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Ferara N, Špoljar S, Lugović-Mihić L, Gverić Grginić A, Rezo Vranješ V, Bešlić I, Perović J, Regović Džombeta T. Cutaneous Hyalohyphomycosis and Its Atypical Clinical Presentations in Immunosuppressed Patients. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:154. [PMID: 38276283 PMCID: PMC10817673 DOI: 10.3390/life14010154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
There has been a substantial increase in the number of cases of invasive fungal infections worldwide, which is associated with a growing number of immunosuppressed patients and a rise in antifungal resistance. Some fungi that were previously considered harmless to humans have become emerging pathogens. One of them is Purpureocillium lilacinum, a ubiquitous filamentous fungus commonly found in the environment, especially in the air and soil. P. lilacinum belongs to a bigger group of hyaline fungi that cause hyalohyphomycosis, a fungal infection caused by fungi with colorless hyphae. Although this is a heterogeneous group of fungi, there are similarities regarding their ubiquity, ways of transmission, affected patients, and difficulties in diagnostics and treatment. In hyalohyphomycosis, the skin is one of the most affected organs, which is why the involvement of dermatologists is crucial for the initial assessment, since the timely recognition and early diagnosis of this condition can prevent life-threatening infections and death. In this review, we covered cutaneous hyalohyphomycosis caused by P. lilacinum and other fungi in the same group, including Fusarium, Penicilium, Scedosporium, Scopulariopsis, Acremonium, and Trichoderma genera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Ferara
- Department of Dermatovenereology, Sestre Milosrdnice University Hospital Centre, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (N.F.); (S.Š.); (I.B.); (J.P.)
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Sanja Špoljar
- Department of Dermatovenereology, Sestre Milosrdnice University Hospital Centre, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (N.F.); (S.Š.); (I.B.); (J.P.)
| | - Liborija Lugović-Mihić
- Department of Dermatovenereology, Sestre Milosrdnice University Hospital Centre, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (N.F.); (S.Š.); (I.B.); (J.P.)
- School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ana Gverić Grginić
- Department of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hospital Infections, Sestre Milosrdnice University Hospital Centre, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Violeta Rezo Vranješ
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Microbiology, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Iva Bešlić
- Department of Dermatovenereology, Sestre Milosrdnice University Hospital Centre, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (N.F.); (S.Š.); (I.B.); (J.P.)
- School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Judita Perović
- Department of Dermatovenereology, Sestre Milosrdnice University Hospital Centre, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (N.F.); (S.Š.); (I.B.); (J.P.)
| | - Tihana Regović Džombeta
- Clinical Department of Pathology and Cytology, Sestre Milosrdnice University Hospital Center, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
- Department of Pathology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Dos Santos UR, Dos Santos JL. Trichoderma after crossing kingdoms: infections in human populations. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2023; 26:97-126. [PMID: 36748123 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2023.2172498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Trichoderma is a saprophytic fungus that is used worldwide as a biocontrol and biofertilizer agent. Although considered nonpathogenic until recently, reports of human infections produced by members of the Trichoderma genus are increasing. Numerous sources of infection were proposed based upon patient data and phylogenetic analysis, including air, agriculture, and healthcare facilities, but the deficit of knowledge concerning Trichoderma infections makes patient treatment difficult. These issues are compounded by isolates that present profiles which exhibit high minimum inhibitory concentration values to available antifungal drugs. The aim of this review is to present the global distribution and sources of infections that affect both immunocompetent and immunocompromised hosts, clinical features, therapeutic strategies that are used to treat patients, as well as highlighting treatments with the best responses. In addition, the antifungal susceptibility profiles of Trichoderma isolates that have emerged in recent decades were examined and which antifungal drugs need to be further evaluated as potential candidates to treat Trichoderma infections are also indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uener Ribeiro Dos Santos
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Biological Science, State University of Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, BA, Brazil
| | - Jane Lima Dos Santos
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Biological Science, State University of Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, BA, Brazil
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Sal E, Stemler J, Salmanton-García J, Falces-Romero I, Kredics L, Meyer E, Würstl B, Lass-Flörl C, Racil Z, Klimko N, Cesaro S, Kindo AJ, Wisplinghoff H, Koehler P, Cornely OA, Seidel D. Invasive Trichoderma spp. infections: clinical presentation and outcome of cases from the literature and the FungiScope® registry. J Antimicrob Chemother 2022; 77:2850-2858. [PMID: 35929089 PMCID: PMC9525085 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkac235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Trichoderma spp. are filamentous fungi causing invasive fungal diseases in patients with haematological malignancies and in peritoneal dialysis patients. Objectives To analyse clinical presentation, predisposing factors, treatment and outcome of Trichoderma infections. Methods A systematic literature review was conducted for published cases of invasive Trichoderma infection in PubMed until December 2021 and by reviewing the included studies’ references. Cases from the FungiScope® registry were added to a combined analysis. Results We identified 50 invasive infections due to Trichoderma species, including 11 in the FungiScope® registry. The main underlying conditions were haematological malignancies in 19 and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) in 10 cases. The most prevalent infection sites were lung (42%) and peritoneum (22%). Systemic antifungal therapy was administered in 42 cases (84%), mostly amphotericin B (n = 27, lipid-based formulation 13/27) and voriconazole in 15 cases (30%). Surgical interventions were performed in 13 cases (26%). Overall mortality was 48% (n = 24) and highest for allogeneic HSCT and solid organ transplantation (SOT) recipients [80% (4/5) and 77% (7/9), respectively]. In patients treated with amphotericin B, voriconazole and caspofungin, mortality was 55% (15/27), 46% (7/15) and 28% (2/7), respectively. Three out of four patients treated with a combination therapy of voriconazole and caspofungin survived. Conclusions Despite treatment with antifungal therapies and surgery, invasive Trichoderma infections are life-threatening complications in immunocompromised patients, especially after HSCT and SOT. In addition, Trichoderma spp. mainly affect the lungs in patients with haematological malignancies and the peritoneum in CAPD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ertan Sal
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Translational Research, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Cologne, Germany.,University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf (CIO ABCD) and Excellence Center for Medical Mycology (ECMM), Cologne, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jannik Stemler
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Translational Research, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Cologne, Germany.,University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf (CIO ABCD) and Excellence Center for Medical Mycology (ECMM), Cologne, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jon Salmanton-García
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Translational Research, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Cologne, Germany.,University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf (CIO ABCD) and Excellence Center for Medical Mycology (ECMM), Cologne, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Iker Falces-Romero
- Clinical Microbiology and Parasitology Department, University Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - László Kredics
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Elisabeth Meyer
- Stabsstelle Krankenhaushygiene und Infektionsprävention, München Klinik, München, Germany
| | - Benjamin Würstl
- Stabsstelle Krankenhaushygiene und Infektionsprävention, München Klinik, München, Germany
| | - Cornelia Lass-Flörl
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Excellence Center for Medical Mycology (ECMM-EC), Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Zdenek Racil
- Institute of Haematology and Blood Transfusion, Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Nikolay Klimko
- Department of Clinical Mycology, Allergology and Immunology, North Western State Medical University, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Simone Cesaro
- Pediatric Haematology-Oncology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Anupma Jyoti Kindo
- Department of Microbiology, Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute, Sri Ramachandra University, Porur, Chennai, India
| | - Hilmar Wisplinghoff
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Philipp Koehler
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Translational Research, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Cologne, Germany.,University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf (CIO ABCD) and Excellence Center for Medical Mycology (ECMM), Cologne, Germany
| | - Oliver A Cornely
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Translational Research, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Cologne, Germany.,University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf (CIO ABCD) and Excellence Center for Medical Mycology (ECMM), Cologne, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Clinical Trials Centre Cologne (ZKS Köln), Cologne, Germany
| | - Danila Seidel
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Translational Research, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Cologne, Germany.,University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf (CIO ABCD) and Excellence Center for Medical Mycology (ECMM), Cologne, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Trichodermosis: Human Infections Caused by Trichoderma Species. Fungal Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-91650-3_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Fungal X-Intrinsic Protein Aquaporin from Trichoderma atroviride: Structural and Functional Considerations. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11020338. [PMID: 33672420 PMCID: PMC7927018 DOI: 10.3390/biom11020338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The major intrinsic protein (MIP) superfamily is a key part of the fungal transmembrane transport network. It facilitates the transport of water and low molecular weight solutes across biomembranes. The fungal uncharacterized X-Intrinsic Protein (XIP) subfamily includes the full protein diversity of MIP. Their biological functions still remain fully hypothetical. The aim of this study is still to deepen the diversity and the structure of the XIP subfamily in light of the MIP counterparts—the aquaporins (AQPs) and aquaglyceroporins (AQGPs)—and to describe for the first time their function in the development, biomass accumulation, and mycoparasitic aptitudes of the fungal bioagent Trichoderma atroviride. The fungus-XIP clade, with one member (TriatXIP), is one of the three clades of MIPs that make up the diversity of T. atroviride MIPs, along with the AQPs (three members) and the AQGPs (three members). TriatXIP resembles those of strict aquaporins, predicting water diffusion and possibly other small polar solutes due to particularly wider ar/R constriction with a Lysine substitution at the LE2 position. The XIP loss of function in ∆TriatXIP mutants slightly delays biomass accumulation but does not impact mycoparasitic activities. ∆TriatMIP forms colonies similar to wild type; however, the hyphae are slightly thinner and colonies produce rare chlamydospores in PDA and specific media, most of which are relatively small and exhibit abnormal morphologies. To better understand the molecular causes of these deviant phenotypes, a wide-metabolic survey of the ∆TriatXIPs demonstrates that the delayed growth kinetic, correlated to a decrease in respiration rate, is caused by perturbations in the pentose phosphate pathway. Furthermore, the null expression of the XIP gene strongly impacts the expression of four expressed MIP-encoding genes of T. atroviride, a plausible compensating effect which safeguards the physiological integrity and life cycle of the fungus. This paper offers an overview of the fungal XIP family in the biocontrol agent T. atroviride which will be useful for further functional analysis of this particular MIP subfamily in vegetative growth and the environmental stress response in fungi. Ultimately, these findings have implications for the ecophysiology of Trichoderma spp. in natural, agronomic, and industrial systems.
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Mapook A, Hyde KD, McKenzie EHC, Jones EBG, Bhat DJ, Jeewon R, Stadler M, Samarakoon MC, Malaithong M, Tanunchai B, Buscot F, Wubet T, Purahong W. Taxonomic and phylogenetic contributions to fungi associated with the invasive weed Chromolaena odorata (Siam weed). FUNGAL DIVERS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13225-020-00444-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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7
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Dos Santos AG, Mendes ÉA, de Oliveira RP, Faria AMC, de Sousa AO, Pirovani CP, de Araújo FF, de Carvalho AT, Costa MC, Assis Santos D, Montoya QV, Rodrigues A, Dos Santos JL. Trichoderma asperelloides Spores Downregulate dectin1/2 and TLR2 Receptors of Mice Macrophages and Decrease Candida parapsilosis Phagocytosis Independent of the M1/M2 Polarization. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1681. [PMID: 28936201 PMCID: PMC5594820 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The intensive use of pesticides to control pests in agriculture has promoted several issues relating to environment. As chemical pesticides remain controversial, biocontrol agents originating from fungi could be an alternative. Among them, we highlight biocontrol agents derived from the fungi genus Trichoderma, which have been documented in limiting the growth of other phytopathogenic fungus in the roots and leaves of several plant species. An important member of this genus is Trichoderma asperelloides, whose biocontrol agents have been used to promote plant growth while also treating soil diseases caused by microorganisms in both greenhouses and outdoor crops. To evaluate the safety of fungal biological agents for human health, tests to detect potentially adverse effects, such as allergenicity, toxicity, infectivity and pathogenicity, are crucial. In addition, identifying possible immunomodulating properties of fungal biocontrol agents merits further investigation. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of T. asperelloides spores in the internalization of Candida parapsilosis yeast by mice phagocytes, in order to elucidate the cellular and molecular mechanism of this interaction, as a model to understand possible in vivo effects of this fungus. For this, mice were exposed to a fungal spore suspension through-intraperitoneal injection, euthanized and cells from the peripheral blood and peritoneal cavity were collected for functional, quantitative and phenotypic analysis, throughout analysis of membrane receptors gene expression, phagocytosis ability and cells immunophenotyping M1 (CCR7 and CD86) and M2 (CCR2 and CD206). Our analyses showed that phagocytes exposed to fungal spores had reduced phagocytic capacity, as well as a decrease in the quantity of neutrophils and monocytes in the peripheral blood and peritoneal cavity. Moreover, macrophages exposed to T. asperelloides spores did not display the phenotypic profile M1/M2, and had reduced expression of pattern recognition receptors, such as TLR2, dectin-1 and dectin-2, all involved in the first line of defense against clinically important yeasts. Our data could infer that T. asperelloides spores may confer susceptibility to infection by C. parapsilosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréa G Dos Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia e Biotecnologia de Microrganismos, Universidade Estadual de Santa CruzIlhéus, Brazil
| | - Érica A Mendes
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Ana M C Faria
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Belo HorizonteBelo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Carlos P Pirovani
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa CruzIlhéus, Brazil
| | - Fernanda F de Araújo
- Grupo Integrado de Pesquisas em Biomarcadores, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo CruzBelo Horizonte, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sanidade e Produção Animal nos Trópicos, Universidade de UberabaUberaba, Brazil
| | - Andréa T de Carvalho
- Grupo Integrado de Pesquisas em Biomarcadores, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo CruzBelo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Marliete Carvalho Costa
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Belo HorizonteBelo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Daniel Assis Santos
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Belo HorizonteBelo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Quimi V Montoya
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Microbiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual de São PauloRio Claro, Brazil
| | - Andre Rodrigues
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Microbiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual de São PauloRio Claro, Brazil
| | - Jane L Dos Santos
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa CruzIlhéus, Brazil
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Amato DN, Amato DV, Mavrodi OV, Martin WB, Swilley SN, Parsons KH, Mavrodi DV, Patton DL. Pro-Antimicrobial Networks via Degradable Acetals (PANDAs) Using Thiol-Ene Photopolymerization. ACS Macro Lett 2017; 6:171-175. [PMID: 35632888 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.7b00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We describe the synthesis of pro-antimicrobial networks via degradable acetals (PANDAs) as a new paradigm for sequestration and triggered release of volatile, bioactive aldehydes. PANDAs derived from diallyl p-chlorobenzaldehyde acetal degrade and release p-chlorobenzaldehyde as an antibacterial and antifungal agent under mild conditions (pH 7.4/high humidity). We show that PANDAs enable facile access to materials with tunable release profiles, potent antimicrobial activity without triggering antimicrobial resistance, and minimal cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahlia N. Amato
- School
of Polymers and High Performance Materials and §Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
| | - Douglas V. Amato
- School
of Polymers and High Performance Materials and §Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
| | - Olga V. Mavrodi
- School
of Polymers and High Performance Materials and §Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
| | - William B. Martin
- School
of Polymers and High Performance Materials and §Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
| | - Sarah N. Swilley
- School
of Polymers and High Performance Materials and §Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
| | - Keith H. Parsons
- School
of Polymers and High Performance Materials and §Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
| | - Dmitri V. Mavrodi
- School
of Polymers and High Performance Materials and §Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
| | - Derek L. Patton
- School
of Polymers and High Performance Materials and §Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
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Advances in Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Public Health: Fungal Occurrence in the Hair and Skin of Symptomatic Pets in Turin, Italy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016. [PMID: 26563306 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2015_5004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Companion animals, often asymptomatic reservoir of fungi, can be important sources of infection in humans, due to the close contact with their owners. The present study was aimed to assess the occurrence of dermatophytes and other fungi isolated from pet dermatological lesions in Turin, Italy. Dermatological specimens were examined for fungal elements by direct microscopy and cultured to detect dermatophytes, other filamentous fungi and yeasts: 247 pets (118 cats, 111 dogs and 18 dwarf rabbits) were positive for fungal detection in culture. Microsporum canis was the most frequent dermatophyte in cats and dogs, whereas Trichophyton mentagrophytes was the most common in rabbits. Among the other fungi, for all examined pets, dematiaceous fungi were the most isolated, followed by Mucorales, penicilli, yeasts and yeast-like fungi, and aspergilli. No gender predisposition was detected for dermatophyte growth; on the contrary, for the other fungi male cats were more susceptible than female. The highest fungal occurrence was recorded in <1-year-old cats for dermatophytes, and in <5-year-old cats and dogs for the other fungi. Autumn was the period associated with a relevant incidence of fungal infection. Finally, fungi were more frequent in non pure-breed cats and in pure-breed dogs. These data underline the importance to timely inform pet owners about the potential health risk of infection caused not only by dermatophytes but also by non-dermatophyte fungi, routinely considered to be contaminants or harmless colonizers, since their role as source of zoonotic infections is not to be excluded.
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Virulence and Experimental Treatment of Trichoderma longibrachiatum, a Fungus Refractory to Treatment. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2016; 60:5029-32. [PMID: 27216056 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00373-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Different inocula of Trichoderma longibrachiatum were tested in a murine model, and only the highest one (1 × 10(7) CFU/animal) killed all of the mice at day 15 postinfection, with spleen and liver the most affected organs. The efficacies of amphotericin B deoxycholate, liposomal amphotericin B, voriconazole, and micafungin were evaluated in the same model, with very poor results. Our study demonstrated the low virulence but high resistance to antifungal compounds of this fungus.
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Contreras-Cornejo HA, Macías-Rodríguez L, del-Val E, Larsen J. Ecological functions ofTrichodermaspp. and their secondary metabolites in the rhizosphere: interactions with plants. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2016; 92:fiw036. [DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiw036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
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12
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Blyth CC, Gilroy NM, Guy SD, Chambers ST, Cheong EY, Gottlieb T, McGuinness SL, Thursky KA. Consensus guidelines for the treatment of invasive mould infections in haematological malignancy and haemopoietic stem cell transplantation, 2014. Intern Med J 2015; 44:1333-49. [PMID: 25482744 DOI: 10.1111/imj.12598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mould species represent the pathogens most commonly associated with invasive fungal disease in patients with haematological malignancies and patients of haemopoietic stem cell transplants. Invasive mould infections in these patient populations, particularly in the setting of neutropenia, are associated with high morbidity and mortality, and significantly increase the complexity of management. While Aspergillus species remain the most prevalent cause of invasive mould infections, Scedosporium and Fusarium species and the Mucormycetes continue to place a significant burden on the immunocompromised host. Evidence also suggests that infections caused by rare and emerging pathogens are increasing within the setting of broad-spectrum antifungal prophylaxis and improved survival times placing immunosuppressed patients at risk for longer. These guidelines present evidence-based recommendations for the antifungal management of common, rare and emerging mould infections in both adult and paediatric populations. Where relevant, the role of surgery, adjunctive therapy and immunotherapy is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Blyth
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia; Department of General Paediatrics, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Subiaco, Western Australia; PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA, Subiaco, Western Australia; Wesfarmers Centre for Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia
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Degenkolb T, Fog Nielsen K, Dieckmann R, Branco-Rocha F, Chaverri P, Samuels GJ, Thrane U, von Döhren H, Vilcinskas A, Brückner H. Peptaibol, Secondary-Metabolite, and Hydrophobin Pattern of Commercial Biocontrol Agents Formulated with Species of theTrichoderma harzianumComplex. Chem Biodivers 2015; 12:662-84. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201400300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Phylogeny of the clinically relevant species of the emerging fungus Trichoderma and their antifungal susceptibilities. J Clin Microbiol 2014; 52:2112-25. [PMID: 24719448 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00429-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A set of 73 isolates of the emerging fungus Trichoderma isolated from human and animal clinical specimens were characterized morphologically and molecularly using a multilocus sequence analysis that included the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of the nuclear ribosomal DNA and fragments of the translation elongation factor 1 alpha (Tef1), endochitinase CHI18-5 (Chi18-5), and actin 1 (Act1) genes. The most frequent species was Trichoderma longibrachiatum (26%), followed by Trichoderma citrinoviride (18%), the Hypocrea lixii/Trichoderma harzianum species complex (15%), the newly described species Trichoderma bissettii (12%), and Trichoderma orientale (11%). The most common anatomical sites of isolation in human clinical specimens were the respiratory tract (40%), followed by deep tissue (30%) and superficial tissues (26%), while all the animal-associated isolates were obtained from superficial tissue samples. Susceptibilities of the isolates to eight antifungal drugs in vitro showed mostly high MICs, except for voriconazole and the echinocandins.
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Chaverri P, Samuels GJ. Evolution of habitat preference and nutrition mode in a cosmopolitan fungal genus with evidence of interkingdom host jumps and major shifts in ecology. Evolution 2013; 67:2823-37. [PMID: 24094336 DOI: 10.1111/evo.12169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Host jumps by microbial symbionts are often associated with bursts of species diversification driven by the exploitation of new adaptive zones. The objective of this study was to infer the evolution of habitat preference (decaying plants, soil, living fungi, and living plants), and nutrition mode (saprotrophy and mycoparasitism) in the fungal genus Trichoderma to elucidate possible interkingdom host jumps and shifts in ecology. Host and ecological role shifts were inferred by phylogenetic analyses and ancestral character reconstructions. The results support several interkingdom host jumps and also show that the preference for a particular habitat was gained or lost multiple times. Diversification analysis revealed that mycoparasitism is associated with accelerated speciation rates, which then suggests that this trait may be linked to the high number of species in Trichoderma. In this study it was also possible to infer the cryptic roles that endophytes or soil inhabitants play in their hosts by evaluating their closest relatives and determining their most recent ancestors. Findings from this study may have implications for understanding certain evolutionary processes such as species radiations in some hyperdiverse groups of fungi, and for more applied fields such as the discovery and development of novel biological control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Chaverri
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, 2112 Plant Science Building, College Park, Maryland, 20742.
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Molnár-Gábor E, Dóczi I, Hatvani L, Vágvölgyi C, Kredics L. Isolated sinusitis sphenoidalis caused by Trichoderma longibrachiatum in an immunocompetent patient with headache. J Med Microbiol 2013; 62:1249-1252. [PMID: 23657526 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.059485-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a case of isolated sinusitis sphenoidalis caused by Trichoderma longibrachiatum, an emerging causal agent of fungal infections with an often fatal outcome. A Trichoderma strain was isolated from secretion obtained from the sinus sphenoidalis of a rhinosinusitis patient and identified by sequence analysis of two loci as Trichoderma longibrachiatum from the Longibrachiatum Clade of the genus Trichoderma. T. longibrachiatum can trigger a fatal pathomechanism in immunodeficient patients, but only rarely causes disease in healthy people. The case presented is unique because the patient was not immunocompromised.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ilona Dóczi
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Centre, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Lóránt Hatvani
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Csaba Vágvölgyi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Kredics
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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