1
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Altieri V, Rossi V, Fedele G. Integration of mathematical modeling and target-based application of biocontrol agents for the control of Botrytis cinerea in vineyards. Pest Manag Sci 2024. [PMID: 38634563 DOI: 10.1002/ps.8140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biocontrol agents (BCAs) are alternatives to synthetic fungicides with low risk to the environment and human health. Although several studies on the biocontrol of gray mold in vineyards have been performed, it is necessary to improve the usage of BCAs in fields conditions. Therefore, in the present study, BCAs were used both in calendar-based [based on four growth stages (GSs), i.e., flowering, pre-bunch closure, veraison, and before harvest] and predictive model-based strategies (only when Botrytis cinerea infection risk was predicted by the model). The BCAs applied during the seasons were selected considering the grapevine GSs. Treatments performed with BCAs were compared with synthetic fungicide treatments and an untreated control. The trials were conducted in three experimental vineyards with four epidemics. To evaluate the level of gray mold control of each treatment, disease severity was assessed at harvest and the presence of latent infection was evaluated. RESULTS The integrative use of the predictive model and BCAs provided satisfactory levels of gray mold control, with gray mold severity levels significantly lower (P < 0.001) than those of the untreated control, which had severity values (< 7%) similar to those observed with synthetic fungicides following both calendar and model-based strategies. CONCLUSIONS The integrative use of the predictive model and BCAs represents a valid alternative to conventional methods of gray mold control in vineyards, with more than 75% reduction in fungicide usage. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Altieri
- Department of Sustainable Crop Production, DiProVeS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore di Piacenza, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Vittorio Rossi
- Department of Sustainable Crop Production, DiProVeS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore di Piacenza, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Giorgia Fedele
- Department of Sustainable Crop Production, DiProVeS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore di Piacenza, Piacenza, Italy
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Romero-Cuadrado L, Picos MC, Camacho M, Ollero FJ, Capote N. Biocontrol of almond canker diseases caused by Botryosphaeriaceae fungi. Pest Manag Sci 2024; 80:1839-1848. [PMID: 38050948 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Botryosphaeria dieback is a canker disease caused by fungal species of the Botryosphaeriaceae family that threatens almond productivity. The most common control measure to prevent canker development is the application of fungicides which are being phased out by European Union regulations. In the present study, two sets of bacterial strains were evaluated for their antifungal activity against pathogenic Botryosphaeriaceae species through in vitro and in vivo antagonism assays. RESULTS The rhizospheric bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa AC17 and Bacillus velezensis ACH16, as well as the endophytic bacteria Bacillus mobilis Sol 1-2, respectively inhibited 87, 95, and 63% of the mycelial growth of Neofusicoccum parvum, Botryosphaeria dothidea, Diplodia seriata, and Macrophomina phaseolina. Additionally, they significantly reduced the length of lesions caused by N. parvum and B. dothidea in artificially inoculated detached almond twigs. All these bacterial strains produce hydrolytic enzymes that are able to degrade the fungal cell wall. P. aeruginosa AC17 also produces toxic volatile compounds, such as hydrogen cyanide. This strain was the most effective in controlling Botryosphaeria dieback in planta under controlled conditions at a level similar to the biocontrol agent Trichoderma atroviride and standard chemical fungicide treatments. CONCLUSION Pseudomonas aeruginosa AC17 is the best candidate to be considered as a potential biocontrol agent against Botryosphaeriaceae fungi affecting almond. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Romero-Cuadrado
- Andalusian Institute of Agricultural and Fisheries Research and Training (IFAPA), Center Las Torres, Seville, Spain
| | - María Cinta Picos
- Andalusian Institute of Agricultural and Fisheries Research and Training (IFAPA), Center Las Torres, Seville, Spain
| | - María Camacho
- Andalusian Institute of Agricultural and Fisheries Research and Training (IFAPA), Center Las Torres, Seville, Spain
| | | | - Nieves Capote
- Andalusian Institute of Agricultural and Fisheries Research and Training (IFAPA), Center Las Torres, Seville, Spain
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González MA, Duvallet G, Morel D, de Blas I, Barrio E, Ruiz-Arrondo I. An Integrated Pest Management Strategy Approach for the Management of the Stable Fly Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae). Insects 2024; 15:222. [PMID: 38667353 PMCID: PMC11050470 DOI: 10.3390/insects15040222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Stable flies, Stomoxys calcitrans, stand as formidable pests with a global impact, inflicting significant economic losses on the livestock sector. Larval development occurs in diverse substrates, including decomposing plant material and manure, while emerged adults pose a threat through blood-feeding on both animals and humans. Conventional chemical control methods, predominantly reliant on insecticides, not only pose environmental risks but also face challenges of resistance among stable fly populations. To address this pressing issue, we propose an integrated pest management (IPM) strategy for stable fly control. This approach involved a combination of sanitary-cultural practices, animal protection, the release of natural enemies targeting immature stages, and a specialized trapping system for adults. The Stomoxycc® trap, designed for mass trapping of adult Stomoxys, was employed alongside the release of the predatory mite Macrocheles robustulus and two wasp parasitoids, Spalangia cameroni and Muscidifurax raptor (under the commercial brands Biomite® and Biowasp®) on animal bedding as a key component of this IPM strategy. The implementation of this initiative has been undertaken at a significant sanctuary for donkeys and mules in western Spain. In this publication, we present the application and results of the IPM strategy utilized and provide insights into its use as a sustainable and environmentally friendly option for controlling stable fly populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikel A. González
- Departamento de Biología de la Conservación y Cambio Global, Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC), 41092 Sevilla, Spain;
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBER ESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Gérard Duvallet
- Centre d’Écologie Fonctionnelle et Évolutive, Université Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Université Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, 34199 Montpellier, France
| | | | - Ignacio de Blas
- Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Instituto Universitario de Investigación Mixto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (I.d.B.); or (I.R.-A.)
| | - Elena Barrio
- El Refugio del Burrito, 06394 Bodonal de la Sierra, Spain;
| | - Ignacio Ruiz-Arrondo
- Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Instituto Universitario de Investigación Mixto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (I.d.B.); or (I.R.-A.)
- Center for Rickettsiosis and Arthropod-Borne Diseases, San Pedro University Hospital-CIBIR, 26006 Logroño, Spain
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Han J, Zhu J, Liu S, Sun X, Wang S, Miao G. Enhancing tomato disease resistance through endogenous antifungal proteins and introduced nematode-targeting dsRNA of biocontrol agent Bacillus velezensis HS-3. Pest Manag Sci 2024. [PMID: 38511614 DOI: 10.1002/ps.8087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As a type of biological control agent (BCA), Bacillus velezensis possesses the efficacy of inhibiting pathogenic microorganisms, promoting plant growth, and overcoming continuous cropping obstacles (CCOs). However, there is limited reporting on the optimization of the cultivation conditions for such biocontrol agents and their role as double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) delivery vectors. RESULTS In this study, a Bacillus velezensis strain HS-3 was isolated from the root zone of tomato plants with in vitro anti-Botrytis cinerea activity. The investigation into active compounds revealed that HS-3 predominantly employs proteins with molecular weights greater than 3 kDa for its antifungal activity. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis identified various proteases and chitosanase, further suggesting that HS-3 most likely employs these enzymes to degrade fungal cell walls for its antifungal effect. To optimize the production of extracellular proteins, fermentation parameters for HS-3 were systematically optimized, leading to an optimized medium (OP-M). HS-3 cultured in OP-M demonstrated enhanced capacity to assist tomato plants in withstanding CCOs. However, the presence of excessive nematodes in diseased soil resulted in the disease severity index (DSI) remaining high. An RNA interference mechanism was further introduced to HS-3, targeting the nematode tyrosine phosphatase (TP) gene. Ultimately, HS-3 expressing dsRNA of TP in OP-M effectively assisted tomatoes in mitigating CCOs, reducing DSI to 2.2% and 17.8% of the control after 45 and 90 days of growth, respectively. CONCLUSION The advantages of Bacillus velezensis in crop disease management and the mitigation of CCOs become even more pronounced when utilizing both optimized levels of endogenous enzymes and introduced nematode-targeting dsRNA. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Han
- Department of Bioengineering, Huainan Normal University, Huainan, China
- Institute of Digital Ecology and Health, Huainan Normal University, Huainan, China
| | - Jinchi Zhu
- Department of Bioengineering, Huainan Normal University, Huainan, China
| | - Shuyuan Liu
- Department of Bioengineering, Huainan Normal University, Huainan, China
| | - Xuehan Sun
- Department of Bioengineering, Huainan Normal University, Huainan, China
| | - Shunchang Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, Huainan Normal University, Huainan, China
- Key Laboratory of Bioresource and Environmental Biotechnology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Huainan Normal University, Huainan, China
| | - Guopeng Miao
- Department of Bioengineering, Huainan Normal University, Huainan, China
- Institute of Digital Ecology and Health, Huainan Normal University, Huainan, China
- Key Laboratory of Bioresource and Environmental Biotechnology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Huainan Normal University, Huainan, China
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Fang M, Long W, Sun J, Wang A, Chen L, Cui Y, Huang Z, Li J, Ruan W, Rasmann S, Wei X. Toxicity of fungal-derived volatile organic compounds against root-knot nematodes. Pest Manag Sci 2023; 79:5162-5172. [PMID: 37574969 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Root-knot nematodes (RKNs), including Meloidogyne species, are among the most destructive plant-parasites worldwide. Recent evidence suggests that entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) can antagonize RKNs. Such antagonistic effects are likely mediated by toxic metabolites, including volatile organic compounds (VOCs), produced by the fungi. However, how widespread these effects are across EPF species, and which VOCs mediate negative interactions between EPF and RKNs needs to be further elucidated. RESULTS First, we evaluated the nematicidal effect of VOCs emitted by 46 EPF isolates against Meloidogyne incognita and found variable toxicity depending on the isolate. Second, we measured the nematicidal effect of highly toxic isolates, including species in the genus Talaromyces, Aspergillus, Clonostachys, and Purpureocillium and, third, we analyzed the nematicidal effect of major VOCs, including 2-methyl-1-propanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol, isopropyl alcohol and 2-methyl-3-pentanone. The mortality of M. incognita juveniles (J2s) was generally high (50%) either via airborne or in-solution contact with VOCs. Moreover, the tested VOCs significantly inhibited egg hatching, and repelled J2s away from the VOCs. CONCLUSION This study not only provides insights into the ecological function of VOCs in the rhizosphere, but also provides new approaches for developing environmentally friendly control methods of RKNs in agroecosystems. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Fang
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenxin Long
- School of Mathematical Sciences and LPMC, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jie Sun
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ailing Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lei Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | | | | | | | - Weibin Ruan
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Sergio Rasmann
- Laboratory of Functional Ecology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Xianqin Wei
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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Xiong Q, Yang J, Ni S. Microbiome-Mediated Protection against Pathogens in Woody Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16118. [PMID: 38003306 PMCID: PMC10671361 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogens, especially invasive species, have caused significant global ecological, economic, and social losses in forests. Plant disease research has traditionally focused on direct interactions between plants and pathogens in an appropriate environment. However, recent research indicates that the microbiome can interact with the plant host and pathogens to modulate plant resistance or pathogen pathogenicity, thereby altering the outcome of plant-pathogen interactions. Thus, this presents new opportunities for studying the microbial management of forest diseases. Compared to parallel studies on human and crop microbiomes, research into the forest tree microbiome and its critical role in forest disease progression has lagged. The rapid development of microbiome sequencing and analysis technologies has resulted in the rapid accumulation of a large body of evidence regarding the association between forest microbiomes and diseases. These data will aid the development of innovative, effective, and environmentally sustainable methods for the microbial management of forest diseases. Herein, we summarize the most recent findings on the dynamic structure and composition of forest tree microbiomes in belowground and aboveground plant tissues (i.e., rhizosphere, endosphere, and phyllosphere), as well as their pleiotropic impact on plant immunity and pathogen pathogenicity, highlighting representative examples of biological control agents used to modulate relevant tree microbiomes. Lastly, we discuss the potential application of forest tree microbiomes in disease control as well as their future prospects and challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Xiong
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Life Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (J.Y.); (S.N.)
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Altieri V, Rossi V, Fedele G. Biocontrol of Botrytis cinerea as Influenced by Grapevine Growth Stages and Environmental Conditions. Plants (Basel) 2023; 12:3430. [PMID: 37836169 PMCID: PMC10574720 DOI: 10.3390/plants12193430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
The growth of four commercial biocontrol agents (BCAs: Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (BAD), Aureobasidium pullulans (APD), Metschnikowia fructicola (MFN), and Trichoderma atroviride (TAS)) was evaluated using turbidimetric assays on artificial substrates mimicking the chemical berry composition at four stages: pea-sized berries, veraison, softening, and ripe berries. The response of BCA growth differed among BCAs. Subsequently, the BCAs' population size was assessed after 1 to 13 days of incubation on the substrate mimicking ripe berries at 15 to 35 °C. The population size of BAD increased with temperatures, while that of MFN decreased; the population sizes of APD and TAS showed bell-shaped patterns with lower growth at 15 or 35 °C. Finally, the BCAs were applied to ripe berries and then incubated at 15 to 30 °C. After 1 to 13 days, the berries were inoculated with B. cinerea and incubated for 7 days, after which the BCA control efficacy was assessed. The highest control was observed at 25 °C for BAD and APD, at 15 to 20 °C for MFN, and at 25 to 30 °C for TAS. The results confirm that the plant substrates and temperature affect the population size of the BCA following application; temperature also affects the preventative efficacy of BCA against B. cinerea.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Giorgia Fedele
- Department of Sustainable Crop Production (DiProVeS), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore di Piacenza, 29122 Piacenza, Italy; (V.A.); (V.R.)
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Brizuela AM, Gálvez L, Arroyo JM, Sánchez S, Palmero D. Evaluation of Trichoderma spp. on Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. asparagi and Fusarium wilt Control in Asparagus Crop. Plants (Basel) 2023; 12:2846. [PMID: 37571000 PMCID: PMC10421153 DOI: 10.3390/plants12152846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Among the key diseases affecting the asparagus crop (Asparagus officinalis L.), vascular wilting of asparagus caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. asparagi stands out worldwide. This disease significantly shortens the longevity of the crop and limits economic production. Traditional control measures have been largely ineffective, and chemical control methods are difficult to apply, making biological control approaches, specifically the use of Trichoderma, an economical, effective, and risk-free alternative. This study aimed to identify the main factors that affect the efficacy of biopesticides studied as Biological Control Agents (BCAs) against Fusarium wilt in asparagus and to assess the efficacy of Trichoderma-based biopesticides under greenhouse and semi-field conditions. We evaluated the response of three Trichoderma spp. (T. atroviride, T. asperellum, and T. saturnisporum) to environmental variables, such as temperature and water activity, and their antagonistic capacity against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. asparagi. All three Trichoderma species inhibited the growth of the pathogen in vitro. A decrease in water activity led to a greater reduction in the growth rate. The efficacy of the three biological control agents decreased with higher temperatures, resulting in minimal inhibition, particularly under conditions of restricted available water in the environment. The effect of the fungal inoculum density was also analyzed at two different temperatures. A direct correlation between the amount of inoculum and the score on the Disease Severity Index (DSI) was observed. A notable reduction in DSI was evident in treatments with high inoculum density (106 conidium/mL) for all three species of Trichoderma tested at both temperatures. In greenhouse and semi-field tests, we observed less disease control than expected, although T. asperellum and T. atroviride showed lower disease severity indices and increased the dry weight of seedlings and crowns, whereas T. saturnisporum resulted in the highest disease rate and lowest dry weight. This work highlights that the efficacy of Trichoderma as BCAs is influenced by various factors, including the quantity of soil inocula, and environmental conditions. The study findings have strong implications for selecting appropriate Trichoderma species for controlling specific pathogens under specific environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Daniel Palmero
- Department of Agricultural Production, Escuela Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.M.B.); (L.G.)
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Gotta P, Ciampitti M, Cavagna B, Bosio G, Gilioli G, Alma A, Battisti A, Mori N, Mazza G, Torrini G, Paoli F, Santoiemma G, Simonetto A, Lessio F, Sperandio G, Giacometto E, Bianchi A, Roversi PF, Marianelli L. Popillia japonica - Italian outbreak management. Front Insect Sci 2023; 3:1175138. [PMID: 38469512 PMCID: PMC10926379 DOI: 10.3389/finsc.2023.1175138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Popillia japonica, a priority pest for the EU, was first detected in Northern Italy in 2014. Since its discovery, the outbreak extended over an area of more than 16,000 square kilometers in Northern Italy and Southern Switzerland. In this review, we summarize the state-of-the-art of research conducted in Italy on both the spreading capacity and control measures of P. japonica. Chemical, physical, and biological control measures deployed since its detection are presented, by highlighting their strengths and weaknesses. An in-depth study of the ecosystems invaded by P. japonica disclosed the presence and pathogenicity of natural strains of entomopathogenic fungi and nematodes, some of which have shown to be particularly aggressive towards the larvae of this pest under laboratory conditions. The Plant Health authorities of the Lombardy and Piedmont regions, with the support of several research institutions, played a crucial role in the initial eradication attempt and subsequently in containing the spread of P. japonica. Control measures were performed in the infested area to suppress adult populations of P. japonica by installing several traps (e.g., for mass trapping, for auto-dissemination of the fungus Metarhizium anisopliae, and "attract & kill"). For larval control, the infested fields were treated with commercial strains of the entomopathogenic fungus M. anisopliae and nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora. Future studies will aim at integrating phenological and spread models developed with the most effective control measures, within an ecologically sustainable approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Gotta
- Settore Fitosanitario e servizi tecnico-scientifici – Piedmont Region, Turin, Italy
| | - Mariangela Ciampitti
- Directorate General (DG) Agricoltura Servizio Fitosanitario Regionale, Lombardy Region, Milan, Italy
| | - Beniamino Cavagna
- Directorate General (DG) Agricoltura Servizio Fitosanitario Regionale, Lombardy Region, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Bosio
- Settore Fitosanitario e servizi tecnico-scientifici – Piedmont Region, Turin, Italy
| | - Gianni Gilioli
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile Ambiente Territorio Architettura e Matematica (DICATAM), University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Alberto Alma
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari (DISAFA), University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Andrea Battisti
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and the Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Nicola Mori
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Mazza
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA) - Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification, Florence, Italy
| | - Giulia Torrini
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA) - Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification, Florence, Italy
| | - Francesco Paoli
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA) - Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification, Florence, Italy
| | - Giacomo Santoiemma
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and the Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Anna Simonetto
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile Ambiente Territorio Architettura e Matematica (DICATAM), University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Federico Lessio
- Settore Fitosanitario e servizi tecnico-scientifici – Piedmont Region, Turin, Italy
| | - Giorgio Sperandio
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile Ambiente Territorio Architettura e Matematica (DICATAM), University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Emanuela Giacometto
- Settore Fitosanitario e servizi tecnico-scientifici – Piedmont Region, Turin, Italy
| | - Alessandro Bianchi
- Directorate General (DG) Agricoltura Servizio Fitosanitario Regionale, Lombardy Region, Milan, Italy
| | - Pio Federico Roversi
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA) - Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification, Florence, Italy
| | - Leonardo Marianelli
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA) - Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification, Florence, Italy
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Han S, Sheng B, Zhu D, Chen J, Cai H, Zhang S, Guo C. Role of FoERG3 in Ergosterol Biosynthesis by Fusarium oxysporum and the Associated Regulation by Bacillus subtilis HSY21. Plant Dis 2023:PDIS05221010RE. [PMID: 36320138 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-05-22-1010-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Ergosterol is an important component of the fungal cell membrane and represents an effective target of chemical pesticides. However, the current understanding of ergosterol biosynthesis in the soybean root rot pathogen Fusarium oxysporum remains limited. In addition, the regular use of fungicides that inhibit ergosterol synthesis will seriously harm the ecological environment and human health. Bacillus subtilis is gradually replacing chemical control as a safe and effective biological agent; to investigate its effect on ergosterol synthesis of F. oxysporum, we verified the biological function of the FoERG3 gene of F. oxysporum by constructing knockout mutants. The results showed that knocking out FoERG3 blocked ergosterol biosynthesis, restricted mycelial growth, and increased the sensitivity to external stressors (NaCl, D-sorbitol, Congo Red, and H2O2). The increased permeability of the cell membrane promoted increased extracellular K+ levels and decreased mitochondrial cytochrome C contents. Treatment with suspension of B. subtilis HSY21 cells resulted in similar damage as observed when treating FoERG3-knockout F. oxysporum cells with ergosterol, which was characterised by deformity and swelling of the mycelium surface; increased membrane permeability; decreased pathogenicity to soybeans; and significantly decreased activities of cellulase, β-glucosidase, amylase, and pectin-methyl galactosylase. Notably, deleting FoERG3 resulted in a significant lag in the defense-response time of soybeans. Our results suggest that FoERG3 strongly influences the virulence of F. oxysporum and may be used as a potential antimicrobial target by B. subtilis HSY21 to inhibit ergosterol synthesis, which supports the use of B. subtilis as a biological control agent for protecting against F. oxysporum infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songyang Han
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cytogenetics and Genetic Breeding of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Boxiang Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cytogenetics and Genetic Breeding of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Dan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cytogenetics and Genetic Breeding of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Jiaxin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cytogenetics and Genetic Breeding of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Hongsheng Cai
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cytogenetics and Genetic Breeding of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Shuzhen Zhang
- Soybean Research Institute of Northeast Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology of Chinese Education Ministry, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Changhong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cytogenetics and Genetic Breeding of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150030, China
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Machado RAR, Bhat AH, Fallet P, Turlings TCJ, Kajuga J, Yan X, Toepfer S. Xenorhabdus bovienii subsp. africana subsp. nov., isolated from Steinernema africanum entomopathogenic nematodes. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2023; 73. [PMID: 37103464 DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.005795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Four Gram-negative bacterial strains isolated from Steinernema africanum entomopathogenic nematodes were biochemically and molecularly characterized to determine their taxonomic position. Results of 16S rRNA gene sequencing indicated that they belong to the class Gammaproteobacteria, family Morganellaceae, genus Xenorhabdus, and that they are conspecific. The average 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity between the newly isolated strains and the type strain of its more closely related species, Xenorhabdus bovienii T228T, is 99.4 %. We therefore selected only one of them, XENO-1T, for further molecular characterization using whole genome-based phylogenetic reconstructions and sequence comparisons. Phylogenetic reconstructions show that XENO-1T is closely related to the type strain of X. bovienii, T228T, and to several other strains that are thought to belong to this species. To clarify their taxonomic identities, we calculated average nucleotide identity (ANI) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values. We observed that the ANI and dDDH values between XENO-1T and X. bovienii T228T are 96.3 and 71.2 %, respectively, suggesting that XENO-1T represents a novel subspecies within the X. bovienii species. Noteworthy, the dDDH values between XENO-1T and several other X. bovienii strains are between 68.7 and 70.9 % and ANI values are between 95.8 and 96.4 %, which could be interpreted, in some instances, as that XENO-1T represents a new species. Considering that for taxonomic description the genomic sequences of the type strains are compared, and to avoid future taxonomic conflicts, we therefore propose to assign XENO-1T to a new subspecies within X. bovienii. ANI and dDDH values between XENO-1T and any other of the species with validly published names of the genus are lower than 96 and 70 %, respectively, supporting its novel status. Biochemical tests and in silico genomic comparisons show that XENO-1T exhibit a unique physiological profile that differs from all the Xenorhabdus species with validly published names and from their more closely related taxa. Based on this, we propose that strain XENO-1T represents a new subspecies within the X. bovienii species, for which we propose the name X. bovienii subsp. africana subsp. nov, with XENO-1T (=CCM 9244T=CCOS 2015T) as the type strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo A R Machado
- Experimental Biology Research Group, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Aashaq H Bhat
- Experimental Biology Research Group, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Fallet
- Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Research in Chemical Ecology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
- CABI Switzerland, Delémont, Switzerland
| | - Ted C J Turlings
- Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Research in Chemical Ecology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Joelle Kajuga
- Rwanda Agriculture and Animal Resources Development Board, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Xun Yan
- Innovative Institute for Plant Health, College of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Stefan Toepfer
- CABI Switzerland, Delémont, Switzerland
- MARA-CABI Joint Laboratory for Biosafety, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China
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12
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Altieri V, Rossi V, Fedele G. Efficacy of preharvest application of biocontrol agents against gray mold in grapevine. Front Plant Sci 2023; 14:1154370. [PMID: 36993848 PMCID: PMC10040820 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1154370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The use of biocontrol agents (BCAs) represents a promising alternative to conventional methods for the management of gray mold in vineyards during the berry ripening stage. The main advantages of BCAs are the short preharvest interval and lack of chemical fungicide residues in wine. In this study, eight commercial BCAs (based on different Bacillus or Trichoderma species and strains, Aureobasidium pullulans, Metschnikowia fructicola, and Pythium oligandrum) and a reference fungicide (boscalid) were applied to a vineyard during berry ripening over three seasons to evaluate the dynamics over time in terms of their relative efficacies in gray mold control. At 1-13 days after application of BCAs to the berry surfaces in field conditions, the berries were collected and artificially inoculated with conidia of Botrytis cinerea under controlled laboratory conditions, and gray mold severity was observed after 7 days of incubation. Significant differences were observed in gray mold severity among years, according to the number of days the BCAs grew on the berry surface before B. cinerea inoculation, and the season by day interaction (altogether accounting for >80% of the experimental variance). The variability in BCA efficacy was closely related to the environmental conditions at the time of application and in the following days. Overall, the BCA efficacy increased with the degree days accumulated between BCA application in the vineyard and B. cinerea inoculation in the dry (no rain) periods (r = 0.914, P = 0.001). Rainfall and the associated drop in temperature caused a relevant reduction of BCA efficacy. These results demonstrate that BCAs are an effective alternative to conventional chemicals for the preharvest control of gray mold in vineyards. However, environmental conditions can considerably affect the BCA efficacy.
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Dos Santos UR, Dos Santos JL. Trichoderma after crossing kingdoms: infections in human populations. J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev 2023; 26:97-126. [PMID: 36748123 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2023.2172498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Trichoderma is a saprophytic fungus that is used worldwide as a biocontrol and biofertilizer agent. Although considered nonpathogenic until recently, reports of human infections produced by members of the Trichoderma genus are increasing. Numerous sources of infection were proposed based upon patient data and phylogenetic analysis, including air, agriculture, and healthcare facilities, but the deficit of knowledge concerning Trichoderma infections makes patient treatment difficult. These issues are compounded by isolates that present profiles which exhibit high minimum inhibitory concentration values to available antifungal drugs. The aim of this review is to present the global distribution and sources of infections that affect both immunocompetent and immunocompromised hosts, clinical features, therapeutic strategies that are used to treat patients, as well as highlighting treatments with the best responses. In addition, the antifungal susceptibility profiles of Trichoderma isolates that have emerged in recent decades were examined and which antifungal drugs need to be further evaluated as potential candidates to treat Trichoderma infections are also indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uener Ribeiro Dos Santos
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Biological Science, State University of Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, BA, Brazil
| | - Jane Lima Dos Santos
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Biological Science, State University of Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, BA, Brazil
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14
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Poveda J, Baptista P, Sacristán S, Velasco P. Editorial: Beneficial effects of fungal endophytes in major agricultural crops. Front Plant Sci 2022; 13:1061112. [PMID: 36452085 PMCID: PMC9702551 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1061112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Poveda
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research in Applied Biology (IMAB), Universidad Pública de Navarra, Arrosadía, Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, de Santa Apolónia, Bragança, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regiões de Montanha (SusTEC), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, de Santa Apolónia, Bragança, Portugal
| | - Paula Baptista
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, de Santa Apolónia, Bragança, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regiões de Montanha (SusTEC), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, de Santa Apolónia, Bragança, Portugal
| | - Soledad Sacristán
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria/Spanish National Research Council (INIA/CSIC), and Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Velasco
- Group of Genetics, Breeding and Biochemistry of Brassicas, Misión Biológica de Galicia (MBG), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Pontevedra, Spain
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Ondzighi‐Assoume CA, Bhusal B, Traore AM, Ouma WK, Mmbaga MT, Swiggart EM. Efficient fluorescence-based localization technique for real-time tracking endophytes route in host-plants colonization. Plant Direct 2022; 6:e427. [PMID: 35959216 PMCID: PMC9360559 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial isolates that enhance plant growth and suppress plant pathogens growth are essential tools for reducing pesticide applications in plant production systems. The objectives of this study were to develop a reliable fluorescence-based technique for labeling bacterial isolates selected as biological control agents (BCAs) to allow their direct tracking in the host-plant interactions, understand the BCA localization within their host plants, and the route of plant colonization. Objectives were achieved by developing competent BCAs transformed with two plasmids, pBSU101 and pANIC-10A, containing reporter genes eGFP and pporRFP, respectively. Our results revealed that the plasmid-mediated transformation efficiencies of antibiotic-resistant competent BCAs identified as PSL, IMC8, and PS were up 84%. Fluorescent BCA-tagged reporter genes were associated with roots and hypocotyls but not with leaves or stems and were confirmed by fluoresence microscopy and PCR analyses in colonized Arabidopsis and sorghum. This fluorescence-based technique's high resolution and reproducibility make it a platform-independent system that allows tracking of BCAs spatially within plant tissues, enabling assessment of the movement and niches of BCAs within colonized plants. Steps for producing and transforming competent fluorescent BCAs, as well as the inoculation of plants with transformed BCAs, localization, and confirmation of fluorescent BCAs through fluorescence imaging and PCR, are provided in this manuscript. This study features host-plant interactions and subsequently biological and physiological mechanisms implicated in these interactions. The maximum time to complete all the steps of this protocol is approximately 3 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine A. Ondzighi‐Assoume
- College of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural and Environmental SciencesTennessee State UniversityNashvilleTennesseeUSA
| | - Bandana Bhusal
- College of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural and Environmental SciencesTennessee State UniversityNashvilleTennesseeUSA
| | - Adam M. Traore
- College of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural and Environmental SciencesTennessee State UniversityNashvilleTennesseeUSA
| | - Wilson K. Ouma
- Department of Entomology and Plant PathologyThe University of TennesseeKnoxvilleTennesseeUSA
| | - Margaret T. Mmbaga
- College of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural and Environmental SciencesTennessee State UniversityNashvilleTennesseeUSA
| | - Ethan M. Swiggart
- College of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural and Environmental SciencesTennessee State UniversityNashvilleTennesseeUSA
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Li X, Kong P, Daughtrey M, Kosta K, Schirmer S, Howle M, Likins M, Hong C. Characterization of the Soil Bacterial Community from Selected Boxwood Gardens across the United States. Microorganisms 2022; 10:1514. [PMID: 35893572 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10081514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In a recent study, we observed a rapid decline of the boxwood blight pathogen Calonectria pseudonaviculata (Cps) soil population in all surveyed gardens across the United States, and we speculated that these garden soils might be suppressive to Cps. This study aimed to characterize the soil bacterial community in these boxwood gardens. Soil samples were taken from one garden in California, Illinois, South Carolina, and Virginia and two in New York in early summer and late fall of 2017 and 2018. Soil DNA was extracted and its 16S rRNA amplicons were sequenced using the Nanopore MinION® platform. These garden soils were consistently dominated by Rhizobiales and Burkholderiales, regardless of garden location and sampling time. These two orders contain many species or strains capable of pathogen suppression and plant fitness improvement. Overall, 66 bacterial taxa were identified in this study that are known to have strains with biological control activity (BCA) against plant pathogens. Among the most abundant were Pseudomonas spp. and Bacillus spp., which may have contributed to the Cps decline in these garden soils. This study highlights the importance of soil microorganisms in plant health and provides a new perspective on garden disease management using the soil microbiome.
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17
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Su Y, Ren X, Ma X, Wang D, Hu H, Song X, Cui J, Ma Y, Yao Y. Evaluation of the Toxicity and Sublethal Effects of Acetamiprid and Dinotefuran on the Predator Chrysopa pallens (Rambur) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Toxics 2022; 10:toxics10060309. [PMID: 35736917 PMCID: PMC9228657 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10060309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Neonicotinoid insecticides affect the physiology or behavior of insects, posing risks to non-target organisms. In this study, the effects of sublethal doses of two neonicotinoid insecticides, acetamiprid and dinotefuran, against Chrysopa pallens (Rambur) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) were determined and compared. The results showed that acetamiprid and dinotefuran at LD10 (8.18 ng a.i. per insect and 9.36 ng a.i. per insect, respectively) and LD30 (16.84 ng a.i. per insect and 15.01 ng a.i. per insect, respectively) significantly prolonged the larval stages and pupal stages (except acetamiprid LD10), compared to control. In addition, acetamiprid and dinotefuran at LD30 significantly prolonged the adult preoviposition period (APOP) and total preoviposition period (TPOP). In contrast, the two insecticides at LD10 and LD30 had no significant effect on the longevity, fecundity, reproductive days, preadult survival rate (%), intrinsic rate of increase (r), net reproductive rate (R0), and finite rate of increase (λ). These results provide a theoretical basis for the rational use of these two insecticides and the utilization and protection of C. pallens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Su
- Key Laboratory of Production and Construction Corps of Agricultural Integrated Pest Management in Southern Xinjiang, College of Agriculture, Tarim University, Aral 843300, China;
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China; (X.R.); (X.M.); (D.W.); (H.H.); (X.S.); (J.C.)
| | - Xiangliang Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China; (X.R.); (X.M.); (D.W.); (H.H.); (X.S.); (J.C.)
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xiaoyan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China; (X.R.); (X.M.); (D.W.); (H.H.); (X.S.); (J.C.)
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Dan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China; (X.R.); (X.M.); (D.W.); (H.H.); (X.S.); (J.C.)
| | - Hongyan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China; (X.R.); (X.M.); (D.W.); (H.H.); (X.S.); (J.C.)
| | - Xianpeng Song
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China; (X.R.); (X.M.); (D.W.); (H.H.); (X.S.); (J.C.)
| | - Jinjie Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China; (X.R.); (X.M.); (D.W.); (H.H.); (X.S.); (J.C.)
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China; (X.R.); (X.M.); (D.W.); (H.H.); (X.S.); (J.C.)
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Correspondence: (Y.M.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Yongsheng Yao
- Key Laboratory of Production and Construction Corps of Agricultural Integrated Pest Management in Southern Xinjiang, College of Agriculture, Tarim University, Aral 843300, China;
- Correspondence: (Y.M.); (Y.Y.)
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Madriz-Ordeñana K, Pazarlar S, Jørgensen HJL, Nielsen TK, Zhang Y, Nielsen KL, Hansen LH, Thordal-Christensen H. The Bacillus cereus Strain EC9 Primes the Plant Immune System for Superior Biocontrol of Fusarium oxysporum. Plants (Basel) 2022; 11:plants11050687. [PMID: 35270157 PMCID: PMC8912794 DOI: 10.3390/plants11050687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Antibiosis is a key feature widely exploited to develop biofungicides based on the ability of biological control agents (BCAs) to produce fungitoxic compounds. A less recognised attribute of plant-associated beneficial microorganisms is their ability to stimulate the plant immune system, which may provide long-term, systemic self-protection against different types of pathogens. By using conventional antifungal in vitro screening coupled with in planta assays, we found antifungal and non-antifungal Bacillus strains that protected the ornamental plant Kalanchoe against the soil-borne pathogen Fusarium oxysporum in experimental and commercial production settings. Further examination of one antifungal and one non-antifungal strain indicated that high protection efficacy in planta did not correlate with antifungal activity in vitro. Whole-genome sequencing showed that the non-antifungal strain EC9 lacked the biosynthetic gene clusters associated with typical antimicrobial compounds. Instead, this bacterium triggers the expression of marker genes for the jasmonic and salicylic acid defence pathways, but only after pathogen challenge, indicating that this strain may protect Kalanchoe plants by priming immunity. We suggest that the stimulation of the plant immune system is a promising mode of action of BCAs for the development of novel biological crop protection products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Madriz-Ordeñana
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences and Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, Section for Plant and Soil Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark; (S.P.); (H.J.L.J.); (Y.Z.); (H.T.-C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Sercan Pazarlar
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences and Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, Section for Plant and Soil Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark; (S.P.); (H.J.L.J.); (Y.Z.); (H.T.-C.)
| | - Hans Jørgen Lyngs Jørgensen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences and Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, Section for Plant and Soil Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark; (S.P.); (H.J.L.J.); (Y.Z.); (H.T.-C.)
| | - Tue Kjærgaard Nielsen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences and Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, Section for Microbial Ecology and Biotechnology, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark; (T.K.N.); (L.H.H.)
| | - Yingqi Zhang
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences and Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, Section for Plant and Soil Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark; (S.P.); (H.J.L.J.); (Y.Z.); (H.T.-C.)
| | | | - Lars Hestbjerg Hansen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences and Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, Section for Microbial Ecology and Biotechnology, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark; (T.K.N.); (L.H.H.)
| | - Hans Thordal-Christensen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences and Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, Section for Plant and Soil Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark; (S.P.); (H.J.L.J.); (Y.Z.); (H.T.-C.)
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López-Moral A, Llorens E, Scalschi L, García-Agustín P, Trapero A, Agustí-Brisach C. Resistance Induction in Olive Tree ( Olea europaea) Against Verticillium Wilt by Two Beneficial Microorganisms and a Copper Phosphite Fertilizer. Front Plant Sci 2022; 13:831794. [PMID: 35283881 PMCID: PMC8905222 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.831794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Enhancement of the natural defenses of a plant by beneficial microorganisms, i.e., endophytic bacteria and fungi or fertilizers such as copper phosphonates, could result in a potential alternative strategy against verticillium wilt of olive tree (Olea europaea). In this study, two beneficial microorganisms (the fungus Aureobasidium pullulans AP08 and the bacterium Bacillus amyloliquefaciens PAB-024) and a phosphonate salt copper phosphite (CuPh) were evaluated for their effectiveness as host resistance inducers against Verticillium dahliae in olive. To this end, 6-month-old healthy olive plants of the susceptible cultivar Picual were treated by foliar or root applications by spraying 15 ml per plant or by irrigation with 350 ml per plant of the dilutions of each product (CuPh: 3 or 10 ml l-1, respectively; PAB-024: 108 UFC ml-1; AP08: 106 UFC ml-1). Treatments were conducted weekly from 2 weeks before inoculation to 10 days after inoculation. A cornmeal-water-sand mixture (1:2:9; w:v:w) colonized by V. dahliae was used for plant inoculation. Additionally, treated and noninoculated, nontreated and inoculated, and nontreated and noninoculated plants were included for comparative purposes. Disease severity progress and shoot fresh weight were assessed. Parameters involved in plant resistance were monitored through determination and quantification of reactive oxygen species (ROS) response (H2O2), and evaluation of hormones was done by gene expression analysis. Aureobasidium pullulans and CuPh were the most effective in disease reduction in planta by foliar or root application, respectively. Plants treated with CuPh showed significantly higher shoot fresh weight compared to the other treatments. ROS was significantly enhanced in plants treated with B. amyloliquefaciens PAB-024 compared to the rest of treatments and control. With regard to the evaluation of hormones, high levels of salicylic acid were detected on leaves from all treatment combinations, but without significant enhancements compared to the nontreated control. Regarding the gene expression related to salicylic acid, only the WRKY5 gene has shown a strong enhancement in the treatment with B. amyloliquefaciens. On the other hand, a strong accumulation of jasmonic acid and jasmonic acid-isoleucine in plants treated with A. pullulans was observed in all the tissues analyzed and also in the roots of plants treated with B. amyloliquefaciens and CuPh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana López-Moral
- Department of Agronomy (DAUCO, Unit of Excellence María de Maeztu 2020-23), ETSIAM, University of Córdoba (UCO), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Eugenio Llorens
- Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, Universitat Jaume I de Castellón (UJI), Castellón de la Plana, Spain
| | - Loredana Scalschi
- Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, Universitat Jaume I de Castellón (UJI), Castellón de la Plana, Spain
| | - Pilar García-Agustín
- Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, Universitat Jaume I de Castellón (UJI), Castellón de la Plana, Spain
| | - Antonio Trapero
- Department of Agronomy (DAUCO, Unit of Excellence María de Maeztu 2020-23), ETSIAM, University of Córdoba (UCO), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Carlos Agustí-Brisach
- Department of Agronomy (DAUCO, Unit of Excellence María de Maeztu 2020-23), ETSIAM, University of Córdoba (UCO), Córdoba, Spain
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20
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Sun Y, Huang B, Cheng P, Li C, Chen Y, Li Y, Zheng L, Xing J, Dong Z, Yu G. Endophytic Bacillus subtilis TR21 Improves Banana Plant Resistance to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense and Promotes Root Growth by Upregulating the Jasmonate and Brassinosteroid Biosynthesis Pathways. Phytopathology 2022; 112:219-231. [PMID: 34231376 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-04-21-0159-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The banana (Musa spp.) industry experiences dramatic annual losses from Fusarium wilt of banana disease, which is caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (FOC). Pisang Awak banana 'Fenza No. 1' (Musa spp. cultivar Fenza No. 1), a major banana cultivar with high resistance to F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense race 4, is considered to be ideal for growth in problematic areas. However, 'Fenza No. 1' is still affected by F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense race 1 in the field. TR21 is an endophytic Bacillus subtilis strain isolated from orchids (Dendrobium sp.). Axillary spraying of banana plants with TR21 controls Fusarium wilt of banana, decreasing the growth period and increasing yields in the field. In this study, we established that TR21 increases root growth in different monocotyledonous plant species. By axillary inoculation, TR21 induced a similar transcriptomic change as that induced by F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense race 1 but also upregulated the biosynthetic pathways for the phytohormones brassinosteroid and jasmonic acid in 'Fenza No. 1' root tissues, indicating that TR21 increases Fusarium wilt of banana resistance, shortens growth period, and increases yield of banana by inducing specific transcriptional reprogramming and modulating phytohormone levels. These findings will contribute to the identification of candidate genes related to plant resistance against fungi in a nonmodel system and facilitate further study and exploitation of endophytic biocontrol agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhao Sun
- Innovative Institute for Plant Health, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, People's Republic of China
- College of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, People's Republic of China
| | - Bingzhi Huang
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510000, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Cheng
- Innovative Institute for Plant Health, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, People's Republic of China
- College of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunji Li
- Innovative Institute for Plant Health, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, People's Republic of China
- College of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanhong Chen
- Zhuhai Agricultural Sciences Research Center, Zhuhai 519075, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongjian Li
- Zhuhai Agricultural Sciences Research Center, Zhuhai 519075, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Zheng
- Innovative Institute for Plant Health, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, People's Republic of China
- College of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, People's Republic of China
| | - Juejun Xing
- Laboratory & Equipment Management Department, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhangyong Dong
- Innovative Institute for Plant Health, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, People's Republic of China
- College of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, People's Republic of China
| | - Guohui Yu
- Innovative Institute for Plant Health, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, People's Republic of China
- College of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, People's Republic of China
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Montes-Osuna N, Cernava T, Gómez-Lama Cabanás C, Berg G, Mercado-Blanco J. Identification of Volatile Organic Compounds Emitted by Two Beneficial Endophytic Pseudomonas Strains from Olive Roots. Plants (Basel) 2022; 11:318. [PMID: 35161300 PMCID: PMC8840531 DOI: 10.3390/plants11030318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The production of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) represents a promising strategy of plant-beneficial bacteria to control soil-borne phytopathogens. Pseudomonas sp. PICF6 and Pseudomonas simiae PICF7 are two indigenous inhabitants of olive roots displaying effective biological control against Verticillium dahliae. Additionally, strain PICF7 is able to promote the growth of barley and Arabidopsis thaliana, VOCs being involved in the growth of the latter species. In this study, the antagonistic capacity of these endophytic bacteria against relevant phytopathogens (Verticillium spp., Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici) was assessed. Under in vitro conditions, PICF6 and PICF7 were only able to antagonize representative isolates of V. dahliae and V. longisporum. Remarkably, both strains produced an impressive portfolio of up to twenty VOCs, that included compounds with reported antifungal (e.g., 1-undecene, (methyldisulfanyl) methane and 1-decene) or plant growth promoting (e.g., tridecane, 1-decene) activities. Moreover, their volatilomes differed strongly in the absence and presence of V. dahliae. For example, when co incubated with the defoliating pathotype of V. dahliae, the antifungal compound 4-methyl-2,6-bis(2-methyl-2-propanyl)phenol was produced. Results suggest that volatiles emitted by these endophytes may differ in their modes of action, and that potential benefits for the host needs further investigation in planta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Montes-Osuna
- Departamento de Protección de Cultivos, Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible, Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avenida Menéndez Pidal s/n, Campus “Alameda del Obispo”, 14004 Cordoba, Spain; (N.M.-O.); (C.G.-L.C.)
| | - Tomislav Cernava
- Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12/I, 8010 Graz, Austria; (T.C.); (G.B.)
| | - Carmen Gómez-Lama Cabanás
- Departamento de Protección de Cultivos, Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible, Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avenida Menéndez Pidal s/n, Campus “Alameda del Obispo”, 14004 Cordoba, Spain; (N.M.-O.); (C.G.-L.C.)
| | - Gabriele Berg
- Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12/I, 8010 Graz, Austria; (T.C.); (G.B.)
- Leibniz-Institute for Agricultural Engineering Potsdam, Max-Eyth-Allee 100, 14469 Potsdam, Germany
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24/25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Jesús Mercado-Blanco
- Departamento de Protección de Cultivos, Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible, Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avenida Menéndez Pidal s/n, Campus “Alameda del Obispo”, 14004 Cordoba, Spain; (N.M.-O.); (C.G.-L.C.)
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22
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Dimopoulou A, Theologidis I, Varympopi A, Papafotis D, Mermigka G, Tzima A, Panopoulos NJ, Skandalis N. Shifting Perspectives of Translational Research in Bio-Bactericides: Reviewing the Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Paradigm. Biology (Basel) 2021; 10:biology10111202. [PMID: 34827195 PMCID: PMC8614995 DOI: 10.3390/biology10111202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The continuous reduction of approved conventional microbicides, due to health concerns and the development of plant-pathogen resistance, has been urged for the use of safe alternatives in crop protection. Several beneficial bacterial species, termed biological control agents, are currently used in lieu of chemical pesticides. The approach to select such bacterial species and manufacture commercial products has been based on their biocontrol effect under optimal growth conditions, which is far from the real nutrient-limited field conditions of plant niches. It’s important to determine the complex interactions that occur among BCAs, plant host and niche microbiome to fully understand and exploit the potential of biological control agents. Furthermore, it’s crucial to acknowledge the environmental impact of their long-term use. Abstract Bacterial biological control agents (BCAs) have been increasingly used against plant diseases. The traditional approach to manufacturing such commercial products was based on the selection of bacterial species able to produce secondary metabolites that inhibit mainly fungal growth in optimal media. Such species are required to be massively produced and sustain long-term self-storage. The endpoint of this pipeline is large-scale field tests in which BCAs are handled as any other pesticide. Despite recent knowledge of the importance of BCA-host-microbiome interactions to trigger plant defenses and allow colonization, holistic approaches to maximize their potential are still in their infancy. There is a gap in scientific knowledge between experiments in controlled conditions for optimal BCA and pathogen growth and the nutrient-limited field conditions in which they face niche microbiota competition. Moreover, BCAs are considered to be safe by competent authorities and the public, with no side effects to the environment; the OneHealth impact of their application is understudied. This review summarizes the state of the art in BCA research and how current knowledge and new biotechnological tools have impacted BCA development and application. Future challenges, such as their combinational use and ability to ameliorate plant stress are also discussed. Addressing such challenges would establish their long-term use as centerfold agricultural pesticides and plant growth promoters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Dimopoulou
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, 70013 Heraklion, Greece; (A.D.); (G.M.)
| | - Ioannis Theologidis
- Laboratory of Pesticides’ Toxicology, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, 14561 Athens, Greece;
| | - Adamantia Varympopi
- Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Unit, Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece; (A.V.); (D.P.)
| | - Dimitris Papafotis
- Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Unit, Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece; (A.V.); (D.P.)
| | - Glykeria Mermigka
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, 70013 Heraklion, Greece; (A.D.); (G.M.)
| | - Aliki Tzima
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Department of Crop Production, School of Agricultural Production Infrastructure and Environment, Faculty of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece;
| | - Nick J. Panopoulos
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA;
| | - Nicholas Skandalis
- Health Sciences Campus, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1441 Eastlake Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- Correspondence:
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Pacheco da Silva VC, Aquino DA, Crochard D, Malausa T, Botton M, Palero F. Parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of Mealybug Pests (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) from Southern Brazil: Molecular and Morphological Characterization. Neotrop Entomol 2021; 50:759-766. [PMID: 33683557 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-020-00841-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Parasitoids of three mealybug pests (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), Planococcus ficus (Signoret), Pseudococcus sociabilis Hambleton, and Pseudococcus viburni (Signoret) have been identified for the first time in Brazil. Mealybugs were collected in fruit-growing areas along southern Brazil during 2013-2016. An integrative approach, combining morphological and molecular methods, was used to identify the Brazilian parasitoids to the species level. Fifteen species were recorded, including 14 primary parasitoids belonging to Encyrtidae and Platygastridae and a single secondary parasitoid species belonging to Signiphoridae. The encyrtid parasitoids Acerophagus flavidulus (Brèthes), Anagyrus calyxtoi Noyes and Zaplatycerus sp., and the signiphorid secondary parasitoid Chartocerus axillaris De Santis are reported for the first time in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Alejandro Aquino
- Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores (CONICET - UNLP), La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Curso Zoología Agrícola, Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Univ Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Didier Crochard
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech INRA, Sophia Antipolis, PACA, France
| | - Thibaut Malausa
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech INRA, Sophia Antipolis, PACA, France
| | | | - Ferran Palero
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech INRA, Sophia Antipolis, PACA, France
- Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Univ of Valencia, Paterna, Spain
- Dept of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, London, UK
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24
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Grinbergs D, Chilian J, Padilla N, Reyes M, France A, Moya-Elizondo E, Gerding M. Endophytic Microorganisms Associated with Reversion of Silverleaf Disease Symptoms in Apple. Phytopathology 2021; 111:1541-1550. [PMID: 33591814 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-12-20-0548-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Silverleaf is caused by the fungus Chondrostereum purpureum, which produces wood necrosis and foliar silvering in woody plants. Field observations and studies in apple have shown the reversion of foliar symptoms. Because plants were clones and received identical agronomical management, it was hypothesized that reversion is driven by endophytic microbiota. Thus, the objectives of this study were to compare healthy, diseased, and reverted plants with respect to their physiology, endophytic microbial communities, antagonistic ability of their endophytes against C. purpureum, and defense genes expression. Water potential, stomatal conductance, chlorophyll content, and fluorescence were measured. Endophytic bacterial and fungal DNA were analyzed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, and community richness and similarity were calculated. Wood cores were collected and bacterial and fungal endophytes were isolated and confronted with C. purpureum-virulent strains in dual-culture assays. Defense genes expression was measured by quantitative PCR. Results indicated that there were no differences in physiological parameters between healthy and reverted plants, except for fluorescence, and both type of plants differed from diseased ones. Bacterial and fungal community richness was similar in healthy and reverted plants and higher than in diseased ones. Endophytes from reverted and healthy plants showed high antagonism to C. purpureum. Furthermore, nonexpressor of pathogenesis-related gene 1 expression was upregulated in reverted plants, whereas phenylalanine ammonia lyase and polygalacturonase-inhibiting protein genes showed higher values in diseased plants. Overall, physiological, molecular, and microbial characteristics were similar between healthy and reverted plants, and both differed from diseased ones. Therefore, reversion of symptoms is associated with changes in the endophytic microbiota, which seems to be a promising source of biological control agents against C. purpureum.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Grinbergs
- Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, INIA, Chillán, Chile
- Universidad de Concepción, Chillán, Chile
| | - J Chilian
- Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, INIA, Chillán, Chile
| | - N Padilla
- Universidad de Concepción, Chillán, Chile
| | - M Reyes
- Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, INIA, Chillán, Chile
| | - A France
- Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, INIA, Chillán, Chile
| | | | - M Gerding
- Universidad de Concepción, Chillán, Chile
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Skouras PJ, Darras AI, Mprokaki M, Demopoulos V, Margaritopoulos JT, Delis C, Stathas GJ. Toxicity, Sublethal and Low Dose Effects of Imidacloprid and Deltamethrin on the Aphidophagous Predator Ceratomegilla undecimnotata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Insects 2021; 12:insects12080696. [PMID: 34442261 PMCID: PMC8396430 DOI: 10.3390/insects12080696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Chemical insecticides are used to control agricultural pests all over the world. However, extensive use of chemical insecticides can be harmful to human health and negatively impact the environment and biological control agents. We studied the toxicity and sublethal effects of imidacloprid and deltamethrin on the aphidophagous coccinellid predator Ceratomegilla undecimnotata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). We evaluated one low (LD30) and one sublethal dose (LD10) for both insecticides. Lethal and sublethal effects of both insecticides negatively affected survival, development, reproduction, and longevity, and reduced the intrinsic (r) and finite (λ) rate of increase and the net reproduction rate (R0) of treated populations compared to the control. Our findings indicate that the use of imidacloprid and deltamethrin in combination with C. undecimnotata in the context of IPM should be taken with caution due to the toxic effects of the chemicals in the biocontrol agent under laboratory conditions. Abstract Ceratomegilla undecimnotata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) is a common aphidophagous coccinellid predator used in biological control against aphid pests. Knowing toxicity, lethal, and sublethal effects of insecticides on natural enemies is essential in order to incorporate them into Integrated Pest Management (IPM). In the present study, the lethal and sublethal effects of imidacloprid and deltamethrin were evaluated on the fourth instar larvae of C. undecimnotata and subsequently on the full life cycle. Our results strongly suggest that sublethal and low doses of imidacloprid and deltamethrin at LD10 and LD30 affected fourth instar larvae duration time, adult preoviposition period, total preoviposition period, and fecundity. Moreover, the intrinsic (r) and finite (λ) rate of increase and the net reproduction rate (R0) significantly decreased in populations treated with imidacloprid compared to the control population. The data clearly suggest that imidacloprid and deltamethrin have a negative influence on population growth parameters of C. undecimnotata at sublethal and low doses and, therefore, these insecticides should be used with caution within the context of IPM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis J. Skouras
- Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology and Zoology, Department of Agriculture, Kalamata Campus, University of the Peloponnese, 24100 Antikalamos, Greece; (M.M.); (G.J.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-27210-45277
| | - Anastasios I. Darras
- Department of Agriculture, Kalamata Campus, University of the Peloponnese, 24100 Antikalamos, Greece; (A.I.D.); (C.D.)
| | - Marina Mprokaki
- Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology and Zoology, Department of Agriculture, Kalamata Campus, University of the Peloponnese, 24100 Antikalamos, Greece; (M.M.); (G.J.S.)
| | - Vasilios Demopoulos
- Laboratory of Plant Protection, Department of Agriculture, Kalamata Campus, University of the Peloponnese, 24100 Antikalamos, Greece;
| | - John T. Margaritopoulos
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Industrial and Fodder Crops, Hellenic Agricultural Organization “DEMETER”—NAGREF, 38446 Volos, Greece;
| | - Costas Delis
- Department of Agriculture, Kalamata Campus, University of the Peloponnese, 24100 Antikalamos, Greece; (A.I.D.); (C.D.)
| | - George J. Stathas
- Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology and Zoology, Department of Agriculture, Kalamata Campus, University of the Peloponnese, 24100 Antikalamos, Greece; (M.M.); (G.J.S.)
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Kruitwagen A, Wertheim B, Beukeboom LW. Artificial selection for nonreproductive host killing in a native parasitoid on the invasive pest, Drosophila suzukii. Evol Appl 2021; 14:1993-2011. [PMID: 34429744 PMCID: PMC8372078 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Establishment and spread of invasive species can be facilitated by lack of natural enemies in the invaded area. Host-range evolution of natural enemies augments their ability to reduce the impact of the invader and could enhance their value for biological control. We assessed the potential of the Drosophila parasitoid, Leptopilina heterotoma (Hymenoptera: Figitidae), to exploit the invasive pest Drosophila suzukii by focusing on three performance indices: (i) attack rate; (ii) host killing, consisting of killing rate and lethal attack rate (killing efficiency); and (iii) successful offspring development (reproductive success). We found significant intraspecific variation in attack rate and killing rate and lethal attack rate among seven European populations, but offspring generally failed to successfully develop from the D. suzukii host. We crossed these European lines to create a genetically variable source population and performed a half-sib analysis to quantify genetic variation. Using a Bayesian animal model, we found that attack rate and killing rate had a heritability ofh 2 = 0.2 , lethal attack rateh 2 = 0.4 , and offspring developmenth 2 = 0 . We then artificially selected wasps with the highest killing rate of D. suzukii for seven generations to test whether host-killing could be improved. There was a small and inconsistent response to selection in the three selection lines. Realized heritability ( h r 2 ) after four generations of selection was 0.17 but near zero after seven generations of selection. The genetic response might have been masked by an increased D. suzukii fitness resulting from adaptation to laboratory conditions. Our study reveals that native, European, L. heterotoma can attack the invasive pest, D. suzukii and significantly reduce fly survival and that different steps of the parasitization process need to be considered in the evolution of host-range. It highlights how evolutionary principles can be applied to optimize performance of native species for biological control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Kruitwagen
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life SciencesUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Bregje Wertheim
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life SciencesUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Leo W. Beukeboom
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life SciencesUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
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Prigigallo MI, De Stradis A, Anand A, Mannerucci F, L'Haridon F, Weisskopf L, Bubici G. Basidiomycetes Are Particularly Sensitive to Bacterial Volatile Compounds: Mechanistic Insight Into the Case Study of Pseudomonas protegens Volatilome Against Heterobasidion abietinum. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:684664. [PMID: 34220771 PMCID: PMC8248679 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.684664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) play an important role in the communication among organisms, including plants, beneficial or pathogenic microbes, and pests. In vitro, we observed that the growth of seven out of eight Basidiomycete species tested was inhibited by the VOCs of the biocontrol agent Pseudomonas protegens strain CHA0. In the Ascomycota phylum, only some species were sensitive (e.g., Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Botrytis cinerea, etc.) but others were resistant (e.g., Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense, Verticillium dahliae, etc.). We further discovered that CHA0 as well as other ten beneficial or phytopathogenic bacterial strains were all able to inhibit Heterobasidion abietinum, which was used in this research as a model species. Moreover, such an inhibition occurred only when bacteria grew on media containing digested proteins like peptone or tryptone (e.g., Luria-Bertani agar or LBA). Also, the inhibition co-occurred with a pH increase of the agar medium where the fungus grew. Therefore, biogenic ammonia originating from protein degradation by bacteria was hypothesized to play a major role in fungus inhibition. Indeed, when tested as a synthetic compound, it was highly toxic to H. abietinum (effective concentration 50% or EC50 = 1.18 M; minimum inhibitory concentration or MIC = 2.14 M). Using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC/MS), eight VOCs were found specifically emitted by CHA0 grown on LBA compared to the bacterium grown on potato dextrose agar (PDA). Among them, two compounds were even more toxic than ammonia against H. abietinum: dimethyl trisulfide had EC50 = 0.02 M and MIC = 0.2 M, and 2-ethylhexanol had EC50 = 0.33 M and MIC = 0.77 M. The fungus growth inhibition was the result of severe cellular and sub-cellular alterations of hyphae occurring as early as 15 min of exposure to VOCs, as evidenced by transmission and scanning electron microscopy observations. Transcriptome reprogramming of H. abietinum induced by CHA0’s VOCs pointed out that detrimental effects occurred on ribosomes and protein synthesis while the cells tried to react by activating defense mechanisms, which required a lot of energy diverted from the growth and development (fitness cost).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Isabella Prigigallo
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Bari, Italy
| | - Angelo De Stradis
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Bari, Italy
| | - Abhishek Anand
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Francesco Mannerucci
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo, della Pianta e degli Alimenti, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Laure Weisskopf
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Giovanni Bubici
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Bari, Italy
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Niu B, Wang W, Yuan Z, Sederoff RR, Sederoff H, Chiang VL, Borriss R. Microbial Interactions Within Multiple-Strain Biological Control Agents Impact Soil-Borne Plant Disease. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:585404. [PMID: 33162962 PMCID: PMC7581727 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.585404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Major losses of crop yield and quality caused by soil-borne plant diseases have long threatened the ecology and economy of agriculture and forestry. Biological control using beneficial microorganisms has become more popular for management of soil-borne pathogens as an environmentally friendly method for protecting plants. Two major barriers limiting the disease-suppressive functions of biocontrol microbes are inadequate colonization of hosts and inefficient inhibition of soil-borne pathogen growth, due to biotic and abiotic factors acting in complex rhizosphere environments. Use of a consortium of microbial strains with disease inhibitory activity may improve the biocontrol efficacy of the disease-inhibiting microbes. The mechanisms of biological control are not fully understood. In this review, we focus on bacterial and fungal biocontrol agents to summarize the current state of the use of single strain and multi-strain biological control consortia in the management of soil-borne diseases. We discuss potential mechanisms used by microbial components to improve the disease suppressing efficacy. We emphasize the interaction-related factors to be considered when constructing multiple-strain biological control consortia and propose a workflow for assembling them by applying a reductionist synthetic community approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Weixiong Wang
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhibo Yuan
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Ronald R. Sederoff
- Forest Biotechnology Group, Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Heike Sederoff
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Vincent L. Chiang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
- Forest Biotechnology Group, Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Rainer Borriss
- Institute of Biology, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology e.V. (IMaB), Greifswald, Germany
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29
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Montes-Osuna N, Mercado-Blanco J. Verticillium Wilt of Olive and its Control: What Did We Learn during the Last Decade? Plants (Basel) 2020; 9:E735. [PMID: 32545292 DOI: 10.3390/plants9060735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Verticillium (Verticillium dahliae Kleb.) wilt is one of the most devastating diseases affecting olive (Olea europaea L. subsp. europaea var. europaea) cultivation. Its effective control strongly relies on integrated management strategies. Olive cultivation systems are experiencing important changes (e.g., high-density orchards, etc.) aiming at improving productivity. The impact of these changes on soil biology and the incidence/severity of olive pests and diseases has not yet been sufficiently evaluated. A comprehensive understanding of the biology of the pathogen and its populations, the epidemiological factors contributing to exacerbating the disease, the underlying mechanisms of tolerance/resistance, and the involvement of the olive-associated microbiota in the tree's health is needed. This knowledge will be instrumental to developing more effective control measures to confront the disease in regions where the pathogen is present, or to exclude it from V. dahliae-free areas. This review compiles the most recent advances achieved to understand the olive-V. dahliae interaction as well as measures to control the disease. Aspects such as the molecular basis of the host-pathogen interaction, the identification of new biocontrol agents, the implementation of "-omics" approaches to unravel the basis of disease tolerance, and the utilization of remote sensing technology for the early detection of pathogen attacks are highlighted.
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Fedele G, Brischetto C, Rossi V. Biocontrol of Botrytis cinerea on Grape Berries as Influenced by Temperature and Humidity. Front Plant Sci 2020; 11:1232. [PMID: 32922419 PMCID: PMC7457006 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Six commercial biocontrol agents (BCAs, containing Aureobasidium pullulans, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens plantarum, Bacillus subtilis, Pythium oligandrum, or Trichoderma atroviride) were applied to ripening berries that were then incubated at one of four temperatures (T, 15, 20, 25, and 30°C) and one of four relative humidity levels (RH, 60, 80, 90, and 100%). After 1 to 13 days of incubation (BCA colonization period), the berries were inoculated with conidia of Botrytis cinerea and kept at 25°C and 100% RH for 7 days, at which time Botrytis bunch rot (BBR) was assessed. The response of BBR control to T/RH conditions and BCA colonization period differed among BCAs; the coefficients of variation among the BCAs ranged from 44.7 to 72.4%. An equation was developed that accounted for the combined effects of T, RH, and BCA colonization period on BBR control. The equation, which had an R2>0.94, could help farmers select the BCA to be used for a specific application based on weather conditions at the time of treatment and in the following days.
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Petrikovszki R, Doshi P, Turóczi G, Tóth F, Nagy P. Investigating the Side-Effects of Neem-Derived Pesticides on Commercial Entomopathogenic and Slug-Parasitic Nematode Products Under Laboratory Conditions. Plants (Basel) 2019; 8:plants8080281. [PMID: 31408973 PMCID: PMC6724131 DOI: 10.3390/plants8080281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Lethal effects of neem derived pesticides (neem leaf extract (NLE) and NeemAzal-T/S (NA)) were examined on different entomopathogenic (EPN) and slug-parasitic (SPN) nematodes. In our recent study, neem derived pesticides were tested against Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita for the first time under in vitro conditions. Laboratory experiments were set up in 96-well microplates with different concentrations of NLE (0.1%, 0.3%, 0.6%, and 1%) and NA (0.001%, 0.003%, 0.006%, and 0.01%) and Milli-Q water as the control. After 24-h exposure time, mortality of individual nematodes was observed and recorded. Considering LC10 values, 0.1% of NLE could be used safely in combination with all the EPNs and SPNs tested in recent study. A concentration of NA three times higher than the recommended dosage did not harm either EPN or SPN species. In conclusion, NeemAzal-T/S might be applied with EPNs and the SPN Ph. hermaphrodita simultaneously, while the compatibility of neem leaf extract and beneficial nematode products needs further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renáta Petrikovszki
- Plant Protection Institute, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Szent István University, H-2100, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Pratik Doshi
- Plant Protection Institute, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Szent István University, H-2100, Gödöllő, Hungary.
| | - György Turóczi
- Plant Protection Institute, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Szent István University, H-2100, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Tóth
- Plant Protection Institute, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Szent István University, H-2100, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Péter Nagy
- Department of Zoology and Animal Ecology, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Szent István University, H-2100, Gödöllő, Hungary
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Calvo-Agudo M, González-Cabrera J, Picó Y, Calatayud-Vernich P, Urbaneja A, Dicke M, Tena A. Neonicotinoids in excretion product of phloem-feeding insects kill beneficial insects. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:16817-22. [PMID: 31383752 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1904298116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of insecticides in agriculture is one of the suggested causes of the decline in insect populations. Neonicotinoids are among the most widely used insecticides. However, they have important negative side effects, especially for pollinators and other beneficial insects feeding on floral nectar and pollen. We identified an exposure route: Neonicotinoids reach and kill beneficial insects when they feed on the most abundant carbohydrate source for insects in agroecosystems, honeydew. Honeydew is the excretion product of phloem-feeding hemipteran insects such as aphids, mealybugs, whiteflies, or psyllids. This route of exposure is likely to affect a much wider range of beneficial insects and crops than contaminated nectar. Therefore, it should be included in future environmental risk assessments of neonicotinoids. Pest control in agriculture is mainly based on the application of insecticides, which may impact nontarget beneficial organisms leading to undesirable ecological effects. Neonicotinoids are among the most widely used insecticides. However, they have important negative side effects, especially for pollinators and other beneficial insects feeding on nectar. Here, we identify a more accessible exposure route: Neonicotinoids reach and kill beneficial insects that feed on the most abundant carbohydrate source for insects in agroecosystems, honeydew. Honeydew is the excretion product of phloem-feeding hemipteran insects such as aphids, mealybugs, whiteflies, and psyllids. We allowed parasitic wasps and pollinating hoverflies to feed on honeydew from hemipterans feeding on trees treated with thiamethoxam or imidacloprid, the most commonly used neonicotinoids. LC-MS/MS analyses demonstrated that both neonicotinoids were present in honeydew. Honeydew with thiamethoxam was highly toxic to both species of beneficial insects, and honeydew with imidacloprid was moderately toxic to hoverflies. Collectively, our data provide strong evidence for honeydew as a route of insecticide exposure that may cause acute or chronic deleterious effects on nontarget organisms. This route should be considered in future environmental risk assessments of neonicotinoid applications.
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Calvo-Garrido C, Roudet J, Aveline N, Davidou L, Dupin S, Fermaud M. Microbial Antagonism Toward Botrytis Bunch Rot of Grapes in Multiple Field Tests Using One Bacillus ginsengihumi Strain and Formulated Biological Control Products. Front Plant Sci 2019; 10:105. [PMID: 30804972 PMCID: PMC6378282 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Botrytis bunch rot (BBR), caused by the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea, is a major disease of wine and table grapes worldwide. Due to negative effects of pesticides on the environment and human health, alternative control strategies against BBR, such as biological control agents (BCAs), are required to produce high-quality grapes and wines with high standards of food safety. However, few biological control products against BBR are available, and their efficacy is sometimes variable. This study aimed to evaluate and compare (1) the efficacy of new bacterial BCA strains developed at INRA Bordeaux and (2) the BBR reductions achieved by commercial biocontrol products that are already registered or close to being registered. During three consecutive seasons, 10 field experiments were established in six different experimental vineyards in southwestern France. Spray applications were performed at key phenological stages (five or six during the season), or at high BBR-risk periods late in the season according to a Disease Risk Index model. At harvest, BBR incidence and severity (% of symptomatic berries per bunch) were visually determined. The experiments included four bacterial strains at an early experimental stage, particularly Bacillus ginsengihumi (S38). Nine commercial BCA products were also tested, including Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Aureobasidium pullulans, Ulocladium oudemansii, and Candida sake. Among the four experimental bacterial strains, only B. ginsengihumi S38 significantly controlled the BBR, presenting reductions in the average severity ranging from 35 to 60%, compared to untreated control, throughout the three seasons. Several commercial BCAs achieved significant reductions in BBR severity ranging from 21 to 58%, although not in every trial. The treatments that achieved higher reductions in severity rates were based on C. sake (45%), B. subtilis (54%), and B. amyloliquefaciens (58%). The efficacy of those BCAs was consistent throughout the studied seasons. The results confirmed the suitability of several biological control products under the conditions in vineyards in southwestern France, while also highlighting the good performance of the novel experimental BCA B. ginsengihumi S38 strain, which achieved similar control rates to the products registered for commercial use. The major factors involved in the variability in the results are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Calvo-Garrido
- SAVE, INRA, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Bordeaux Science Agro, ISVV 33882, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Jean Roudet
- SAVE, INRA, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Bordeaux Science Agro, ISVV 33882, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Nicolas Aveline
- Institut Français de la Vigne et du Vin–Vinopôle Bordeaux-Aquitaine, Blanquefort, France
| | - Ludivine Davidou
- Chambre d'Agriculture de la Gironde (CA33)–Service Vigne et Vin. CS 20115, Blanquefort, France
| | - Sévérine Dupin
- Chambre d'Agriculture de la Gironde (CA33)–Service Vigne et Vin. CS 20115, Blanquefort, France
| | - Marc Fermaud
- SAVE, INRA, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Bordeaux Science Agro, ISVV 33882, Villenave d'Ornon, France
- *Correspondence: Marc Fermaud
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Mercado-Blanco J, Abrantes I, Barra Caracciolo A, Bevivino A, Ciancio A, Grenni P, Hrynkiewicz K, Kredics L, Proença DN. Belowground Microbiota and the Health of Tree Crops. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1006. [PMID: 29922245 PMCID: PMC5996133 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Trees are crucial for sustaining life on our planet. Forests and land devoted to tree crops do not only supply essential edible products to humans and animals, but also additional goods such as paper or wood. They also prevent soil erosion, support microbial, animal, and plant biodiversity, play key roles in nutrient and water cycling processes, and mitigate the effects of climate change acting as carbon dioxide sinks. Hence, the health of forests and tree cropping systems is of particular significance. In particular, soil/rhizosphere/root-associated microbial communities (known as microbiota) are decisive to sustain the fitness, development, and productivity of trees. These benefits rely on processes aiming to enhance nutrient assimilation efficiency (plant growth promotion) and/or to protect against a number of (a)biotic constraints. Moreover, specific members of the microbial communities associated with perennial tree crops interact with soil invertebrate food webs, underpinning many density regulation mechanisms. This review discusses belowground microbiota interactions influencing the growth of tree crops. The study of tree-(micro)organism interactions taking place at the belowground level is crucial to understand how they contribute to processes like carbon sequestration, regulation of ecosystem functioning, and nutrient cycling. A comprehensive understanding of the relationship between roots and their associate microbiota can also facilitate the design of novel sustainable approaches for the benefit of these relevant agro-ecosystems. Here, we summarize the methodological approaches to unravel the composition and function of belowground microbiota, the factors influencing their interaction with tree crops, their benefits and harms, with a focus on representative examples of Biological Control Agents (BCA) used against relevant biotic constraints of tree crops. Finally, we add some concluding remarks and suggest future perspectives concerning the microbiota-assisted management strategies to sustain tree crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Mercado-Blanco
- Department of Crop Protection, Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Isabel Abrantes
- Department of Life Sciences, Centre for Functional Ecology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | - Annamaria Bevivino
- Department for Sustainability of Production and Territorial Systems, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), Rome, Italy
| | - Aurelio Ciancio
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, Bari, Italy
| | - Paola Grenni
- Water Research Institute (CNR-IRSA), National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Katarzyna Hrynkiewicz
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | - László Kredics
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Diogo N. Proença
- Centre for Mechanical Engineering, Materials and Processes (CEMMPRE) and Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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Rotolo C, De Miccolis Angelini RM, Dongiovanni C, Pollastro S, Fumarola G, Di Carolo M, Perrelli D, Natale P, Faretra F. Use of biocontrol agents and botanicals in integrated management of Botrytis cinerea in table grape vineyards. Pest Manag Sci 2018; 74:715-725. [PMID: 29044981 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is increasing interest in the use of biological control agents (BCAs) and botanicals (BOTs) due to increasing awareness of the environmental and human health risks associated with synthetic plant protection products. The BCAs Bacillus subtilis strain QST713, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain D747 and Aureobasidium pullulans strains DSM14940 and DSM14941, and the BOTs Melaleuca alternifolia and terpenic extracts are proposed for the control of grey mould in vineyards. This study was aimed at evaluating their effectiveness in integrated crop management strategies and their outcomes in terms of the management of fungicide resistance and residues. RESULTS In field trials carried out on table grapes in southern Italy, use of BCAs or BOTs alternately or mixtures of BCAs or BOTs with the succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor fungicide fluopyram showed efficacy of up to 96% against grey mould on bunches, comparable with the chemical reference strategy (up to 87%). By contrast, use of BCAs or BOTs (up to 11 sprays) alone was not effective (< 30%) under high disease pressure. The integrated use of BCAs or BOTs reduced the spread of succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor-resistant conidia, as well as fungicide residues in grapes. CONCLUSIONS Spray schedules based on integration of BCAs or BOTs with fungicides are effective against grey mould and reduce the risk of fungicide resistance in B. cinerea and fungicide residues in grapes. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Rotolo
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Crescenza Dongiovanni
- Centro di ricerca, Sperimentazione e Formazione in Agricoltura 'Basile Caramia', Locorotondo, Bari, Italy
| | - Stefania Pollastro
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Giulio Fumarola
- Centro di ricerca, Sperimentazione e Formazione in Agricoltura 'Basile Caramia', Locorotondo, Bari, Italy
| | - Michele Di Carolo
- Centro di ricerca, Sperimentazione e Formazione in Agricoltura 'Basile Caramia', Locorotondo, Bari, Italy
| | - Donato Perrelli
- Centro di ricerca, Sperimentazione e Formazione in Agricoltura 'Basile Caramia', Locorotondo, Bari, Italy
| | - Patrizia Natale
- Centro di ricerca, Sperimentazione e Formazione in Agricoltura 'Basile Caramia', Locorotondo, Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Faretra
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
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Varo A, Raya-Ortega MC, Trapero A. Selection and evaluation of micro-organisms for biocontrol of Verticillium dahliae in olive. J Appl Microbiol 2016; 121:767-77. [PMID: 27277382 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2016] [Revised: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To identify potential biological control agents against Verticillium wilt in olive through a mass screening approach. METHOD AND RESULTS A total of 47 strains and nine mixtures of micro-organisms were evaluated against Verticillium dahliae in a three stage screening: (i) in vitro, by the effect on the mycelial growth and spore germination of the pathogen; (ii) in natural infested soil, by the effect on the reduction of microsclerotia of the pathogen; (iii) in planta, by the effect on the infection of olive plants under controlled conditions. Various fungal and bacterial strains and mixtures inhibited the pathogen and showed consistent biocontrol activity against Verticillium wilt of olive. CONCLUSION The screening has resulted in promising fungi and bacteria strains with antagonistic activity against Verticillium, such as two non-pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum, one Phoma sp., one Pseudomonas fluorescens and two mixtures of micro-organisms that may possess multiple modes of action. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study provides a practical basis for the potential use of selected strains as biocontrol agents for the protection of olive plants against V. dahliae infection. In addition, our study presented an effective method to evaluate antagonistic micro-organisms of V. dahliae in olive.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Varo
- Departamento de Agronomía, Universidad de Córdoba-Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario, Córdoba, Spain
| | - M C Raya-Ortega
- Departamento de Agronomía, Universidad de Córdoba-Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario, Córdoba, Spain
| | - A Trapero
- Departamento de Agronomía, Universidad de Córdoba-Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario, Córdoba, Spain
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De la Cruz Quiroz R, Roussos S, Hernández D, Rodríguez R, Castillo F, Aguilar CN. Challenges and opportunities of the bio-pesticides production by solid-state fermentation: filamentous fungi as a model. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2016; 35:326-33. [PMID: 24494699 DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2013.857292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, production and use of bio-pesticides have increasing and replacing some synthetic chemical pesticides applied to food commodities. In this review, biological control is focused as an alternative, to some synthetic chemical treatments that cause environmental, human health, and food quality risks. In addition, several phytopathogenic microorganisms have developed resistance to some of these synthetic chemicals and become more difficult to control. Worldwide, the bio-pesticides market is growing annually at a rate of 44% in North America, 20% in Europe and Oceania, 10% in Latin and South American countries and 6% in Asia. Use of agro-industrial wastes and solid-state fermentation (SSF) technology offers an alternative to bio-pesticide production with advantages versus conventional submerged fermentations, as reduced cost and energy consumption, low production of residual water and high stability products. In this review, recent data about state of art regarding bio-pesticides production under SSF on agroindustrial wastes will be discussed. SSF can be defined as a microbial process that generally occurs on solid material in the absence of free water. This material has the ability to absorb water with or without soluble nutrients, since the substrate must have water to support the microorganism's growth and metabolism. Changes in water content are analyzed in order to select the conditions for a future process, where water stress can be combined with the best spore production conditions, obtaining in this way an inexpensive biotechnological option for modern agriculture in developing countries.
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Comby M, Lacoste S, Baillieul F, Profizi C, Dupont J. Spatial and Temporal Variation of Cultivable Communities of Co-occurring Endophytes and Pathogens in Wheat. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:403. [PMID: 27065969 PMCID: PMC4814462 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work was to investigate the diversity of endogenous microbes from wheat (Triticum aestivum) and to study the structure of its microbial communities, with the ultimate goal to provide candidate strains for future evaluation as potential biological control agents against wheat diseases. We sampled plants from two wheat cultivars, Apache and Caphorn, showing different levels of susceptibility to Fusarium head blight, a major disease of wheat, and tested for variation in microbial diversity and assemblages depending on the host cultivar, host organ (aerial organs vs. roots) or host maturity. Fungi and bacteria were isolated using a culture dependent method. Isolates were identified using ribosomal DNA sequencing and we used diversity analysis to study the community composition of microorganisms over space and time. Results indicate great species diversity in wheat, with endophytes and pathogens co-occurring inside plant tissues. Significant differences in microbial communities were observed according to host maturity and host organs but we did not find clear differences between host cultivars. Some species isolated have not yet been reported as wheat endophytes and among all species recovered some might be good candidates as biological control agents, given their known effects toward plant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgane Comby
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution et Biodiversité-UMR 7205-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, MNHN, UPMC, EPHE, Muséum National D'histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne UniversitésParis, France; UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles-Laboratoire de Stress Défenses et Reproduction des Plantes, Moulin de la HousseReims, France
| | - Sandrine Lacoste
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution et Biodiversité-UMR 7205-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, MNHN, UPMC, EPHE, Muséum National D'histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Universités Paris, France
| | - Fabienne Baillieul
- UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles-Laboratoire de Stress Défenses et Reproduction des Plantes, Moulin de la Housse Reims, France
| | | | - Joëlle Dupont
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution et Biodiversité-UMR 7205-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, MNHN, UPMC, EPHE, Muséum National D'histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Universités Paris, France
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Beck JJ, Smith L, Baig N. An overview of plant volatile metabolomics, sample treatment and reporting considerations with emphasis on mechanical damage and biological control of weeds. Phytochem Anal 2014; 25:331-41. [PMID: 24347157 DOI: 10.1002/pca.2486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Revised: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/06/2013] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The technology for the collection and analysis of plant-emitted volatiles for understanding chemical cues of plant-plant, plant-insect or plant-microbe interactions has increased over the years. Consequently, the in situ collection, analysis and identification of volatiles are considered integral to elucidation of complex plant communications. Due to the complexity and range of emissions the conditions for consistent emission of volatiles are difficult to standardise. OBJECTIVE To discuss: evaluation of emitted volatile metabolites as a means of screening potential target- and non-target weeds/plants for insect biological control agents; plant volatile metabolomics to analyse resultant data; importance of considering volatiles from damaged plants; and use of a database for reporting experimental conditions and results. METHOD Recent literature relating to plant volatiles and plant volatile metabolomics are summarised to provide a basic understanding of how metabolomics can be applied to the study of plant volatiles. RESULTS An overview of plant secondary metabolites, plant volatile metabolomics, analysis of plant volatile metabolomics data and the subsequent input into a database, the roles of plant volatiles, volatile emission as a function of treatment, and the application of plant volatile metabolomics to biological control of invasive weeds. CONCLUSION It is recommended that in addition to a non-damaged treatment, plants be damaged prior to collecting volatiles to provide the greatest diversity of odours. For the model system provided, optimal volatile emission occurred when the leaf was punctured with a needle. Results stored in a database should include basic environmental conditions or treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Beck
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Albany, California, USA
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Ryu H, Park H, Suh DS, Jung GH, Park K, Lee BD. Biological control of Colletotrichum panacicola on Panax ginseng by Bacillus subtilis HK-CSM-1. J Ginseng Res 2014; 38:215-9. [PMID: 25378997 PMCID: PMC4213823 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Biological control of plant pathogens using benign or beneficial microorganisms as antagonistic agents is currently considered to be an important component of integrated pest management in agricultural crops. In this study, we evaluated the potential of Bacillus subtilis strain HK-CSM-1 as a biological control agent against Colletotrichum panacicola. Methods The potential of B. subtilis HK-CSM-1 as a biological control agent for ginseng anthracnose was assessed. C. panacicola was inoculated to ginseng plants and the incidence and severity of disease was assessed to examine the efficacy of the bacterium as a biological control against C. panacicola. Results Inoculation of Panax ginseng plants with B. subtilis significantly suppressed the number of disease lesions of C. panacicola and was as effective as the chemical fungicide iminoctadine tris(albesilate). The antifungal activity of B. subtilis against C. panacicola was observed on a co-culture medium. Interestingly, treatment with B. subtilis did not significantly affect the diameter of the lesions, suggesting that the mechanism of protection was through the reduction in the incidence of infection related to the initial events of the infection cycle, including penetration and infection via spore germination and appressorium formation rather than by the inhibition of invasive growth after infection. Conclusion Our results suggest that B. subtilis HK-CSM-1 can be used as an effective and ecologically friendly biological control agent for anthracnose in P. ginseng.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hojin Ryu
- Microbial Plant Activation Laboratory, Agricultural Microbiology Division, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon, Korea
| | - Hoon Park
- Bioresource Institute, Herbking Inc., Anseong, Korea
| | - Dong-Sang Suh
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Gun Ho Jung
- National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon, Korea
| | - Kyungseok Park
- Microbial Plant Activation Laboratory, Agricultural Microbiology Division, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon, Korea
| | - Byung Dae Lee
- Bioresource Institute, Herbking Inc., Anseong, Korea ; Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
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Schmidt R, Köberl M, Mostafa A, Ramadan EM, Monschein M, Jensen KB, Bauer R, Berg G. Effects of bacterial inoculants on the indigenous microbiome and secondary metabolites of chamomile plants. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:64. [PMID: 24600444 PMCID: PMC3928675 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant-associated bacteria fulfill important functions for plant growth and health. However, our knowledge about the impact of bacterial treatments on the host's microbiome and physiology is limited. The present study was conducted to assess the impact of bacterial inoculants on the microbiome of chamomile plants Chamomilla recutita (L.) Rauschert grown in a field under organic management in Egypt. Chamomile seedlings were inoculated with three indigenous Gram-positive strains (Streptomyces subrutilus Wbn2-11, Bacillus subtilis Co1-6, Paenibacillus polymyxa Mc5Re-14) from Egypt and three European Gram-negative strains (Pseudomonas fluorescens L13-6-12, Stenotrophomonas rhizophila P69, Serratia plymuthica 3Re4-18) already known for their beneficial plant-microbe interaction. Molecular fingerprints of 16S rRNA gene as well as real-time PCR analyses did not show statistically significant differences for all applied bacterial antagonists compared to the control. In contrast, a pyrosequencing analysis of the 16S rRNA gene libraries revealed significant differences in the community structure of bacteria between the treatments. These differences could be clearly shown by a shift within the community structure and corresponding beta-diversity indices. Moreover, B. subtilis Co1-6 and P. polymyxa Mc5Re-14 showed an enhancement of the bioactive secondary metabolite apigenin-7-O-glucoside. This indicates a possible new function of bacterial inoculants: to interact with the plant microbiome as well as to influence the plant metabolome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Schmidt
- Institute for Environmental Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology Graz, Austria
| | - Martina Köberl
- Institute for Environmental Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology Graz, Austria
| | - Amr Mostafa
- Faculty of Agriculture, SEKEM, Heliopolis University, Ain Shams University Cairo, Egypt
| | - Elshahat M Ramadan
- Faculty of Agriculture, SEKEM, Heliopolis University, Ain Shams University Cairo, Egypt
| | - Marlene Monschein
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz Graz, Austria
| | | | - Rudolf Bauer
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz Graz, Austria
| | - Gabriele Berg
- Institute for Environmental Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology Graz, Austria
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Fabian Y, Sandau N, Bruggisser OT, Aebi A, Kehrli P, Rohr RP, Naisbit RE, Bersier LF. The importance of landscape and spatial structure for hymenopteran-based food webs in an agro-ecosystem. J Anim Ecol 2013; 82:1203-14. [PMID: 23863136 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2012] [Accepted: 05/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
1. Understanding the environmental factors that structure biodiversity and food webs among communities is central to assess and mitigate the impact of landscape changes. 2. Wildflower strips are ecological compensation areas established in farmland to increase pollination services and biological control of crop pests and to conserve insect diversity. They are arranged in networks in order to favour high species richness and abundance of the fauna. 3. We describe results from experimental wildflower strips in a fragmented agricultural landscape, comparing the importance of landscape, of spatial arrangement and of vegetation on the diversity and abundance of trap-nesting bees, wasps and their enemies, and the structure of their food webs. 4. The proportion of forest cover close to the wildflower strips and the landscape heterogeneity stood out as the most influential landscape elements, resulting in a more complex trap-nest community with higher abundance and richness of hosts, and with more links between species in the food webs and a higher diversity of interactions. We disentangled the underlying mechanisms for variation in these quantitative food web metrics. 5. We conclude that in order to increase the diversity and abundance of pollinators and biological control agents and to favour a potentially stable community of cavity-nesting hymenoptera in wildflower strips, more investment is needed in the conservation and establishment of forest habitats within agro-ecosystems, as a reservoir of beneficial insect populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Fabian
- Unit of Ecology & Evolution, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 10, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
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Moura AP, Carvalho GA, Moscardini VF, Lasmar O, Rezende DT, Marques MC. Selectivity of pesticides used in integrated apple production to the lacewing, Chrysoperla externa. J Insect Sci 2010; 10:121. [PMID: 20879916 PMCID: PMC3016710 DOI: 10.1673/031.010.12101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
This research aimed to assess the toxicity of the pesticides abamectin 18 CE (0.02 g a.i. L-1), carbaryl 480 SC (1.73 g a.i. L-1), sulfur 800 GrDA (4.8 g a.i. L-1), fenitrothion 500 CE (0.75 g a.i. L-1), methidathion 400 CE (0.4 g a.i. L-1), and trichlorfon 500 SC (1.5 g a.i. L-1) as applied in integrated apple production in Brazil on the survival, oviposition capacity, and egg viability of the lacewing, Chrysoperla externa (Hagen) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) from Bento Gonçalves and Vacaria, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. An attempt was made to study morphological changes caused by some of these chemicals, by means of ultrastructural analysis, using a scanning electronic microscope. Carbaryl, fenitrothion, and methidathion caused 100% adult mortality for both populations, avoiding evaluation of pesticides' effects on predator reproductive parameters. Abamectin and sulfur also affected the survival of these individuals with mortality rates of 10% and 6.7%, respectively, for adults from Bento Gonçalves, and were harmless to those from Vacaria at the end of evaluation. Trichlorfon was also harmless to adults from both populations. No compound reduced oviposition capacity. C. externa from Vacaria presented higher reproductive potential than those from Bento Gonçalves. In relation to egg viability, sulfur was the most damaging compound to both populations of C. externa. Ultrastructural analyses showed morphological changes in the micropyle and the chorion of eggs laid by C. externa treated with either abamectin or sulfur. The treatment may have influenced the fertilization of C. externa eggs and embryonic development. Sulfur was responsible for malformations in the end region of the abdomen and genitals of treated females. When applied to adults, abamectin, sulfur, and trichlorfon were harmless, while carbaryl, fenitrothion, and methidathion were harmful, according to the IOBC classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Pinho Moura
- Department of Entomology and Phytopathology/Institute of Biology, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro-UFRRJ, 23890-000 Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg J Boland
- Department of Environmental Biology, and
- Author for correspondence (email )
| | - Theresa Brimner
- Department of Botany University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, N1G 2W1
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Spiegel Y, McClure MA. The surface coat of plant-parasitic nematodes: chemical composition, origin, and biological role-a review. J Nematol 1995; 27:127-134. [PMID: 19277272 PMCID: PMC2619597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemical composition, origin, and biological role of the surface coat (SC) of plant-parasitic nematodes are described and compared with those of animal-parasitic and free-living nematodes. The SC of the plant-parasitic nematodes is 5-30 nm thick and is characterized by a net negative charge. It consists, at least in part, of glycoproteins and proteins with various molecular weights, depending upon the nematode species. The lability of its components and the binding of human red blood cells to the surface of many tylenchid plant-parasitic nematodes, as well as the binding of several neoglycoproteins to the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne, suggest the presence of carbohydrate-recognition-domains for host plants and parasitic or predatory soil microorganisms (Pasteuria penetrans and Dactylaria spp., for example). These features may also assist in nematode adaptations to soil environments and to plant hosts with defense mechanisms that depend on reactions to nematode surfaces. Surface coat proteins can be species and race specific, a characteristic with promising diagnostic potential.
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