Department of Mycology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Abdullah M S Al-Hatmi
- Fungal Biodiversity Centre, CBS-KNAW, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Institutes of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Directorate General of Health Services, Ibri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Muscat, Oman
| | - Sarah Abdalla Ahmed
- Fungal Biodiversity Centre, CBS-KNAW, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Institutes of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Anna B Macura
- Department of Mycology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
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Mochizuki T, Takeda K, Anzawa K. Molecular markers useful for epidemiology of dermatophytoses. J Dermatol 2015; 42:232-5. [DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.12813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Mochizuki
- Department of Dermatology; Research Institute of Medical Science; Kanazawa Medical University; Uchinada Ishikawa Japan
- Division of Dermatomycology; Research Institute of Medical Science; Kanazawa Medical University; Uchinada Ishikawa Japan
| | - Kiminobu Takeda
- Department of Dermatology; Research Institute of Medical Science; Kanazawa Medical University; Uchinada Ishikawa Japan
| | - Kazushi Anzawa
- Department of Dermatology; Research Institute of Medical Science; Kanazawa Medical University; Uchinada Ishikawa Japan
- Division of Dermatomycology; Research Institute of Medical Science; Kanazawa Medical University; Uchinada Ishikawa Japan
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12
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Gugnani HC, Sharma S, Wright K. A preliminary study on the occurrence of keratinophilic fungi in soils of Jamaica. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2014; 56:231-4. [PMID: 24879002 PMCID: PMC4085866 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652014000300009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/1913] [Accepted: 10/09/1913] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
This report represents the first study of keratinophilic fungi present in
soils of Jamaica. Out of the 40 soil samples examined from different habitats, 30
(75%) were positive for the presence of keratinophilic fungi, yielding 36 isolates of
keratinophilic fungi. Microsporum gypseum complex (represented by 16
isolates of M. gypseum, and four of M. fulvum) was
most frequent, being present in 50% of the samples. A very high occurrence of this
dermatophyte in Jamaican soil is of public health significance. The remaining
isolates of keratinophilic fungi were represented by Chrysosporium
spp (mainly C. indicum and C. tropicum) and
Sepedonium sp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harish C Gugnani
- Windsor University School of Medicine, Cayon, St. Kitts (West Indies)
| | - Soni Sharma
- Windsor University School of Medicine, Cayon, St. Kitts (West Indies)
| | - Kharl Wright
- Windsor University School of Medicine, Cayon, St. Kitts (West Indies)
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Hubka V, Dobiašova S, Dobiaš R, Kolařik M. Microsporum aenigmaticum sp. nov. from M. gypseum complex, isolated as a cause of tinea corporis. Med Mycol 2014; 52:387-96. [PMID: 24625678 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myt033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
An undescribed Microsporum species was isolated from skin scales recovered from a 40-mm large, annular, scaling lesion on the wrist of a 46-year-old woman. The risk factors for dermatophyte infection in the patient were frequent work in the garden, hunting, and contact with dogs and horses. Direct microscopic examination of the scales revealed the presence of dermatophyte hyphae; when the samples were cultured, a morphologically similar fungus grew on all slants in pure culture. Both of these findings strongly suggested that the isolate was the true causal agent of infection. The possible geophilic nature of the species was based on phylogenetic analysis (internal transcribed spacer region of rDNA and β-tubulin gene) that placed it in between species of the M. gypseum complex. However, its divergencies from all other Microsporum species exceeded 4% base pairs. Based on β-tubulin phylogeny, the isolated species is a sister to M. gypseum. The species produces abundant chlamydospores and clumps of hyphae similar to those of ascomatal primordia but no conidia and ascospores. The species was unable to grow at 37°C and does not grow on T6 basal medium, which is unlike other Microsporum species; hair perforation and urease tests were positive. The addition of histidine to the T6 medium resulted in rapid growth of the fungus. The phylogenetic evidence, morphology, growth parameters, and physiology justified the proposal that the isolate is a new species, M. aenigmaticum, sp. nov.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vit Hubka
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic
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Cafarchia C, Iatta R, Latrofa MS, Gräser Y, Otranto D. Molecular epidemiology, phylogeny and evolution of dermatophytes. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2013; 20:336-51. [PMID: 24060735 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2013.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Dermatophytes are fungi that invade and propagate in the keratinized skin of mammals, including humans, often causing contagious infections. The species of medical concern belong to the genera Microsporum, Trichophyton, Epidermophyton (in their anamorphic state) and Arthroderma (in their telomorphic state), which were traditionally identified based on their morphology and biochemical characters. Nonetheless, limitations linked to the differentiation of closely related agents at species and strains level have been recently overcome by molecular studies. Indeed, an accurate identification of dermatophytes is pivotal for the establishment of effective control and prevention programs as well as for determining the most appropriate and effective antifungal therapies to be applied. This article reviews the DNA techniques and the molecular markers used to identify and to characterize dermatophyte species, as well as aspects of their phylogeny and evolution. The applications of typing molecular strain to both basic and applied research (e.g., taxonomy, ecology, typing of infection, antifungal susceptibility) have also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Cafarchia
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università di Bari, Str. prov. le per Casamassima Km 3, 70010 Valenzano, Bari, Italy.
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15
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Pasquetti M, Peano A, Soglia D, Min ARM, Pankewitz F, Ohst T, Gräser Y. Development and validation of a microsatellite marker-based method for tracing infections by Microsporum canis. J Dermatol Sci 2013; 70:123-9. [PMID: 23415957 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2013.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Revised: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microsporum canis is a dermatophyte fungus harbored by cats and dogs and is frequently transmitted to humans. Molecular tools able to discriminate fungal isolates at the strain level would prove extremely useful for confirming the route of infection, thus contributing to optimization of prophylaxis and hygienic regimens. OBJECTIVE To develop and validate a microsatellite marker-based method for use in tracking infections by M. canis. METHODS Primers were designed against sequences flanking the microsatellites individuated by a BLAST search using the nucleotide sequence information assembled by the M. canis CBS 113480 genome project. The PCR conditions were standardized and fragment analysis was performed using a genetic analyzer. The resolving power of the markers was investigated on 26 unrelated M. canis strains while the reproducibility of the technique and the stability of the markers were evaluated on a single strain subcultured in time as well as on 36 strains isolated from nine outbreak episodes. RESULTS Eight markers were recognized as being the most polymorphic within the set of M. canis strains isolated from unrelated distant hosts, with a total of 22 multilocus genotypes, which corresponded to a genotypic diversity of 97%. Repeated tests on subcultures of M. canis reference strain CBS 113480 always yielded the same results. Identical multilocus genotypes were obtained for all the isolates from each outbreak episode. CONCLUSION The high resolving power and reproducibility of the markers that were identified support the potential of these tools to detect sources and routes of infection by M. canis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Pasquetti
- Dipartimento di Produzioni Animali, Epidemiologia ed Ecologia, Università di Torino, Grugliasco, Italy
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17
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Keratinophilic fungi in soil of potted plants of indoor environments in Kanpur, India, and their proteolytic ability. MYCOSCIENCE 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s10267-009-0482-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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