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Li Z, Velásquez‐Zapata V, Elmore JM, Li X, Xie W, Deb S, Tian X, Banerjee S, Jørgensen HJL, Pedersen C, Wise RP, Thordal‐Christensen H. Powdery mildew effectors AVR A1 and BEC1016 target the ER J-domain protein HvERdj3B required for immunity in barley. Mol Plant Pathol 2024; 25:e13463. [PMID: 38695677 PMCID: PMC11064805 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
The barley powdery mildew fungus, Blumeria hordei (Bh), secretes hundreds of candidate secreted effector proteins (CSEPs) to facilitate pathogen infection and colonization. One of these, CSEP0008, is directly recognized by the barley nucleotide-binding leucine-rich-repeat (NLR) receptor MLA1 and therefore is designated AVRA1. Here, we show that AVRA1 and the sequence-unrelated Bh effector BEC1016 (CSEP0491) suppress immunity in barley. We used yeast two-hybrid next-generation interaction screens (Y2H-NGIS), followed by binary Y2H and in planta protein-protein interactions studies, and identified a common barley target of AVRA1 and BEC1016, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-localized J-domain protein HvERdj3B. Silencing of this ER quality control (ERQC) protein increased Bh penetration. HvERdj3B is ER luminal, and we showed using split GFP that AVRA1 and BEC1016 translocate into the ER signal peptide-independently. Overexpression of the two effectors impeded trafficking of a vacuolar marker through the ER; silencing of HvERdj3B also exhibited this same cellular phenotype, coinciding with the effectors targeting this ERQC component. Together, these results suggest that the barley innate immunity, preventing Bh entry into epidermal cells, requires ERQC. Here, the J-domain protein HvERdj3B appears to be essential and can be regulated by AVRA1 and BEC1016. Plant disease resistance often occurs upon direct or indirect recognition of pathogen effectors by host NLR receptors. Previous work has shown that AVRA1 is directly recognized in the cytosol by the immune receptor MLA1. We speculate that the AVRA1 J-domain target being inside the ER, where it is inapproachable by NLRs, has forced the plant to evolve this challenging direct recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zizhang Li
- Department of Plant and Environmental SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksberg CDenmark
- Present address:
Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research & Department of Plant Sciences and Landscape ArchitectureUniversity of MarylandRockvilleMarylandUSA
| | - Valeria Velásquez‐Zapata
- Program in Bioinformatics & Computational BiologyIowa State UniversityAmesIowaUSA
- Department of Plant Pathology, Entomology and MicrobiologyIowa State UniversityAmesIowaUSA
- Present address:
GreenLight Biosciences, IncResearch Triangle ParkNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - J. Mitch Elmore
- Department of Plant Pathology, Entomology and MicrobiologyIowa State UniversityAmesIowaUSA
- USDA‐Agricultural Research Service, Corn Insects and Crop Genetics Research UnitAmesIowaUSA
- Present address:
USDA‐Agricultural Research Service, Cereal Disease LaboratorySt. PaulMinnesotaUSA
| | - Xuan Li
- Department of Plant and Environmental SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksberg CDenmark
| | - Wenjun Xie
- Department of Plant and Environmental SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksberg CDenmark
| | - Sohini Deb
- Department of Plant and Environmental SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksberg CDenmark
| | - Xiao Tian
- Department of Plant and Environmental SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksberg CDenmark
| | - Sagnik Banerjee
- Program in Bioinformatics & Computational BiologyIowa State UniversityAmesIowaUSA
- Department of StatisticsIowa State UniversityAmesIowaUSA
- Present address:
Bristol Myers SquibbSan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Hans J. L. Jørgensen
- Department of Plant and Environmental SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksberg CDenmark
| | - Carsten Pedersen
- Department of Plant and Environmental SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksberg CDenmark
| | - Roger P. Wise
- Program in Bioinformatics & Computational BiologyIowa State UniversityAmesIowaUSA
- Department of Plant Pathology, Entomology and MicrobiologyIowa State UniversityAmesIowaUSA
- USDA‐Agricultural Research Service, Corn Insects and Crop Genetics Research UnitAmesIowaUSA
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Manser B, Zbinden H, Herren G, Steger J, Isaksson J, Bräunlich S, Wicker T, Keller B. Wheat zinc finger protein TaZF interacts with both the powdery mildew AvrPm2 protein and the corresponding wheat Pm2a immune receptor. Plant Commun 2023:100769. [PMID: 37978798 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2023.100769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Plant defense responses to pathogens are induced after direct or indirect perception of effector proteins or their activity on host proteins. In fungal-plant interactions, relatively little is known about whether, in addition to avirulence effectors and immune receptors, other proteins contribute to specific recognition. The nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) immune receptor Pm2a in wheat recognizes the fungal powdery mildew effector AvrPm2. We found that the predicted wheat zinc finger TaZF interacts with both the fungal avirulence protein AvrPm2 and the wheat NLR Pm2a. We further demonstrated that the virulent AvrPm2-H2 variant does not interact with TaZF. TaZF silencing in wheat resulted in a reduction but not a loss of Pm2a-mediated powdery mildew resistance. Interaction studies showed that the leucine-rich repeat domain of Pm2a is the mediator of the interaction with TaZF. TaZF recruits both Pm2a and AvrPm2 from the cytosol to the nucleus, resulting in nuclear localization of Pm2a, TaZF, and AvrPm2 in wheat. We propose that TaZF acts as a facilitator of Pm2a-dependent AvrPm2 effector recognition. Our findings highlight the importance of identifying effector host targets for characterization of NLR-mediated effector recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Manser
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Helen Zbinden
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gerhard Herren
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Joel Steger
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jonatan Isaksson
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stephanie Bräunlich
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Wicker
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Beat Keller
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Samira R, Lopez LFS, Holland J, Balint-Kurti PJ. Characterization of a Host-Specific Toxic Activity Produced by Bipolaris cookei, Causal Agent of Target Leaf Spot of Sorghum. Phytopathology 2023; 113:1301-1306. [PMID: 36647182 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-11-22-0427-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Target leaf spot (TLS) of sorghum, caused by the necrotrophic fungus Bipolaris cookei, can cause severe yield loss in many parts of the world. We grew B. cookei in liquid culture and observed that the resulting culture filtrate (CF) was differentially toxic when infiltrated into the leaves of a population of 288 diverse sorghum lines. In this population, we found a significant correlation between high CF sensitivity and susceptibility to TLS. This suggests that the toxin produced in culture may play a role in the pathogenicity of B. cookei in the field. We demonstrated that the toxic activity is light sensitive and, surprisingly, insensitive to pronase, suggesting that it is not proteinaceous. We identified the two sorghum genetic loci most associated with the response to CF in this population. Screening seedlings with B. cookei CF could be a useful approach for prescreening germplasm for TLS resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rozalynne Samira
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7613
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409
| | | | - James Holland
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7620
- USDA-ARS Plant Science Research Unit, Raleigh, NC 27695
| | - Peter J Balint-Kurti
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7613
- USDA-ARS Plant Science Research Unit, Raleigh, NC 27695
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Iakovidis M, Chung EH, Saile SC, Sauberzweig E, El Kasmi F. The emerging frontier of plant immunity's core hubs. FEBS J 2023; 290:3311-3335. [PMID: 35668694 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The ever-growing world population, increasingly frequent extreme weather events and conditions, emergence of novel devastating crop pathogens and the social strive for quality food products represent a huge challenge for current and future agricultural production systems. To address these challenges and find realistic solutions, it is becoming more important by the day to understand the complex interactions between plants and the environment, mainly the associated organisms, but in particular pathogens. In the past several years, research in the fields of plant pathology and plant-microbe interactions has enabled tremendous progress in understanding how certain receptor-based plant innate immune systems function to successfully prevent infections and diseases. In this review, we highlight and discuss some of these new ground-breaking discoveries and point out strategies of how pathogens counteract the function of important core convergence hubs of the plant immune system. For practical reasons, we specifically place emphasis on potential applications that can be detracted by such discoveries and what challenges the future of agriculture has to face, but also how these challenges could be tackled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michail Iakovidis
- Horticultural Genetics and Biotechnology Department, Mediterranean Agricultural Institute of Chania, Greece
| | - Eui-Hwan Chung
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Svenja C Saile
- Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Elke Sauberzweig
- Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Farid El Kasmi
- Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, Germany
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Abstract
One important discovery in plant pathology over recent decades is the natural antiviral defense mechanism mediated by RNA interference (RNAi). In antiviral RNAi, virus infection triggers Dicer processing of virus-specific double-stranded RNA into small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). Frequently, further amplified by host enzyme and cofactors, these virus-derived siRNAs direct specific virus clearance in an Argonaute protein-containing effector complex. The siRNAs derived from viruses and viroids accumulate to very high levels during infection. Because they overlap extensively in nucleotide sequence, this allows for deep sequencing and bioinformatics assembly of total small RNAs for rapid discovery and identification of viruses and viroids. Antiviral RNAi acts as the primary defense mechanism against both RNA and DNA viruses in plants, yet viruses still successfully infect plants. They do so because all currently recognized plant viruses combat the RNAi response by encoding at least one protein as a viral suppressor of RNAi (VSR) required for infection, even though plant viruses have small genome sizes with a limited coding capacity. This review article will recapitulate the key findings that have revealed the genetic pathway for the biogenesis and antiviral activity of viral siRNAs and the specific role of VSRs in infection by antiviral RNAi suppression. Moreover, early pioneering studies on transgene silencing, RNAi, and virus-plant/virus-virus interactions paved the road to the discovery of antiviral RNAi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shou-Wei Ding
- Department of Microbiology & Plant Pathology and Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA
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Hooykaas PJJ. The Ti Plasmid, Driver of Agrobacterium Pathogenesis. Phytopathology 2023; 113:594-604. [PMID: 37098885 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-11-22-0432-ia] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The phytopathogenic bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens causes crown gall disease in plants, characterized by the formation of tumor-like galls where wounds were present. Nowadays, however, the bacterium and its Ti (tumor-inducing) plasmid is better known as an effective vector for the genetic manipulation of plants and fungi. In this review, I will briefly summarize some of the major discoveries that have led to this bacterium now playing such a prominent role worldwide in plant and fungal research at universities and research institutes and in agricultural biotechnology for the production of genetically modified crops. I will then delve a little deeper into some aspects of Agrobacterium biology and discuss the diversity among agrobacteria and the taxonomic position of these bacteria, the diversity in Ti plasmids, the molecular mechanism used by the bacteria to transform plants, and the discovery of protein translocation from the bacteria to host cells as an essential feature of Agrobacterium-mediated transformation.
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Kvitko BH, Collmer A. Discovery of the Hrp Type III Secretion System in Phytopathogenic Bacteria: How Investigation of Hypersensitive Cell Death in Plants Led to a Novel Protein Injector System and a World of Inter-Organismal Molecular Interactions Within Plant Cells. Phytopathology 2023; 113:626-636. [PMID: 37099273 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-08-22-0292-kd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
In the early 1960s, Pseudomonas syringae and other host-specific phytopathogenic proteobacteria were discovered to elicit a rapid, resistance-associated death when infiltrated at high inoculum levels into nonhost tobacco leaves. This hypersensitive reaction (or response; HR) was a useful indicator of basic pathogenic ability. Research over the next 20 years failed to identify an elicitor of the HR but revealed that its elicitation required contact between metabolically active bacterial and plant cells. Beginning in the early 1980s, molecular genetic tools were applied to the HR puzzle, revealing the presence in P. syringae of clusters of hrp genes, so named because they are required for the HR and pathogenicity, and of avr genes, so named because their presence confers HR-associated avirulence in resistant cultivars of a host plant species. A series of breakthroughs over the next two decades revealed that (i) hrp gene clusters encode a type III secretion system (T3SS), which injects Avr (now "effector") proteins into plant cells, where their recognition triggers the HR; (ii) T3SSs, which are typically present in pathogenicity islands acquired by horizontal gene transfers, are found in many bacterial pathogens of plants and animals and inject many effector proteins, which are collectively essential for pathogenicity; and (iii) a primary function of phytopathogen effectors is to subvert non-HR defenses resulting from recognition of conserved microbial features presented outside of plant cells. In the 2000s, Hrp system research shifted to extracellular components enabling effector delivery across plant cell walls and plasma membranes, regulation, and tools for studying effectors. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian H Kvitko
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, 120 Carlton St., Athens, GA 30602
| | - Alan Collmer
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, 334 Plant Science Bldg., Ithaca, NY 14853
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Wang N, Scherm H. Key Discoveries in Plant Pathology During the Past Half Century: Impacts on the Life Sciences and on Plant Disease Management. Phytopathology 2023; 113:588-593. [PMID: 37116465 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-02-23-0070-kd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Plant pathology plays a critical role in safeguarding plant health, food security, and food safety through science-based solutions to protect plants against recurring and emerging diseases. In addition, plant pathology contributed significantly to basic discoveries that have had broad impacts on the life sciences beyond plant pathology. In December 2021, The American Phytopathological Society (APS) conducted a survey among its members and among the readership of its journals to identify and rank key discoveries in plant pathology that have had broad impacts on science and/or practical disease management during the past half century. Based on the responses received, key discoveries that have broadly impacted the life sciences during that period include the Agrobacterium Ti plasmid and its mechanism in T-DNA transfer, bacterial ice nucleation, cloning of resistance genes, discovery of viroids, effectors and their mechanisms, pattern-triggered immunity and effector-triggered immunity, RNA interference and gene silencing, structure and function of R genes, transcription activator-like effectors, and type-III secretion system and hrp/hrc. Major advances that significantly impacted practical disease management include the deployment and management of host resistance genes; the application of disease models and forecasting systems; the introduction of modern systemic fungicides and host resistance inducers, along with a better understanding of fungicide resistance mechanisms and management; and the utilization of biological controls and suppressive soils, including the implementation of methyl-bromide alternatives. In this special issue, experts from the pertinent fields review the discovery process, recent progress, and impacts of some of the highest ranked discoveries in each category while also pointing out future directions for new discoveries in fundamental and applied plant pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nian Wang
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850
| | - Harald Scherm
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30605
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Breen S, McLellan H, Birch PRJ, Gilroy EM. Tuning the Wavelength: Manipulation of Light Signaling to Control Plant Defense. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043803. [PMID: 36835216 PMCID: PMC9958957 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The growth-defense trade-off in plants is a phenomenon whereby plants must balance the allocation of their resources between developmental growth and defense against attack by pests and pathogens. Consequently, there are a series of points where growth signaling can negatively regulate defenses and where defense signaling can inhibit growth. Light perception by various photoreceptors has a major role in the control of growth and thus many points where it can influence defense. Plant pathogens secrete effector proteins to manipulate defense signaling in their hosts. Evidence is emerging that some of these effectors target light signaling pathways. Several effectors from different kingdoms of life have converged on key chloroplast processes to take advantage of regulatory crosstalk. Moreover, plant pathogens also perceive and react to light in complex ways to regulate their own growth, development, and virulence. Recent work has shown that varying light wavelengths may provide a novel way of controlling or preventing disease outbreaks in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Breen
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee, At James Hutton Institute, Errol Road, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Hazel McLellan
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee, At James Hutton Institute, Errol Road, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Paul R. J. Birch
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee, At James Hutton Institute, Errol Road, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Errol Road, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Eleanor M. Gilroy
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Errol Road, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-1382568827
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Sertsuvalkul N, DeMell A, Dinesh-Kumar SP. The complex roles of autophagy in plant immunity. FEBS Lett 2022; 596:2163-2171. [PMID: 35460270 PMCID: PMC9474723 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Plant immunity is the result of multiple distinct cellular processes cooperating with each other to generate immune responses. Autophagy is a conserved cellular recycling process and has well-established roles in nutrient starvation responses and cellular homeostasis. Recently, the role of autophagy in immunity has become increasingly evident. However, our knowledge about plant autophagy remains limited, and how this fundamental cellular process is involved in plant immunity is still somewhat perplexing. Here, we summarize the current understanding of the positive and negative roles of autophagy in plant immunity and how different microbes exploit this process to their own advantage. The dualistic role of autophagy in plant immunity emphasizes that much remains to be explored in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nyd Sertsuvalkul
- Department of Plant Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- The Genome Center, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - April DeMell
- Department of Plant Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- The Genome Center, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Savithramma P. Dinesh-Kumar
- Department of Plant Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- The Genome Center, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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11
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Ngo KX, Nguyen PDN, Furusho H, Miyata M, Shimonaka T, Chau NNB, Vinh NP, Nghia NA, Mohammed TO, Ichikawa T, Kodera N, Konno H, Fukuma T, Quoc NB. Unraveling the Host-Selective Toxic Interaction of Cassiicolin with Lipid Membranes and Its Cytotoxicity. Phytopathology 2022; 112:1524-1536. [PMID: 35238604 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-09-21-0397-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cassiicolin (Cas), a toxin produced by Corynespora cassiicola, is responsible for Corynespora leaf fall disease in susceptible rubber trees. Currently, the molecular mechanisms of the cytotoxicity of Cas and its host selectivity have not been fully elucidated. Here, we analyzed the binding of Cas1 and Cas2 to membranes consisting of different plant lipids and their membrane disruption activities. Using high-speed atomic force microscopy and confocal microscopy, we reveal that the binding and disruption activities of Cas1 and Cas2 on lipid membranes are strongly dependent on the specific plant lipids. The negative phospholipids, glycerolipids, and sterols are more sensitive to membrane damage caused by Cas1 and Cas2 than neutral phospholipids and betaine lipids. Mature Cas1 and Cas2 play an essential role in causing membrane disruption. Cytotoxicity tests on rubber leaves of Rubber Research Institute of Vietnam (RRIV) 1, RRIV 4, and Prang Besar (PB) 255 clones suggest that the toxins cause necrosis of rubber leaves, except for the strong resistance of PB 255 against Cas2. Cryogenic scanning electron microscopy analyses of necrotic leaf tissues treated with Cas1 confirm that cytoplasmic membranes are vulnerable to the toxin. Thus, the host selectivity of Cas toxin is attained by the lipid-dependent binding activity of Cas to the membrane, and the cytotoxicity of Cas arises from its ability to form biofilm-like structures and to disrupt specific membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kien Xuan Ngo
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Phuong Doan N Nguyen
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Japan
- Research Institute for Biotechnology and Environment, Nong Lam University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Hirotoshi Furusho
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Makoto Miyata
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomomi Shimonaka
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Nguyen Ngoc Bao Chau
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Ho Chi Minh City Open University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | | | | | - Tareg Omer Mohammed
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Takehiko Ichikawa
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Kodera
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Hiroki Konno
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Takeshi Fukuma
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Nguyen Bao Quoc
- Research Institute for Biotechnology and Environment, Nong Lam University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Nong Lam University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
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Li Y, Jiao C, Wei Z, Chai S, Jia H, Gao M, Allison J, Li Z, Song CB, Wang X. Analysis of Grapevine's Somatic Embryogenesis Receptor Kinase (SERK) Gene Family: VqSERK3/BAK1 Overexpression Enhances Disease Resistance. Phytopathology 2022; 112:1081-1092. [PMID: 34698542 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-04-21-0136-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The somatic embryogenesis receptor kinase (SERK) gene family has been intensively studied in several plant species. Here we confirmed the existence of five SERK genes in grapevine (Chinese wild grapevine Vitis quinquangularis) and named them VqSERK1, VqSERK2, VqSERK3, VqSERK4, and VqSERK5. Analysis of the predicted structures of these SERK proteins revealed they include a signal peptide domain, a leucine zipper domain, a Ser-Pro-Pro domain, a single transmembrane domain, different leucine-rich repeats, and an intracellular kinase activity domain. The SERK genes of grapevine showed different gene expression patterns when treated with powdery mildew (Erysiphe necator) and hormones (salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, abscisic acid, and ethylene). Subcellular localization assays confirmed that VqSERK family proteins localized to the cell membrane. Moreover, we cloned the SERK3/BAK1 gene from the Chinese wild grapevine V. quinquangularis clone 'Shang-24'. Heterologous VqSERK3/BAK1 expression in the Arabidopsis bak1-4 mutant lines restored control of cell death, increased resistance to powdery mildew, and strengthened stomatal immunity. Our work may provide the foundation for further studies of SERK genes for pathogen resistance and hormone treatment in grapevine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Chen Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhenjiang Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Shengyue Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Hui Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Min Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jessica Allison
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, U.S.A
| | - Zhi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Chang-Bing Song
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan 750021, P.R. China
| | - Xiping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
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13
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Handayani ND, Lestari P, van As W, Holterman M, van den Elsen S, Dikin A, Bert W, Helder J, Van Steenbrugge JJM. Genomic Reconstruction of the Introduction and Diversification of Golden Potato Cyst Nematode Populations in Indonesia. Phytopathology 2022; 112:396-403. [PMID: 34129357 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-04-21-0150-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Potato cyst nematodes (PCNs), the umbrella term for Globodera rostochiensis and G. pallida, coevolved with their Solanaceous hosts in the Andean Mountain region. From there, PCN proliferated worldwide to virtually all potato production areas. PCN is a major factor limiting the potato production in Indonesia. In our survey, only G. rostochiensis was found. Fourteen field populations were collected on Java and Sumatra, and unique variants were called by mapping resequencing data on a G. rostochiensis reference genome. A phylogenetic tree based on 1.4 million unique variants showed a genotypic separation between the outgroup, a Scottish Ro1 population, and all Indonesian populations. This separation was comparable in size with the genotypic distinction between the Javanese and the Sumatran PCN populations. Next, variants within PCN effector gene families SPRYSEC, 1106, 4D06, and venom allergen-like protein (VAL) that all interfere with the host innate immune system were compared. Distinct selective pressures acted on these effector families; while SPRYSECs (4,341 single-nucleotide polymorphisms [SNPs]/insertions or deletions of bases [indels]) behaved like neutral genes, the phylogenetic trees of 1106, 4D06, and VAL proteins (235, 790, and 150 SNPs/indels, respectively) showed deviating topologies. Our data suggest that PCN was introduced on Java not too long after the introduction of potato in the middle of the eighteenth century. Soon thereafter, the pathogen established on Sumatra and started to diversify independently. This scenario was corroborated by diversification patterns of the effector families 1106, 4D06, and VAL. Our data demonstrate how genome resequencing data from a nonindigenous pathogen can be used to reconstruct the introduction and diversification process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurul Dwi Handayani
- Indonesian Agricultural Quarantine Agency, Ministry of Agriculture, Ragunan, Jakarta 12550, Indonesia
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Nematology Research Unit, Department of Biology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Prabowo Lestari
- Indonesian Agricultural Quarantine Agency, Ministry of Agriculture, Ragunan, Jakarta 12550, Indonesia
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Nematology Research Unit, Department of Biology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wouter van As
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn Holterman
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Solynta, 6703 HA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sven van den Elsen
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Antarjo Dikin
- Directorate General of Estate Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Ragunan, Jakarta 12550, Indonesia
| | - Wim Bert
- Nematology Research Unit, Department of Biology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Johannes Helder
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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14
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Sun Y, Huang B, Cheng P, Li C, Chen Y, Li Y, Zheng L, Xing J, Dong Z, Yu G. Endophytic Bacillus subtilis TR21 Improves Banana Plant Resistance to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense and Promotes Root Growth by Upregulating the Jasmonate and Brassinosteroid Biosynthesis Pathways. Phytopathology 2022; 112:219-231. [PMID: 34231376 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-04-21-0159-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The banana (Musa spp.) industry experiences dramatic annual losses from Fusarium wilt of banana disease, which is caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (FOC). Pisang Awak banana 'Fenza No. 1' (Musa spp. cultivar Fenza No. 1), a major banana cultivar with high resistance to F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense race 4, is considered to be ideal for growth in problematic areas. However, 'Fenza No. 1' is still affected by F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense race 1 in the field. TR21 is an endophytic Bacillus subtilis strain isolated from orchids (Dendrobium sp.). Axillary spraying of banana plants with TR21 controls Fusarium wilt of banana, decreasing the growth period and increasing yields in the field. In this study, we established that TR21 increases root growth in different monocotyledonous plant species. By axillary inoculation, TR21 induced a similar transcriptomic change as that induced by F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense race 1 but also upregulated the biosynthetic pathways for the phytohormones brassinosteroid and jasmonic acid in 'Fenza No. 1' root tissues, indicating that TR21 increases Fusarium wilt of banana resistance, shortens growth period, and increases yield of banana by inducing specific transcriptional reprogramming and modulating phytohormone levels. These findings will contribute to the identification of candidate genes related to plant resistance against fungi in a nonmodel system and facilitate further study and exploitation of endophytic biocontrol agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhao Sun
- Innovative Institute for Plant Health, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, People's Republic of China
- College of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, People's Republic of China
| | - Bingzhi Huang
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510000, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Cheng
- Innovative Institute for Plant Health, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, People's Republic of China
- College of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunji Li
- Innovative Institute for Plant Health, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, People's Republic of China
- College of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanhong Chen
- Zhuhai Agricultural Sciences Research Center, Zhuhai 519075, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongjian Li
- Zhuhai Agricultural Sciences Research Center, Zhuhai 519075, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Zheng
- Innovative Institute for Plant Health, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, People's Republic of China
- College of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, People's Republic of China
| | - Juejun Xing
- Laboratory & Equipment Management Department, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhangyong Dong
- Innovative Institute for Plant Health, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, People's Republic of China
- College of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, People's Republic of China
| | - Guohui Yu
- Innovative Institute for Plant Health, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, People's Republic of China
- College of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, People's Republic of China
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15
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Lu CH, Li JY, Mi MG, Lin ZL, Jiang N, Gai XT, Jun-Hong M, Lei LP, Xia ZY. Complete Genome Sequence of Ralstonia syzygii subsp. indonesiensis Strain LLRS-1, Isolated from Wilted Tobacco in China. Phytopathology 2021; 111:2392-2395. [PMID: 34100304 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-04-21-0138-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Here, we present the complete genome sequence and annotation of Ralstonia syzygii subsp. indonesiensis strain LLRS-1, which caused bacterial wilt on flue-cured tobacco in Yunnan Province, southwest China. Strain LLRS-1 is the first R. syzygii strain identified to be pathogenic to tobacco in China. The completely assembled genome of strain LLRS-1 consists of a 3,648,314-bp circular chromosome and a 2,046,405-bp megaplasmid with 5,190 protein-coding genes, 55 transfer RNAs, 28 small RNAs, 3 structural RNAs (5S, 16S, and 23S), and a G+C content of 67.05%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can-Hua Lu
- Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, 650021 China
| | - Jun-Ying Li
- Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, 650021 China
| | - Meng-Ge Mi
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Zhong-Long Lin
- China National Tobacco Corporation Yunnan Company, Kunming, 650011 China
| | - Ning Jiang
- Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, 650021 China
| | - Xiao-Tong Gai
- Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, 650021 China
| | - Ma Jun-Hong
- Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, 650021 China
| | - Li-Ping Lei
- Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, 650021 China
| | - Zhen-Yuan Xia
- Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, 650021 China
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16
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Wu D, Wang L, Zhang Y, Bai L, Yu F. Emerging roles of pathogen-secreted host mimics in plant disease development. Trends Parasitol 2021; 37:1082-1095. [PMID: 34627670 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2021.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Plant pathogens and parasites use multiple virulence factors to successfully infect plants. While most plant-pathogen interaction studies focus on pathogen effectors and their functions in suppressing plant immunity or interfering with normal cellular processes, other virulence factors likely also contribute. Here we highlight another important strategy used by pathogens to promote virulence: secretion of mimics of host molecules, including peptides, phytohormones, and small RNAs, which play diverse roles in plant development and stress responses. Pathogen-secreted mimics hijack the host endogenous signaling pathways, thereby modulating host cellular functions to the benefit of the pathogen and promoting infection. Understanding the mechanisms of pathogen-secreted host mimics will expand our knowledge of host-pathogen coevolution and interactions, while providing new targets for plant disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dousheng Wu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Lifeng Wang
- Hunan Weed Science Key Laboratory, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, 410125, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Lianyang Bai
- Hunan Weed Science Key Laboratory, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, 410125, China.
| | - Feng Yu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China.
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17
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Gerlin L, Baroukh C, Genin S. Polyamines: double agents in disease and plant immunity. Trends Plant Sci 2021; 26:1061-1071. [PMID: 34127368 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2021.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Polyamines (PAs) are ubiquitous amine molecules found in all living organisms. In plants, beside their role in signaling and protection against abiotic stresses, there is increasing evidence that PAs have a major role in the interaction between plants and pathogens. Plant PAs are involved in immunity against pathogens, notably by amplifying pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) responses through the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In response, pathogens use phytotoxins and effectors to manipulate the levels of PAs in the plant, most likely to their own benefit. It also appears that pathogenic microorganisms produce PAs during infection, sometimes in large quantities. This may reflect different infectious strategies based on the selective exploitation of these molecules and the functions they perform in the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léo Gerlin
- LIPME, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Caroline Baroukh
- LIPME, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Stéphane Genin
- LIPME, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France.
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18
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Caballo-Ponce E, Pintado A, Moreno-Pérez A, Murillo J, Smalla K, Ramos C. Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. mandevillae pv. nov., a Clonal Pathogen Causing an Emerging, Devastating Disease of the Ornamental Plant Mandevilla spp. Phytopathology 2021; 111:1277-1288. [PMID: 33428471 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-11-20-0526-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Commercial production of the ornamental plant dipladenia (Mandevilla spp.) is threatened by dipladenia leaf and stem spot disease, caused by the bacterium Pseudomonas savastanoi. P. savastanoi includes four pathovars of woody hosts differentiated by a characteristic host range in olive, oleander, ash, and broom plants. However, isolates from dipladenia have not been ascribed to any particular lineage or P. savastanoi pathovar. Here we report that isolates from dipladenia represent a distinct, clonal lineage. First, dipladenia isolates display very similar plasmid profiles, including a plasmid encoding the iaaM gene for biosynthesis of indole-3-acetic acid. Second, multilocus sequence analysis and core genome single-nucleotide polymorphisms phylogenies showed a monophyletic origin for dipladenia isolates, which cluster with isolates from oleander (pathovar nerii) in a distinct clade well separated from other P. savastanoi strains. Metabolic profiling and cross-pathogenicity tests in olive, oleander, ash, broom, and dipladenia clearly distinguished dipladenia isolates from the four P. savastanoi pathovars. Comparative genomics of the draft genome sequence of the dipladenia strain Ph3 with the other four pathovars showed that Ph3 encodes very few strain-specific genes and a similar set of virulence genes to pv. nerii, including its repertoire of type III secretion system effectors. However, hierarchical clustering based on the catalog of effectors and their allelic variants clearly separated Ph3 from pv. nerii strains. Based on their distinctive pathogenicity profile, we propose a de novo pathovar for P. savastanoi isolates from dipladenia, P. savastanoi pv. mandevillae pv. nov., for which strain Ph3 (CFBP 8832PT) has been designated as the pathotype strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloy Caballo-Ponce
- Área de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Campus Teatinos s/n, E-29010 Málaga, Spain
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora," Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 29010 Málaga, Spain
| | - Adrián Pintado
- Área de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Campus Teatinos s/n, E-29010 Málaga, Spain
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora," Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 29010 Málaga, Spain
| | - Alba Moreno-Pérez
- Área de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Campus Teatinos s/n, E-29010 Málaga, Spain
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora," Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 29010 Málaga, Spain
| | - Jesús Murillo
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research in Applied Biology, Universidad Pública de Navarra, E-31192 Mutilva Baja, Spain
| | - Kornelia Smalla
- Julius Kühn-Institute Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, D-38104 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Cayo Ramos
- Área de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Campus Teatinos s/n, E-29010 Málaga, Spain
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora," Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 29010 Málaga, Spain
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19
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Downie RC, Lin M, Corsi B, Ficke A, Lillemo M, Oliver RP, Phan HTT, Tan KC, Cockram J. Septoria Nodorum Blotch of Wheat: Disease Management and Resistance Breeding in the Face of Shifting Disease Dynamics and a Changing Environment. Phytopathology 2021; 111:906-920. [PMID: 33245254 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-07-20-0280-rvw] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The fungus Parastagonospora nodorum is a narrow host range necrotrophic fungal pathogen that causes Septoria nodorum blotch (SNB) of cereals, most notably wheat (Triticum aestivum). Although commonly observed on wheat seedlings, P. nodorum infection has the greatest effect on the adult crop. It results in leaf blotch, which limits photosynthesis and thus crop growth and yield. It can also affect the wheat ear, resulting in glume blotch, which directly affects grain quality. Reports of P. nodorum fungicide resistance, the increasing use of reduced tillage agronomic practices, and high evolutionary potential of the pathogen, combined with changes in climate and agricultural environments, mean that genetic resistance to SNB remains a high priority in many regions of wheat cultivation. In this review, we summarize current information on P. nodorum population structure and its implication for improved SNB management. We then review recent advances in the genetics of host resistance to P. nodorum and the necrotrophic effectors it secretes during infection, integrating the genomic positions of these genetic loci by using the recently released wheat reference genome assembly. Finally, we discuss the genetic and genomic tools now available for SNB resistance breeding and consider future opportunities and challenges in crop health management by using the wheat-P. nodorum interaction as a model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rowena C Downie
- John Bingham Laboratory, NIAB, Cambridge, CB3 0LE, United Kingdom
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, United Kingdom
| | - Min Lin
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås NO-1432, Norway
| | - Beatrice Corsi
- John Bingham Laboratory, NIAB, Cambridge, CB3 0LE, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Ficke
- Norwegian Institute for Bioeconomy Research, Ås NO-1432, Norway
| | - Morten Lillemo
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås NO-1432, Norway
| | | | - Huyen T T Phan
- Centre for Crop and Disease Management, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley 6102, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Kar-Chun Tan
- Centre for Crop and Disease Management, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley 6102, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - James Cockram
- John Bingham Laboratory, NIAB, Cambridge, CB3 0LE, United Kingdom
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20
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Manser B, Koller T, Praz CR, Roulin AC, Zbinden H, Arora S, Steuernagel B, Wulff BBH, Keller B, Sánchez-Martín J. Identification of specificity-defining amino acids of the wheat immune receptor Pm2 and powdery mildew effector AvrPm2. Plant J 2021; 106:993-1007. [PMID: 33629439 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Plant nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs) act as intracellular sensors for pathogen-derived effector proteins and trigger an immune response, frequently resulting in the hypersensitive cell death response (HR) of the infected host cell. The wheat (Triticum aestivum) NLR Pm2 confers resistance against the fungal pathogen Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici (Bgt) if the isolate contains the specific RNase-like effector AvrPm2. We identified and isolated seven new Pm2 alleles (Pm2e-i) in the wheat D-genome ancestor Aegilops tauschii and two new natural AvrPm2 haplotypes from Bgt. Upon transient co-expression in Nicotiana benthamiana, we observed a variant-specific HR of the Pm2 variants Pm2a and Pm2i towards AvrPm2 or its homolog from the AvrPm2 effector family, BgtE-5843, respectively. Through the introduction of naturally occurring non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms and structure-guided mutations, we identified single amino acids in both the wheat NLR Pm2 and the fungal effector proteins AvrPm2 and BgtE-5843 responsible for the variant-specific HR of the Pm2 variants. Exchanging these amino acids led to a modified HR of the Pm2-AvrPm2 interaction and allowed the identification of the effector head epitope, a 20-amino-acid long unit of AvrPm2 involved in the HR. Swapping of the AvrPm2 head epitope to the non-HR-triggering AvrPm2 family member BgtE-5846 led to gain of a HR by Pm2a. Our study presents a molecular approach to identify crucial effector surface structures involved in the HR and demonstrates that natural and induced diversity in an immune receptor and its corresponding effectors can provide the basis for understanding and modifying NLR-effector specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Manser
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, Zurich, 8008, Switzerland
| | - Teresa Koller
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, Zurich, 8008, Switzerland
| | - Coraline Rosalie Praz
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, Zurich, 8008, Switzerland
| | - Anne C Roulin
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, Zurich, 8008, Switzerland
| | - Helen Zbinden
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, Zurich, 8008, Switzerland
| | - Sanu Arora
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | | | | | - Beat Keller
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, Zurich, 8008, Switzerland
| | - Javier Sánchez-Martín
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, Zurich, 8008, Switzerland
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21
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Koebnik R, Burokiene D, Bragard C, Chang C, Saux MFL, Kölliker R, Lang JM, Leach JE, Luna EK, Portier P, Sagia A, Ziegle J, Cohen SP, Jacobs JM. The Complete Genome Sequence of Xanthomonas theicola, the Causal Agent of Canker on Tea Plants, Reveals Novel Secretion Systems in Clade-1 Xanthomonads. Phytopathology 2021; 111:611-616. [PMID: 32997607 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-07-20-0273-sc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Xanthomonas theicola is the causal agent of bacterial canker on tea plants. There is no complete genome sequence available for X. theicola, a close relative of the species X. translucens and X. hyacinthi, thus limiting basic research for this group of pathogens. Here, we release a high-quality complete genome sequence for the X. theicola type strain, CFBP 4691T. Single-molecule real-time sequencing with a mean coverage of 264× revealed two contigs of 4,744,641 bp (chromosome) and 40,955 bp (plasmid) in size. Genome mining revealed the presence of nonribosomal peptide synthases, two CRISPR systems, the Xps type 2 secretion system, and the Hrp type 3 secretion system. Surprisingly, this strain encodes an additional type 2 secretion system and a novel type 3 secretion system with enigmatic function, hitherto undescribed for xanthomonads. Four type 3 effector genes were found on complete or partial transposons, suggesting a role of transposons in effector gene evolution and spread. This genome sequence fills an important gap to better understand the biology and evolution of the early-branching xanthomonads, also known as clade-1 xanthomonads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Koebnik
- IRD, Cirad, Université Montpellier, IPME, Montpellier, France
| | - Daiva Burokiene
- Nature Research Centre, Institute of Botany, Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Akademijos g. 2, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Claude Bragard
- Earth & Life Institute, Université Catholique Louvain-la-Neuve, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | | | - Marion Fischer-Le Saux
- IRHS-UMR 1345, Université d'Angers, INRAE, Institut Agro, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, 49071, CIRM-CFBP, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Roland Kölliker
- Molecular Plant Breeding, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zürich, Universitätstrasse 2, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jillian M Lang
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, U.S.A
| | - Jan E Leach
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, U.S.A
| | - Emily K Luna
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, U.S.A
| | - Perrine Portier
- IRHS-UMR 1345, Université d'Angers, INRAE, Institut Agro, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, 49071, CIRM-CFBP, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Angeliki Sagia
- IRD, Cirad, Université Montpellier, IPME, Montpellier, France
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Janet Ziegle
- Pacific Biosciences, Menlo Park, CA 94025, U.S.A
| | - Stephen P Cohen
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, U.S.A
| | - Jonathan M Jacobs
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, U.S.A
- Infectious Disease Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, U.S.A
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22
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Abstract
In plant-pathogen interactions, pathogens employ secreted molecules, known as effectors to overcome physical barriers, modulate plant immunity, and facilitate colonization. Among these diverse effectors, some are found to mimic the plant peptides, to target host's peptide receptors, and intervene in the peptide-regulated defense pathways and/or plant development. To better understand how pathogens have co-evolved with their plant hosts in order to improve disease management, we explored the presence of plant peptide mimics in microbes by bioinformatic analysis. In total, 36 novel peptide mimics belong to five plant peptide families were detected in bacterial and fungal kingdoms. Among them, phytosulfokine homologues were widely distributed in 22 phytopathogens and one bacterium, thereby constituted the largest proportion of the identified mimics. The putative functional peptide region is well conserved between plant and microbes, while the existence of a putative signal peptide varies between species. Our findings will increase understanding of plant-pathogen interactions, and provide new ideas for future studies of pathogenic mechanisms and disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Yuan
- Institute of Crop Germplasm and Biotechnology, Provincial Key Laboratory of Agrobiology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
- Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Chihiro Furumizu
- Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Baolong Zhang
- Institute of Crop Germplasm and Biotechnology, Provincial Key Laboratory of Agrobiology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Shinichiro Sawa
- Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
- E-mail: Tel & Fax: +81-96-342-3439
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23
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Ste-Croix DT, St-Marseille AFG, Lord E, Bélanger RR, Brodeur J, Mimee B. Genomic Profiling of Virulence in the Soybean Cyst Nematode Using Single-Nematode Sequencing. Phytopathology 2021; 111:137-148. [PMID: 33100145 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-08-20-0348-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Soybean cyst nematode (SCN) is one of the most important diseases in soybean. Currently, the main management strategy relies on planting resistant cultivars. However, the overuse of a single resistance source has led to the selection of virulent SCN populations, although the mechanisms by which the nematode overcomes the resistance genes remain unknown. In this study, we used a nematode-adapted single-cell RNA-seq approach to identify SCN genes potentially involved in resistance breakdown in Peking and PI 88788 parental soybean lines. We established for the first time the full transcriptome of single SCN individuals allowing us to identify a list of putative virulence genes against both major SCN resistance sources. Our analysis identified 48 differentially expressed putative effectors (secreted proteins required for infection) alongside 40 effectors showing evidence of novel structural variants, and 11 effector genes containing phenotype-specific sequence polymorphisms. Additionally, a differential expression analysis revealed an interesting phenomenon of coexpressed gene regions with some containing putative effectors. The selection of virulent SCN individuals on Peking resulted in a profoundly altered transcriptome, especially for genes known to be involved in parasitism. Several sequence polymorphisms were also specific to these virulent nematodes and could potentially play a role in the acquisition of nematode virulence. On the other hand, the transcriptome of virulent individuals on PI 88788 was very similar to avirulent ones with the exception of a few genes, which suggest a distinct virulence strategy to Peking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dave T Ste-Croix
- Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Québec, Canada
- Département de phytologie, Faculté des Sciences de l'Agriculture et de l'Alimentation, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada, G1V 0A6
| | - Anne-Frédérique Gendron St-Marseille
- Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Québec, Canada
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale (IRBV), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Etienne Lord
- Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Québec, Canada
| | - Richard R Bélanger
- Département de phytologie, Faculté des Sciences de l'Agriculture et de l'Alimentation, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada, G1V 0A6
| | - Jacques Brodeur
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale (IRBV), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Benjamin Mimee
- Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Québec, Canada
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24
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Clark KJ, Pang Z, Trinh J, Wang N, Ma W. Sec-Delivered Effector 1 (SDE1) of ' Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' Promotes Citrus Huanglongbing. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2020; 33:1394-1404. [PMID: 32986514 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-05-20-0123-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Sec-delivered effector 1 (SDE1) from the huanglongbing (HLB)-associated bacterium 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' was previously characterized as an inhibitor of defense-related, papain-like cysteine proteases in vitro and in planta. Here, we investigated the contributions of SDE1 to HLB progression. We found that SDE1 expression in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana caused severe yellowing in mature leaves, reminiscent of both 'Ca. L. asiaticus' infection symptoms and accelerated leaf senescence. Induction of senescence signatures was also observed in the SDE1-expressing A. thaliana lines. These signatures were apparent in older leaves but not in seedlings, suggesting an age-associated effect. Furthermore, independent lines of transgenic Citrus paradisi (L.) Macfadyen (Duncan grapefruit) that express SDE1 exhibited hypersusceptibility to 'Ca. L. asiaticus'. Similar to A. thaliana, transgenic citrus expressing SDE1 showed altered expression of senescence-associated genes, but only after infection with 'Ca. L. asiaticus'. These findings suggest that SDE1 is a virulence factor that contributes to HLB progression, likely by inducing premature or accelerated senescence in citrus. This work provides new insight into HLB pathogenesis.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2020 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelley J Clark
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, U.S.A
| | - Zhiqian Pang
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, U.S.A
| | - Jessica Trinh
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, U.S.A
| | - Nian Wang
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, U.S.A
| | - Wenbo Ma
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, U.S.A
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25
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Ji H, Liu D, Zhang Z, Sun J, Han B, Li Z. A bacterial F-box effector suppresses SAR immunity through mediating the proteasomal degradation of OsTrxh2 in rice. Plant J 2020; 104:1054-1072. [PMID: 32881160 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Plant bacterial pathogens usually cause diseases by secreting and translocating numerous virulence effectors into host cells and suppressing various host immunity pathways. It has been demonstrated that the extensive ubiquitin systems of host cells are frequently interfered with or hijacked by numerous pathogenic bacteria, through various strategies. Some type-III secretion system (T3SS) effectors of plant pathogens have been demonstrated to impersonate the F-box protein (FBP) component of the SKP1/CUL1/F-box (SCF) E3 ubiquitin system for their own benefit. Although numerous putative eukaryotic-like F-box effectors have been screened for different bacterial pathogens by bioinformatics analyses, the targets of most F-box effectors in host immune systems remain unknown. Here, we show that XopI, a putative F-box effector of African Xoo (Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae) strain BAI3, strongly inhibits the host's OsNPR1-dependent resistance to Xoo. The xopI knockout mutant displays lower virulence in Oryza sativa (rice) than BAI3. Mechanistically, we identify a thioredoxin protein, OsTrxh2, as an XopI-interacting protein in rice. Although OsTrxh2 positively regulates rice immunity by catalyzing the dissociation of OsNPR1 into monomers in rice, the XopI effector serves as an F-box adapter to form an OSK1-XopI-OsTrxh2 interaction complex, and further disrupts OsNPR1-mediated resistance through proteasomal degradation of OsTrxh2. Our results indicate that XopI targets OsTrxh2 and further represses OsNPR1-dependent signaling, thereby subverting systemic acquired resistance (SAR) immunity in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongtao Ji
- Institute of Integrative Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, China
| | - Delong Liu
- Institute of Integrative Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, China
| | - Zhaoxin Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jiawen Sun
- Institute of Integrative Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, China
| | - Bing Han
- Institute of Plant Protection, Dezhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Dezhou, 253015, China
| | - Zongyun Li
- Institute of Integrative Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, China
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26
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Misas-Villamil JC, van der Hoorn RAL, Doehlemann G. Papain-like cysteine proteases as hubs in plant immunity. New Phytol 2016; 212:902-907. [PMID: 27488095 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
902 I. 902 II. 903 III. 903 IV. 903 V. 905 VI. 905 VII. 905 906 References 906 SUMMARY: Plants deploy a sophisticated immune system to cope with different microbial pathogens and other invaders. Recent research provides an increasing body of evidence for papain-like cysteine proteases (PLCPs) being central hubs in plant immunity. PLCPs are required for full resistance of plants to various pathogens. At the same time, PLCPs are targeted by secreted pathogen effectors to suppress immune responses. Consequently, they are subject to a co-evolutionary host-pathogen arms race. When activated, PLCPs induce a broad spectrum of defense responses including plant cell death. While the important role of PLCPs in plant immunity has become more evident, it remains largely elusive how these enzymes are activated and which signaling pathways are triggered to orchestrate different downstream responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johana C Misas-Villamil
- Botanical Institute and Center of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, BioCenter, Zuelpicher Str. 47a, D-50674, Cologne, Germany
| | - Renier A L van der Hoorn
- The Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Lane Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Gunther Doehlemann
- Botanical Institute and Center of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, BioCenter, Zuelpicher Str. 47a, D-50674, Cologne, Germany
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27
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Abstract
Next to numerous abiotic stresses, plants are constantly exposed to a variety of pathogens within their environment. Thus, their ability to survive and prosper during the course of evolution was strongly dependent on adapting efficient strategies to perceive and to respond to such potential threats. It is therefore not surprising that modern plants have a highly sophisticated immune repertoire consisting of diverse signal perception and intracellular signaling pathways. This signaling network is intricate and deeply interconnected, probably reflecting the diverse lifestyles and infection strategies used by the multitude of invading phytopathogens. Moreover it allows signal communication between developmental and defense programs thereby ensuring that plant growth and fitness are not significantly retarded. How plants integrate and prioritize the incoming signals and how this information is transduced to enable appropriate immune responses is currently a major research area. An important finding has been that pathogen-triggered cellular responses involve massive transcriptional reprogramming within the host. Additional key observations emerging from such studies are that transcription factors (TFs) are often sites of signal convergence and that signal-regulated TFs act in concert with other context-specific TFs and transcriptional co-regulators to establish sensory transcription regulatory networks required for plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Tsuda
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linne Weg 10, Cologne, 50829, Germany
| | - Imre E Somssich
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linne Weg 10, Cologne, 50829, Germany
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28
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Lopez JA, Sun Y, Blair PB, Mukhtar MS. TCP three-way handshake: linking developmental processes with plant immunity. Trends Plant Sci 2015; 20:238-45. [PMID: 25655280 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2015.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The TCP gene family encodes plant-specific transcription factors involved in growth and development. Equally important are the interactions between TCP factors and other pathways extending far beyond development, as they have been found to regulate a variety of hormonal pathways and signaling cascades. Recent advances reveal that TCP factors are targets of pathogenic effectors and are likely to play a vital role in plant immunity. Our focus is on reviewing the involvement of TCP in known pathways and shedding light on other linkages in the nexus of plant immunity centered around TCP factors with an emphasis on the convergence of effectors, interconnected hormonal networks, utility of the circadian clock, and the potential mechanisms by which pathogen defense may occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Lopez
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Yali Sun
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Peter B Blair
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - M Shahid Mukhtar
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Nutrition Obesity Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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29
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Almeida NF, Leitão ST, Krezdorn N, Rotter B, Winter P, Rubiales D, Vaz Patto MC. Allelic diversity in the transcriptomes of contrasting rust-infected genotypes of Lathyrus sativus, a lasting resource for smart breeding. BMC Plant Biol 2014; 14:376. [PMID: 25522779 PMCID: PMC4331309 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-014-0376-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) is a valuable resource for potentially durable partial resistance to rust. To gain insight into the resistance mechanism and identify potential resistance genes, we generated the first comprehensive transcriptome assemblies from control and Uromyces pisi inoculated leafs of a susceptible and a partially rust-resistant grass pea genotype by RNA-seq. RESULTS 134,914 contigs, shared by both libraries, were used to analyse their differential expression in response to rust infection. Functional annotation grouped 60.4% of the contigs present in plant databases (37.8% of total) to 33 main functional categories, being "protein", "RNA", "signalling", "transport" and "stress" the most represented. Transcription profiles revealed considerable differences in regulation of major phytohormone signalling pathways: whereas Salicylic and Abscisic Acid pathways were up-regulated in the resistant genotype, Jasmonate and Ethylene pathways were down-regulated in the susceptible one. As potential Resistance-genes we identified a mildew resistance locus O (MLO)-like gene, and MLO-related transcripts. Also, several pathogenesis-related genes were up-regulated in the resistant and exclusively down regulated in the susceptible genotype. Pathogen effectors identified in both inoculated libraries, as e.g. the rust Rtp1 transcript, may be responsible for the down-regulation of defence-related transcripts. The two genotypes contained 4,892 polymorphic contigs with SNPs unevenly distributed between different functional categories. Protein degradation (29.7%) and signalling receptor kinases (8.2%) were the most diverged, illustrating evolutionary adaptation of grass pea to the host/pathogens arms race. CONCLUSIONS The vast array of novel, resistance-related genomic information we present here provides a highly valuable resource for future smart breeding approaches in this hitherto under-researched, valuable legume crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno Felipe Almeida
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal.
| | - Susana Trindade Leitão
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal.
| | | | - Björn Rotter
- GenXPro GmbH, D-60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Peter Winter
- GenXPro GmbH, D-60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Diego Rubiales
- Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, CSIC, E-14080, Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Maria Carlota Vaz Patto
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal.
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30
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Wiesel L, Newton AC, Elliott I, Booty D, Gilroy EM, Birch PRJ, Hein I. Molecular effects of resistance elicitors from biological origin and their potential for crop protection. Front Plant Sci 2014; 5:655. [PMID: 25484886 PMCID: PMC4240061 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Plants contain a sophisticated innate immune network to prevent pathogenic microbes from gaining access to nutrients and from colonizing internal structures. The first layer of inducible response is governed by the plant following the perception of microbe- or modified plant-derived molecules. As the perception of these molecules results in a plant response that can provide efficient resistance toward non-adapted pathogens they can also be described as "defense elicitors." In compatible plant/microbe interactions, adapted microorganisms have means to avoid or disable this resistance response and promote virulence. However, this requires a detailed spatial and temporal response from the invading pathogens. In agricultural practice, treating plants with isolated defense elicitors in the absence of pathogens can promote plant resistance by uncoupling defense activation from the effects of pathogen virulence determinants. The plant responses to plant, bacterial, oomycete, or fungal-derived elicitors are not, in all cases, universal and need elucidating prior to the application in agriculture. This review provides an overview of currently known elicitors of biological rather than synthetic origin and places their activity into a molecular context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Wiesel
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton InstituteDundee, UK
| | - Adrian C. Newton
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton InstituteDundee, UK
| | | | | | | | - Paul R. J. Birch
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton InstituteDundee, UK
- The Division of Plant Sciences, College of Life Science, University of Dundee at the James Hutton InstituteDundee, UK
| | - Ingo Hein
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton InstituteDundee, UK
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31
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Abstract
Nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat (NLR) proteins play a central role in the innate immune systems of plants and vertebrates. In plants, NLR proteins function as intracellular receptors that detect pathogen effector proteins directly, or indirectly by recognizing effector-induced modifications to other host proteins. NLR activation triggers a suite of defense responses associated with programed cell death (PCD). The molecular mechanisms underlying NLR activation, and how activation is translated into defense responses, have been particularly challenging to elucidate in plants. Recent reports, however, are beginning to shed some light. It is becoming clear that plant NLR proteins are targeted to diverse sub-cellular locations, likely depending on the locations where the effectors are detected. These reports also indicate that some NLRs re-localize following effector detection, while others do not, and such relocalization may reflect differences in signaling pathways. There have also been recent advances in understanding the structure of plant NLR proteins, with crystal structures now available for the N-terminal domains of two well-studied NLRs, a coiled-coil (CC) domain and a Toll-interleukin Receptor (TIR). Significant improvements in molecular modeling have enabled more informed structure-function studies, illuminating roles of intra- and inter-molecular interactions in NLR activation regulation. Several independent studies also suggest that intracellular trafficking is involved in NLR-mediated resistance. Lastly, progress is being made on identifying transcriptional regulatory complexes activated by NLRs. Current models for how plant NLR proteins are activated and how they induce defenses are discussed, with an emphasis on what remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Qi
- Department of Biology, Indiana University , Bloomington, IN , USA
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32
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Rasmussen MW, Roux M, Petersen M, Mundy J. MAP Kinase Cascades in Arabidopsis Innate Immunity. Front Plant Sci 2012; 3:169. [PMID: 22837762 PMCID: PMC3402898 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2012.00169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Plant mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades generally transduce extracellular stimuli into cellular responses. These stimuli include the perception of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by host transmembrane pattern recognition receptors which trigger MAPK-dependent innate immune responses. In the model Arabidopsis, molecular genetic evidence implicates a number of MAPK cascade components in PAMP signaling, and in responses to immunity-related phytohormones such as ethylene, jasmonate, and salicylate. In a few cases, cascade components have been directly linked to the transcription of target genes or to the regulation of phytohormone synthesis. Thus MAPKs are obvious targets for bacterial effector proteins and are likely guardees of resistance proteins, which mediate defense signaling in response to the action of effectors, or effector-triggered immunity. This mini-review discusses recent progress in this field with a focus on the Arabidopsis MAPKs MPK3, MPK4, MPK6, and MPK11 in their apparent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - John Mundy
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen,Copenhagen, Denmark
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33
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Thrall PH, Laine AL, Ravensdale M, Nemri A, Dodds PN, Barrett LG, Burdon JJ. Rapid genetic change underpins antagonistic coevolution in a natural host-pathogen metapopulation. Ecol Lett 2012; 15:425-35. [PMID: 22372578 PMCID: PMC3319837 DOI: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2012.01749.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Antagonistic coevolution is a critical force driving the evolution of diversity, yet the selective processes underpinning reciprocal adaptive changes in nature are not well understood. Local adaptation studies demonstrate partner impacts on fitness and adaptive change, but do not directly expose genetic processes predicted by theory. Specifically, we have little knowledge of the relative importance of fluctuating selection vs. arms-race dynamics in maintaining polymorphism in natural systems where metapopulation processes predominate. We conducted cross-year epidemiological, infection and genetic studies of multiple wild host and pathogen populations in the Linum-Melampsora association. We observed asynchronous phenotypic fluctuations in resistance and infectivity among demes. Importantly, changes in allelic frequencies at pathogen infectivity loci, and in host recognition of these genetic variants, correlated with disease prevalence during natural epidemics. These data strongly support reciprocal coevolution maintaining balanced resistance and infectivity polymorphisms, and highlight the importance of characterising spatial and temporal dynamics in antagonistic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter H. Thrall
- CSIRO Plant Industry, GPO Box 1600, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Anna-Liisa Laine
- CSIRO Plant Industry, GPO Box 1600, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
- Metapopulation Research Group, Department of Biosciences, PO Box 65, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Michael Ravensdale
- CSIRO Plant Industry, GPO Box 1600, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, 960 Carling Ave., Ottawa, ON, K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Adnane Nemri
- CSIRO Plant Industry, GPO Box 1600, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Peter N. Dodds
- CSIRO Plant Industry, GPO Box 1600, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Luke G. Barrett
- CSIRO Plant Industry, GPO Box 1600, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Jeremy J. Burdon
- CSIRO Plant Industry, GPO Box 1600, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
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