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Badmi R, Prestwich BD. Linker H1 is an 'epi'centre of plant defence. Trends Genet 2023; 39:644-645. [PMID: 37419697 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2023.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
The role of linker H1 histones in plant defence has recently been investigated. Sheikh et al. found that Arabidopsis thaliana plants that were lacking all three H1 proteins showed increased disease resistance, but when primed, failed to induce enhanced resistance. Differences in epigenetic patterns could be the cause of defective priming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghuram Badmi
- School of Biological Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
| | - Barbara Doyle Prestwich
- School of Biological Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Madriz-Ordeñana K, Pazarlar S, Jørgensen HJL, Nielsen TK, Zhang Y, Nielsen KL, Hansen LH, Thordal-Christensen H. The Bacillus cereus Strain EC9 Primes the Plant Immune System for Superior Biocontrol of Fusarium oxysporum. Plants (Basel) 2022; 11:plants11050687. [PMID: 35270157 PMCID: PMC8912794 DOI: 10.3390/plants11050687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Antibiosis is a key feature widely exploited to develop biofungicides based on the ability of biological control agents (BCAs) to produce fungitoxic compounds. A less recognised attribute of plant-associated beneficial microorganisms is their ability to stimulate the plant immune system, which may provide long-term, systemic self-protection against different types of pathogens. By using conventional antifungal in vitro screening coupled with in planta assays, we found antifungal and non-antifungal Bacillus strains that protected the ornamental plant Kalanchoe against the soil-borne pathogen Fusarium oxysporum in experimental and commercial production settings. Further examination of one antifungal and one non-antifungal strain indicated that high protection efficacy in planta did not correlate with antifungal activity in vitro. Whole-genome sequencing showed that the non-antifungal strain EC9 lacked the biosynthetic gene clusters associated with typical antimicrobial compounds. Instead, this bacterium triggers the expression of marker genes for the jasmonic and salicylic acid defence pathways, but only after pathogen challenge, indicating that this strain may protect Kalanchoe plants by priming immunity. We suggest that the stimulation of the plant immune system is a promising mode of action of BCAs for the development of novel biological crop protection products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Madriz-Ordeñana
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences and Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, Section for Plant and Soil Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark; (S.P.); (H.J.L.J.); (Y.Z.); (H.T.-C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Sercan Pazarlar
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences and Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, Section for Plant and Soil Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark; (S.P.); (H.J.L.J.); (Y.Z.); (H.T.-C.)
| | - Hans Jørgen Lyngs Jørgensen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences and Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, Section for Plant and Soil Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark; (S.P.); (H.J.L.J.); (Y.Z.); (H.T.-C.)
| | - Tue Kjærgaard Nielsen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences and Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, Section for Microbial Ecology and Biotechnology, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark; (T.K.N.); (L.H.H.)
| | - Yingqi Zhang
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences and Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, Section for Plant and Soil Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark; (S.P.); (H.J.L.J.); (Y.Z.); (H.T.-C.)
| | | | - Lars Hestbjerg Hansen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences and Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, Section for Microbial Ecology and Biotechnology, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark; (T.K.N.); (L.H.H.)
| | - Hans Thordal-Christensen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences and Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, Section for Plant and Soil Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark; (S.P.); (H.J.L.J.); (Y.Z.); (H.T.-C.)
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Pescador L, Fernandez I, Pozo MJ, Romero-Puertas MC, Pieterse CMJ, Martínez-Medina A. Nitric oxide signalling in roots is required for MYB72-dependent systemic resistance induced by Trichoderma volatile compounds in Arabidopsis. J Exp Bot 2022; 73:584-595. [PMID: 34131708 PMCID: PMC8757496 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Volatile compounds (VCs) of Trichoderma fungi trigger induced systemic resistance (ISR) in Arabidopsis that is effective against a broad spectrum of pathogens. The root-specific transcription factor MYB72 is an early regulator of ISR and also controls the activation of iron-deficiency responses. Nitric oxide (NO) is involved in the regulation of MYB72-dependent iron-deficiency responses in Arabidopsis roots, but the role of NO in the regulation of MYB72 and ISR by Trichoderma VCs remains unexplored. Using in vitro bioassays, we applied Trichoderma VCs to Arabidopsis seedlings. Plant perception of Trichoderma VCs triggered a burst of NO in Arabidopsis roots. By suppressing this burst using an NO scavenger, we show the involvement of NO in Trichoderma VCs-mediated regulation of MYB72 expression. Using an NO scavenger and the Arabidopsis lines myb72 and nia1nia2 in in planta bioassays, we demonstrate that NO signalling is required in the roots for activation of Trichoderma VCs-mediated ISR against the leaf pathogen Botrytis cinerea. Analysis of the defence-related genes PR1 and PDF1.2 points to the involvement of root NO in priming leaves for enhanced defence. Our results support a key role of root NO signalling in the regulation of MYB72 expression during the activation of ISR by Trichoderma VCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyre Pescador
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC), Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Plant Biology, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC), Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain
- Molecular Interaction Ecology, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig/Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Puschstraße 4, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Iván Fernandez
- Plant–Microorganism Interaction Research Group, Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology of Salamanca (IRNASA-CSIC), Cordel de Merinas 40, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
| | - María J Pozo
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC), Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - María C Romero-Puertas
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Plant Biology, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC), Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - Corné M J Pieterse
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ainhoa Martínez-Medina
- Plant–Microorganism Interaction Research Group, Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology of Salamanca (IRNASA-CSIC), Cordel de Merinas 40, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
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Rivero J, Lidoy J, Llopis-Giménez Á, Herrero S, Flors V, Pozo MJ. Mycorrhizal symbiosis primes the accumulation of antiherbivore compounds and enhances herbivore mortality in tomato. J Exp Bot 2021; 72:5038-5050. [PMID: 33884424 PMCID: PMC8219033 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Plant association with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can increase their ability to overcome multiple stresses, but their impact on plant interactions with herbivorous insects is controversial. Here we show higher mortality of the leaf-chewer Spodoptera exigua when fed on tomato plants colonized by the AMF Funneliformis mosseae, evidencing mycorrhiza-induced resistance. In search of the underlying mechanisms, an untargeted metabolomic analysis through ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) was performed. The results showed that mycorrhizal symbiosis had a very limited impact on the leaf metabolome in the absence of stress, but significantly modulated the response to herbivory in the damaged area. A cluster of over accumulated metabolites was identified in those leaflets damaged by S. exigua feeding in mycorrhizal plants, while unwounded distal leaflets responded similar to those from non-mycorrhizal plants. These primed-compounds were mostly related to alkaloids, fatty acid derivatives and phenylpropanoid-polyamine conjugates. The deleterious effect on larval survival of some of these compounds, including the alkaloid physostigmine, the fatty acid derivatives 4-oxododecanedioic acid and azelaic acid, was confirmed. Thus, our results evidence the impact of AMF on metabolic reprograming upon herbivory that leads to a primed accumulation of defensive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Rivero
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - Javier Lidoy
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - Ángel Llopis-Giménez
- Department of Genetics and Institut Universitari en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Salvador Herrero
- Department of Genetics and Institut Universitari en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Víctor Flors
- Metabolic Integration and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Plant Physiology Section, Unidad Asociada al Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EEZ-CSIC)-Department of Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón, Spain
| | - María J Pozo
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Granada, Spain
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Ye M, Liu M, Erb M, Glauser G, Zhang J, Li X, Sun X. Indole primes defence signalling and increases herbivore resistance in tea plants. Plant Cell Environ 2021; 44:1165-1177. [PMID: 32996129 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Upon herbivore attack, plants emit herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs). HIPVs can prime defences and resistance of intact plants. However, how HIPVs are decoded and translated into functional defence responses is not well understood, especially in long-lived woody plants. Here, we investigated the impact of the aromatic HIPV indole on defence-related early signalling, phytohormone accumulation, secondary metabolite biosynthesis and herbivore resistance in tea plants. We find that tea plants infested with tea geometrid caterpillars release indole at concentrations >450 ng*hr-1 . Exposure to corresponding doses of synthetic indole primes the expression of early defence genes involved in calcium (Ca2+ ) signalling, MPK signalling and jasmonate biosynthesis. Indole exposure also primes the production of jasmonates and defence-related secondary metabolites. These changes are associated with higher herbivore resistance of indole-exposed tea plants. Chemical inhibition of Ca2+ and jasmonate signalling provides evidence that both are required for indole-mediated defence priming and herbivore resistance. Our systematic assessment of the impact of indole on defence signalling and deployment shows that indole acts by boosting Ca2+ signalling, resulting in enhanced jasmonate-dependent defence and resistance in a woody plant. Our work extends the molecular basis of HIPV-induced defence priming from annual plants to an economically important tree species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Ye
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Center for Tea Plant Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Miaomiao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Center for Tea Plant Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Matthias Erb
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Gaétan Glauser
- Neuchâtel Platform of Analytical Chemistry, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Jin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Center for Tea Plant Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiwang Li
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Center for Tea Plant Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoling Sun
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Center for Tea Plant Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
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Ando S, Jaskiewicz M, Mochizuki S, Koseki S, Miyashita S, Takahashi H, Conrath U. Priming for enhanced ARGONAUTE2 activation accompanies induced resistance to cucumber mosaic virus in Arabidopsis thaliana. Mol Plant Pathol 2021; 22:19-30. [PMID: 33073913 PMCID: PMC7749747 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is a broad-spectrum disease resistance response that can be induced upon infection from pathogens or by chemical treatment, such as with benzo-(1,2,3)-thiadiazole-7-carbothioic acid S-methyl ester (BTH). SAR involves priming for more robust activation of defence genes upon pathogen attack. Whether priming for SAR would involve components of RNA silencing remained unknown. Here, we show that upon leaf infiltration of water, BTH-primed Arabidopsis thaliana plants accumulate higher amounts of mRNA of ARGONAUTE (AGO)2 and AGO3, key components of RNA silencing. The enhanced AGO2 expression is associated with prior-to-activation trimethylation of lysine 4 in histone H3 and acetylation of histone H3 in the AGO2 promoter and with induced resistance to the yellow strain of cucumber mosaic virus (CMV[Y]). The results suggest that priming A. thaliana for enhanced defence involves modification of histones in the AGO2 promoter that condition AGO2 for enhanced activation, associated with resistance to CMV(Y). Consistently, the fold-reduction in CMV(Y) coat protein accumulation by BTH pretreatment was lower in ago2 than in wild type, pointing to reduced capacity of ago2 to activate BTH-induced CMV(Y) resistance. A role of AGO2 in pathogen-induced SAR is suggested by the enhanced activation of AGO2 after infiltrating systemic leaves of plants expressing a localized hypersensitive response upon CMV(Y) infection. In addition, local inoculation of SAR-inducing Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola causes systemic priming for enhanced AGO2 expression. Together our results indicate that defence priming targets the AGO2 component of RNA silencing whose enhanced expression is likely to contribute to SAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sugihiro Ando
- Graduate School of Agricultural ScienceTohoku UniversitySendaiJapan
- Department of Plant PhysiologyAachen Biology and BiotechnologyRWTH Aachen UniversityAachenGermany
| | - Michal Jaskiewicz
- Department of Plant PhysiologyAachen Biology and BiotechnologyRWTH Aachen UniversityAachenGermany
| | - Sei Mochizuki
- Graduate School of Agricultural ScienceTohoku UniversitySendaiJapan
| | - Saeko Koseki
- Graduate School of Agricultural ScienceTohoku UniversitySendaiJapan
| | - Shuhei Miyashita
- Graduate School of Agricultural ScienceTohoku UniversitySendaiJapan
| | - Hideki Takahashi
- Graduate School of Agricultural ScienceTohoku UniversitySendaiJapan
| | - Uwe Conrath
- Department of Plant PhysiologyAachen Biology and BiotechnologyRWTH Aachen UniversityAachenGermany
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De Vega D, Holden N, Hedley PE, Morris J, Luna E, Newton A. Chitosan primes plant defence mechanisms against Botrytis cinerea, including expression of Avr9/Cf-9 rapidly elicited genes. Plant Cell Environ 2021; 44:290-303. [PMID: 33094513 PMCID: PMC7821246 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Current crop protection strategies against the fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea rely on a combination of conventional fungicides and host genetic resistance. However, due to pathogen evolution and legislation in the use of fungicides, these strategies are not sufficient to protect plants against this pathogen. Defence elicitors can stimulate plant defence mechanisms through a phenomenon known as defence priming. Priming results in a faster and/or stronger expression of resistance upon pathogen recognition by the host. This work aims to study defence priming by a commercial formulation of the elicitor chitosan. Treatments with chitosan result in induced resistance (IR) in solanaceous and brassicaceous plants. In tomato plants, enhanced resistance has been linked with priming of callose deposition and accumulation of the plant hormone jasmonic acid (JA). Large-scale transcriptomic analysis revealed that chitosan primes gene expression at early time-points after infection. In addition, two novel tomato genes with a characteristic priming profile were identified, Avr9/Cf-9 rapidly elicited protein 75 (ACRE75) and 180 (ACRE180). Transient and stable over-expression of ACRE75, ACRE180 and their Nicotiana benthamiana homologs, revealed that they are positive regulators of plant resistance against B. cinerea. This provides valuable information in the search for strategies to protect Solanaceae plants against B. cinerea.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicola Holden
- The James Hutton InstituteDundeeUK
- Scotland's Rural College, Aberdeen CampusAberdeenUK
| | | | | | - Estrella Luna
- School of BiosciencesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
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Lee S, Kim S, Lee N, Ahn C, Ryu C. d-Lactic acid secreted by Chlorella fusca primes pattern-triggered immunity against Pseudomonas syringae in Arabidopsis. Plant J 2020; 102:761-778. [PMID: 31869481 PMCID: PMC7318130 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Biological control agents including microbes and their products have been studied as sustainable crop protection strategies. Although aquatic microalgae have been recently introduced as a biological control agent, the underlying molecular mechanisms are largely unknown. The aim of the present study was to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying biological control by microalga Chlorella fusca. Foliar application of C. fusca elicits induced resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana against Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 that activates plant immunity rather than direct antagonism. To understand the basis of C. fusca-triggered induced resistance at the transcriptional level, we conducted RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis. RNA-seq data showed that, upon pathogen inoculation, C. fusca treatment primed the expression of cysteine-rich receptor-like kinases, WRKY transcription factor genes, and salicylic acid and jasmonic acid signalling-related genes. Intriguingly, the application of C. fusca primed pathogen-associated molecular pattern -triggered immunity, characterized by reactive oxygen species burst and callose deposition, upon flagellin 22 treatment. The attempts to find C. fusca determinants allowed us to identify d-lactic acid secreted in the supernatant of C. fusca as a defence priming agent. This is the first report of the mechanism of innate immune activation by aquatic microalga Chlorella in higher plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang‐Moo Lee
- Molecular Phytobacteriology LaboratoryKorea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB)Daejeon34141South Korea
- Department of Biosystems and BioengineeringKRIBB School of BiotechnologyUniversity of Science and TechnologyDaejeon34113South Korea
| | - Seon‐Kyu Kim
- Personalized Genomic Medicine Research CenterKRIBBDaejeon34141South Korea
| | - Nakyeong Lee
- Cell Factory Research CenterKRIBBDaejeon34141South Korea
- Department of Environmental BiotechnologyKRIBB School of BiotechnologyUniversity of Science and TechnologyDaejeon34113South Korea
| | - Chi‐Yong Ahn
- Cell Factory Research CenterKRIBBDaejeon34141South Korea
- Department of Environmental BiotechnologyKRIBB School of BiotechnologyUniversity of Science and TechnologyDaejeon34113South Korea
| | - Choong‐Min Ryu
- Molecular Phytobacteriology LaboratoryKorea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB)Daejeon34141South Korea
- Department of Biosystems and BioengineeringKRIBB School of BiotechnologyUniversity of Science and TechnologyDaejeon34113South Korea
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Song Y, Wang M, Zeng R, Groten K, Baldwin IT. Priming and filtering of antiherbivore defences among Nicotiana attenuata plants connected by mycorrhizal networks. Plant Cell Environ 2019; 42:2945-2961. [PMID: 31348534 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) establish symbiotic associations with a majority of terrestrial plants to form underground common mycorrhizal networks (CMNs) that connect neighbouring plants. Because Nicotiana attenuata plants do not respond to herbivory-elicited volatiles from neighbours, we used this ecological model system to evaluate if CMNs function in interplant transmission of herbivory-elicited responses. A mesocosm system was designed to establish and remove CMNs linking N. attenuata plants to examine the herbivory-elicited metabolic and hormone responses in CMNs-connected "receiver" plants after the elicitation of "donor" plants by wounding (W) treated with Manduca sexta larval oral secretions (OS). AMF colonization increased constitutive jasmonate (JA and JA-Ile) levels in N. attenuata roots but did not affect well-characterized JAs-regulated defensive metabolites in systemic leaves. Interestingly, larger JAs bursts, and higher levels of several amino acids and particular sectors of hydroxygeranyllinalool diterpene glycoside metabolism were elevated in the leaves of W + OS-elicited "receivers" with CMN connections with "donors" that had been W + OS-elicited 6 hr previously. Our results demonstrate that AMF colonization alone does not enhance systemic defence responses but that sectors of systemic responses in leaves can be primed by CMNs, suggesting that CMNs can transmit and even filter defence signalling among connected plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Song
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, 07745, Germany
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Ming Wang
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Rensen Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Karin Groten
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Ian T Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, 07745, Germany
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Gamir J, Pastor V, Sánchez-Bel P, Agut B, Mateu D, García-Andrade J, Flors V. Starch degradation, abscisic acid and vesicular trafficking are important elements in callose priming by indole-3-carboxylic acid in response to Plectosphaerella cucumerina infection. Plant J 2018; 96:518-531. [PMID: 30051514 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A fast callose accumulation has been shown to mediate defence priming in certain plant-pathogen interactions, but the events upstream of callose assembly following chemical priming are poorly understood, mainly because those steps comprise sugar transfer to the infection site. β-Amino butyric acid (BABA)-induced resistance in Arabidopsis against Plectosphaerella cucumerina is known to be mediated by callose priming. Indole-3-carboxylic acid (ICOOH, also known as I3CA) mediates BABA-induced resistance in Arabidopsis against P. cucumerina. This indolic compound is found in a common fingerprint of primed metabolites following treatments with various priming stimuli. In the present study, we show that I3CA induces resistance in Arabidopsis against P. cucumerina and primes enhancement of callose accumulation. I3CA treatment increased abscisic acid (ABA) levels before infection with P. cucumerina. An intact ABA synthesis pathway is needed to activate a starch amylase (BAM1) to trigger augmented callose deposition against P. cucumerina during I3CA-IR. To verify the relevance of the BAM1 amylase in I3CA-IR, knockdown mutants and overexpressors of the BAM1 gene were tested. The mutant bam1 was impaired to express I3CA-IR, but complemented 35S::BAM1-YFP lines in the background of bam1 restored an intact I3CA-IR and callose priming. Therefore, a more active starch metabolism is a committed step for I3CA-IR, inducing callose priming in adult plants. Additionally, I3CA treatments induced expression of the ubiquitin ligase ATL31 and syntaxin SYP131, suggesting that vesicular trafficking is relevant for callose priming. As a final element in the callose priming, an intact Powdery Mildew resistant4 (PMR4) gene is also essential to fully express I3CA-IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Gamir
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, Profesor Albareda 1, Granada, Spain
| | - Victoria Pastor
- Metabolic Integration and Cell Signalling Group, Plant Physiology Section, Department of Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, Universitat Jaume I, 12071, Castellón de la Plana, Spain
| | - Paloma Sánchez-Bel
- Metabolic Integration and Cell Signalling Group, Plant Physiology Section, Department of Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, Universitat Jaume I, 12071, Castellón de la Plana, Spain
| | - Blas Agut
- Metabolic Integration and Cell Signalling Group, Plant Physiology Section, Department of Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, Universitat Jaume I, 12071, Castellón de la Plana, Spain
| | - Diego Mateu
- Metabolic Integration and Cell Signalling Group, Plant Physiology Section, Department of Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, Universitat Jaume I, 12071, Castellón de la Plana, Spain
| | - Javier García-Andrade
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-C.S.I.C, Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación, Ingeniero Fausto Elio, Valencia, Spain
| | - Víctor Flors
- Metabolic Integration and Cell Signalling Group, Plant Physiology Section, Department of Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, Universitat Jaume I, 12071, Castellón de la Plana, Spain
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López Sánchez A, Stassen JH, Furci L, Smith LM, Ton J. The role of DNA (de)methylation in immune responsiveness of Arabidopsis. Plant J 2016; 88:361-374. [PMID: 27341062 PMCID: PMC5132069 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
DNA methylation is antagonistically controlled by DNA methyltransferases and DNA demethylases. The level of DNA methylation controls plant gene expression on a global level. We have examined impacts of global changes in DNA methylation on the Arabidopsis immune system. A range of hypo-methylated mutants displayed enhanced resistance to the biotrophic pathogen Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis (Hpa), whereas two hyper-methylated mutants were more susceptible to this pathogen. Subsequent characterization of the hypo-methylated nrpe1 mutant, which is impaired in RNA-directed DNA methylation, and the hyper-methylated ros1 mutant, which is affected in DNA demethylation, revealed that their opposite resistance phenotypes are associated with changes in cell wall defence and salicylic acid (SA)-dependent gene expression. Against infection by the necrotrophic pathogen Plectosphaerella cucumerina, nrpe1 showed enhanced susceptibility, which was associated with repressed sensitivity of jasmonic acid (JA)-inducible gene expression. Conversely, ros1 displayed enhanced resistance to necrotrophic pathogens, which was not associated with increased responsiveness of JA-inducible gene expression. Although nrpe1 and ros1 were unaffected in systemic acquired resistance to Hpa, they failed to develop transgenerational acquired resistance against this pathogen. Global transcriptome analysis of nrpe1 and ros1 at multiple time-points after Hpa infection revealed that 49% of the pathogenesis-related transcriptome is influenced by NRPE1- and ROS1-controlled DNA methylation. Of the 166 defence-related genes displaying augmented induction in nrpe1 and repressed induction in ros1, only 25 genes were associated with a nearby transposable element and NRPE1- and/or ROS1-controlled DNA methylation. Accordingly, we propose that the majority of NRPE1- and ROS1-dependent defence genes are regulated in trans by DNA methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana López Sánchez
- P3 Institute for Translational Plant and Soil BiologyDepartment of Animal and Plant SciencesThe University of SheffieldSheffieldUK
| | - Joost H.M. Stassen
- P3 Institute for Translational Plant and Soil BiologyDepartment of Animal and Plant SciencesThe University of SheffieldSheffieldUK
| | - Leonardo Furci
- P3 Institute for Translational Plant and Soil BiologyDepartment of Animal and Plant SciencesThe University of SheffieldSheffieldUK
| | - Lisa M. Smith
- P3 Institute for Translational Plant and Soil BiologyDepartment of Animal and Plant SciencesThe University of SheffieldSheffieldUK
| | - Jurriaan Ton
- P3 Institute for Translational Plant and Soil BiologyDepartment of Animal and Plant SciencesThe University of SheffieldSheffieldUK
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Tétard‐Jones C, Edwards R. Potential roles for microbial endophytes in herbicide tolerance in plants. Pest Manag Sci 2016; 72:203-9. [PMID: 26350619 PMCID: PMC4949542 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Herbicide tolerance in crops and weeds is considered to be monotrophic, i.e. determined by the relative susceptibility of the physiological process targeted and the plant's ability to metabolise and detoxify the agrochemical. A growing body of evidence now suggests that endophytes, microbes that inhabit plant tissues and provide a range of growth, health and defence enhancements, can contribute to other types of abiotic and biotic stress tolerance. The current evidence for herbicide tolerance being bitrophic, with both free-living and plant-associated endophytes contributing to tolerance in the host plant, has been reviewed. We propose that endophytes can directly contribute to herbicide detoxification through their ability to metabolise xenobiotics. In addition, we explore the paradigm that microbes can 'prime' resistance mechanisms in plants such that they enhance herbicide tolerance by inducing the host's stress responses to withstand the downstream toxicity caused by herbicides. This latter mechanism has the potential to contribute to the growth of non-target-site-based herbicide resistance in weeds. Microbial endophytes already contribute to herbicide detoxification in planta, and there is now significant scope to extend these interactions using synthetic biology approaches to engineer new chemical tolerance traits into crops via microbial engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert Edwards
- School of Agriculture, Food and Rural DevelopmentNewcastle UniversityNewcastleUK
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Song GC, Choi HK, Ryu CM. The folate precursor para-aminobenzoic acid elicits induced resistance against Cucumber mosaic virus and Xanthomonas axonopodis. Ann Bot 2013; 111:925-34. [PMID: 23471007 PMCID: PMC3631333 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mct049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The use of vitamins including vitamin B1, B2 and K3 for the induction of systemic acquired resistance (SAR) to protect crops against plant pathogens has been evaluated previously. The use of vitamins is beneficial because it is cost effective and safe for the environment. The use of folate precursors, including ortho-aminobenzoic acid, to induce SAR against a soft-rot pathogen in tobacco has been reported previously. METHODS In the present study, para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA, also referred to as vitamin Bx) was selected owing to its effect on the induction of SAR against Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. vesicatoria in pepper plants through greenhouse screening. KEY RESULTS Dipping of pepper seedlings in a 1 mm PABA solution in field trials induced SAR against artificially infiltrated X. axonopodis pv. vesicatoria and naturally occurring cucumber mosaic virus. Expression of the Capsicum annuum pathogenesis-related 4 gene was primed in response to pathogen infection as assessed by quantitative real-time PCR. The accumulation of cucumber mosaic virus RNA was reduced in PABA-treated pepper plants at 40 and 105 d post-treatment. Unexpectedly, fruit yield was increased in PABA-treated plants, indicating that PABA-mediated SAR successfully protected pepper plants from infection by bacterial and viral pathogens without significant fitness allocation costs. CONCLUSIONS The present study is the first to demonstrate the effective elicitation of SAR by a folate precursor under field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geun Cheol Song
- Molecular Phytobacteriology Laboratory, Systems & Synthetic Biology Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon 305-806, South Korea
- Biosystems and Bioengineering Program, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 305-350, South Korea
| | - Hye Kyung Choi
- Molecular Phytobacteriology Laboratory, Systems & Synthetic Biology Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon 305-806, South Korea
| | - Choong-Min Ryu
- Molecular Phytobacteriology Laboratory, Systems & Synthetic Biology Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon 305-806, South Korea
- Biosystems and Bioengineering Program, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 305-350, South Korea
- * For correspondence. E-mail
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