1
|
Sheffield BS, Eaton K, Emond B, Lafeuille MH, Hilts A, Lefebvre P, Morrison L, Stevens AL, Ewara EM, Cheema P. Cost Savings of Expedited Care with Upfront Next-Generation Sequencing Testing versus Single-Gene Testing among Patients with Metastatic Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Based on Current Canadian Practices. Curr Oncol 2023; 30:2348-2365. [PMID: 36826141 PMCID: PMC9955559 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol30020180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
This study assessed the total costs of testing, including the estimated costs of delaying care, associated with next-generation sequencing (NGS) versus single-gene testing strategies among patients with newly diagnosed metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (mNSCLC) from a Canadian public payer perspective. A decision tree model considered testing for genomic alterations using tissue biopsy NGS or single-gene strategies following Canadian guideline recommendations. Inputs included prevalence of mNSCLC, the proportion that tested positive for each genomic alteration, rebiopsy rates, time to test results, testing/medical costs, and costs of delaying care based on literature, public data, and expert opinion. Among 1,000,000 hypothetical publicly insured adult Canadians (382 with mNSCLC), the proportion of patients that tested positive for a genomic alteration with an approved targeted therapy was 38.0% for NGS and 26.1% for single-gene strategies. The estimated mean time to appropriate targeted therapy initiation was 5.1 weeks for NGS and 9.2 weeks for single-gene strategies. Based on literature, each week of delayed care cost CAD 406, translating to total mean per-patient costs of CAD 3480 for NGS and CAD 5632 for single-gene strategies. NGS testing with mNSCLC in current Canadian practice resulted in more patients with an identified mutation, shorter time to appropriate targeted therapy initiation, and lower total testing costs compared to single-gene strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bruno Emond
- Analysis Group, Inc., Montréal, QC H3B 0G7, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Laura Morrison
- Analysis Group, Inc., Montréal, QC H3B 0G7, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +514-871-3303
| | | | | | - Parneet Cheema
- William Osler Health System, Brampton, ON L6R 3J7, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Diagnostic Value and Cost-Effectiveness of Next Generation Sequencing-Based Testing for Treatment of Patients with Advanced/Metastatic Non-Squamous Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer in the United States. J Mol Diagn 2022; 24:901-914. [PMID: 35688357 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2022.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The study evaluated the diagnostic value and cost-effectiveness of next generation sequencing (NGS)-based testing versus various combinations of single-gene tests (SGTs) for selection of first-line treatment for patients with advanced/metastatic non-squamous non-small cell lung cancer in the United States. A dynamic decision analysis model was developed comparing NGS versus SGT from a payer perspective. Inputs were obtained from published sources and included diagnostic performance, biomarker-positive disease rates, biomarker-directed recommendations for treatment, and survival outcomes. Costs were reported in 2020 US dollars. In the base case, NGS improved the detection of actionable biomarkers by 74.4%, increased the proportion of patients receiving biomarker-driven therapy by 11.9%, and decreased the proportion of patients with biomarker-positive disease receiving non-biomarker-driven first-line treatment by 40.5%. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio per life-year gained of NGS testing versus SGT was $7224 (excluding post-diagnostic costs); the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio for NGS-directed therapy was $148,786 versus SGT-directed therapy. Sensitivity analyses confirmed the robustness of these findings; survival outcomes and targeted therapy costs had the greatest impact on results. Testing strategies with NGS are more comprehensive in the detection of actionable biomarkers and can improve the proportion of patients receiving biomarker-driven therapies. NGS testing may provide a cost-effective strategy for advanced/metastatic non-squamous non-small cell lung cancer; however, the value of NGS-directed therapy varies by the willingness-to-pay threshold of the decision-maker.
Collapse
|
3
|
Milbury CA, Creeden J, Yip WK, Smith DL, Pattani V, Maxwell K, Sawchyn B, Gjoerup O, Meng W, Skoletsky J, Concepcion AD, Tang Y, Bai X, Dewal N, Ma P, Bailey ST, Thornton J, Pavlick DC, Frampton GM, Lieber D, White J, Burns C, Vietz C. Clinical and analytical validation of FoundationOne®CDx, a comprehensive genomic profiling assay for solid tumors. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0264138. [PMID: 35294956 PMCID: PMC8926248 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
FoundationOne®CDx (F1CDx) is a United States (US) Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved companion diagnostic test to identify patients who may benefit from treatment in accordance with the approved therapeutic product labeling for 28 drug therapies. F1CDx utilizes next-generation sequencing (NGS)-based comprehensive genomic profiling (CGP) technology to examine 324 cancer genes in solid tumors. F1CDx reports known and likely pathogenic short variants (SVs), copy number alterations (CNAs), and select rearrangements, as well as complex biomarkers including tumor mutational burden (TMB) and microsatellite instability (MSI), in addition to genomic loss of heterozygosity (gLOH) in ovarian cancer. CGP services can reduce the complexity of biomarker testing, enabling precision medicine to improve treatment decision-making and outcomes for cancer patients, but only if test results are reliable, accurate, and validated clinically and analytically to the highest standard available. The analyses presented herein demonstrate the extensive analytical and clinical validation supporting the F1CDx initial and subsequent FDA approvals to ensure high sensitivity, specificity, and reliability of the data reported. The analytical validation included several in-depth evaluations of F1CDx assay performance including limit of detection (LoD), limit of blank (LoB), precision, and orthogonal concordance for SVs (including base substitutions [SUBs] and insertions/deletions [INDELs]), CNAs (including amplifications and homozygous deletions), genomic rearrangements, and select complex biomarkers. The assay validation of >30,000 test results comprises a considerable and increasing body of evidence that supports the clinical utility of F1CDx to match patients with solid tumors to targeted therapies or immunotherapies based on their tumor’s genomic alterations and biomarkers. F1CDx meets the clinical needs of providers and patients to receive guideline-based biomarker testing, helping them keep pace with a rapidly evolving field of medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Coren A. Milbury
- Department Product Development, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - James Creeden
- Global Medical Affairs, Basel, MA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Wai-Ki Yip
- Department Product Development, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - David L. Smith
- Department of Franchise Development, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Varun Pattani
- Department Product Development, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Kristi Maxwell
- Department of Health Economic and Outcomes Research & Payer Policy, Reimbursement, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Bethany Sawchyn
- Department of Scientific and Medical Publications, Clinical Operations, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Ole Gjoerup
- Department of Scientific and Medical Publications, Clinical Operations, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Wei Meng
- Department Product Development, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Joel Skoletsky
- Department Product Development, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | | | - Yanhua Tang
- Department Product Development, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Xiaobo Bai
- Department Product Development, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Ninad Dewal
- Department Product Development, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Pei Ma
- Department Product Development, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Shannon T. Bailey
- Department Product Development, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - James Thornton
- Department Product Development, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Dean C. Pavlick
- Department of Cancer Genomics, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | | | - Daniel Lieber
- Department of Computational Biology, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Jared White
- Department of Computational Biology, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Christine Burns
- Department Product Development, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Christine Vietz
- Department Product Development, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yang SC, Yeh YC, Chen YL, Chiu CH. Economic Analysis of Exclusionary EGFR Test Versus Up-Front NGS for Lung Adenocarcinoma in High EGFR Mutation Prevalence Areas. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 2022; 20:774-782.e4. [PMID: 35385830 DOI: 10.6004/jnccn.2021.7120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study sought to determine whether exclusionary EGFR mutation testing followed by next-generation sequencing (NGS) is a cost-efficient and timely strategy in areas with high prevalence rates of EGFR mutation. METHODS We developed a decision tree model to compare exclusionary EGFR testing followed by NGS and up-front NGS. Patients entered the model upon diagnosis of metastatic lung adenocarcinoma. Gene alterations with FDA-approved targeted therapies included EGFR, ALK, ROS1, BRAF, RET, MET, NTRK, and KRAS. Model outcomes were testing-related costs; time-to-test results; monetary loss, taking both costs and time into consideration; and percentage of patients who could be treated by FDA-approved therapies. Stacked 1-way and 3-way sensitivity analyses were performed. RESULTS Exclusionary EGFR testing incurred testing-related costs of US $1,387 per patient, a savings of US $1,091 compared with the costs of up-front NGS. The time-to-test results for exclusionary EGFR testing and up-front NGS were 13.0 and 13.6 days, respectively. Exclusionary EGFR testing resulted in a savings of US $1,116 in terms of net monetary loss, without a reduction of patients identified with FDA-approved therapies. The EGFR mutation rate and NGS cost had the greatest impact on minimizing monetary loss. Given that the tissue-based NGS turnaround time was shortened to 7 days, up-front NGS testing would become the best strategy if its price could be reduced to US $568 in Taiwan. CONCLUSIONS In areas with high prevalence rates of EGFR mutation, exclusionary EGFR testing followed by NGS, rather than up-front NGS, is currently a cost-efficient strategy for metastatic lung adenocarcinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Szu-Chun Yang
- 1Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan
| | - Yi-Chen Yeh
- 2Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei.,3College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei
| | - Yi-Lin Chen
- 4Molecular Diagnosis Laboratory, Department of Pathology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan.,5Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan; and
| | - Chao-Hua Chiu
- 3College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei.,6Division of Thoracic Oncology, Department of Chest Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Horgan D, Curigliano G, Rieß O, Hofman P, Büttner R, Conte P, Cufer T, Gallagher WM, Georges N, Kerr K, Penault-Llorca F, Mastris K, Pinto C, Van Meerbeeck J, Munzone E, Thomas M, Ujupan S, Vainer GW, Velthaus JL, André F. Identifying the Steps Required to Effectively Implement Next-Generation Sequencing in Oncology at a National Level in Europe. J Pers Med 2022; 12:72. [PMID: 35055387 PMCID: PMC8780351 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12010072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Next-generation sequencing (NGS) may enable more focused and highly personalized cancer treatment, with the National Comprehensive Cancer Network and European Society for Medical Oncology guidelines now recommending NGS for daily clinical practice for several tumor types. However, NGS implementation, and therefore patient access, varies across Europe; a multi-stakeholder collaboration is needed to establish the conditions required to improve this discrepancy. In that regard, we set up European Alliance for Personalised Medicine (EAPM)-led expert panels during the first half of 2021, including key stakeholders from across 10 European countries covering medical, economic, patient, industry, and governmental expertise. We describe the outcomes of these panels in order to define and explore the necessary conditions for NGS implementation into routine clinical care to enable patient access, identify specific challenges in achieving them, and make short- and long-term recommendations. The main challenges identified relate to the demand for NGS tests (governance, clinical standardization, and awareness and education) and supply of tests (equitable reimbursement, infrastructure for conducting and validating tests, and testing access driven by evidence generation). Recommendations made to resolve each of these challenges should aid multi-stakeholder collaboration between national and European initiatives, to complement, support, and mutually reinforce efforts to improve patient care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Denis Horgan
- European Alliance for Personalised Medicine, Avenue de l’Armee/Legerlaan 10, 1040 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Giuseppe Curigliano
- European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Via Giuseppe Ripamonti, 435, 20141 Milan, Italy; (G.C.); (E.M.)
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Via Festa del Perdono, 7, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Olaf Rieß
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tuebingen, Calwerstrasse 7, 72070 Tuebingen, Germany;
| | - Paul Hofman
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, University of Côte d’Azur, FHU OncoAge, Biobank BB-0033-00025, Pasteur Hospital, 30 Avenue de la voie Romaine, CEDEX 01, 06001 Nice, France;
| | - Reinhard Büttner
- Institute for Pathology, University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany;
| | - Pierfranco Conte
- The Veneto Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Via Gattamelata, 64, 35128 Padua, Italy;
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Gastroenterological Sciences, University of Padua, Via Giustiniani, 2, 35124 Padua, Italy
| | - Tanja Cufer
- Medical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - William M. Gallagher
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Nadia Georges
- Exact Sciences, Quai du Seujet 10, 1201 Geneva, Switzerland;
| | - Keith Kerr
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK;
| | - Frédérique Penault-Llorca
- Centre Jean Perrin, 58, Rue Montalembert, CEDEX 01, 63011 Clermont-Ferrand, France;
- Department of Pathology, University of Clermont Auvergne, INSERM U1240, 49 bd François Mitterrand, CS 60032, 63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Ken Mastris
- Europa Uomo, Leopoldstraat 34, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium;
| | - Carla Pinto
- AstraZeneca, Rua Humberto Madeira 7, 1800 Oeiras, Portugal;
| | - Jan Van Meerbeeck
- Antwerp University Hospital, University of Antwerp, Wijlrijkstraat 10, 2650 Edegem, Belgium;
| | - Elisabetta Munzone
- European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Via Giuseppe Ripamonti, 435, 20141 Milan, Italy; (G.C.); (E.M.)
| | - Marlene Thomas
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland;
| | - Sonia Ujupan
- Eli Lilly and Company, Rue du Marquis 1, Markiesstraat, 1000 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Gilad W. Vainer
- Department of Pathology, Hadassah Hebrew-University Medical Center, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Kalman Ya’akov Man St, Jerusalem 91905, Israel;
| | - Janna-Lisa Velthaus
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Fabrice André
- Institut Gustave Roussy, 114 Rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif, France;
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Proudman D, DeVito NC, Belinson S, Allo MA, Morris ED, Signorovitch J, Patel AK. Comprehensive genomic profiling in advanced/metastatic colorectal cancer: number needed to test and budget impact of expanded first line use. J Med Econ 2022; 25:817-825. [PMID: 35593483 DOI: 10.1080/13696998.2022.2080463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Use of comprehensive genomic profiling (CGP) in metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) is limited. We estimated impacts of expanded 1 L CGP, using the Tempus xT test, on detection of actionable alterations and testing budgets in a modeled US health plan over two-years. MATERIALS AND METHODS A decision analytic model was developed to estimate the impact of replacing 20% of usual testing (a mix of CGP and non-CGP) with Tempus xT CGP. Actionable alterations for matched treatments or clinical trial included KRAS, NRAS, RAF, BRAF, deficient mismatch repair (dMMR)/microsatellite instability (MSI), NTRK, RET, EGFR, HER2, MET, PIK3CA and POLE1. Costs included initial and repeat testing, physician-associated and administrative costs. RESULTS In a hypothetical five-million-member plan, 50% Medicare and 50% commercial, 1,112 new cases of mCRC were expected per year. Of these, 566 (51%) would undergo 1 L molecular testing, with 55 re-tested upon progression. Based on current testing rates, there were an expected 521 missed opportunities for genomically informed treatment (47% of new cases), with 442 missed due to lack of testing and 79 due to testing without CGP. Replacing 20% of usual testing with Tempus xT CGP was associated with up to a $0.003 per member per month testing cost increase (net total cost of $202,102 for the five-million-member plan) and 15.5 additional patients with an opportunity for genomically informed care (12.7 patients for treatment and 2.8 for clinical trial). The testing total cost (initial test, repeat test, biopsy and physician services, and administrative cost) to put one additional patient with mCRC on matched therapy or matched clinical trial was estimated to be $13,005. Number needed to test to identify one actionable alteration with Tempus xT CGP versus usual testing was 7.8 patients. LIMITATIONS Conservative assumptions were made for inputs with limited evidence. Based on high concordance rates with dMMR/MSI status, tumor mutational burden (TMB) status was not calculated separately. CONCLUSIONS Replacing 20% of usual testing with Tempus xT CGP was associated with a small incremental testing cost and can identify meaningfully more actionable alterations.
Collapse
|
7
|
Dragojlovic N, Kopac N, Borle K, Tandun R, Salmasi S, Ellis U, Birch P, Adam S, Friedman JM, Elliott AM, Lynd LD. Utilization and uptake of clinical genetics services in high-income countries: A scoping review. Health Policy 2021; 125:877-887. [PMID: 33962789 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthpol.2021.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Ongoing rapid growth in the need for genetic services has the potential to severely strain the capacity of the clinical genetics workforce to deliver this care. Unfortunately, assessments of the scale of this health policy challenge and potential solutions are hampered by the lack of a consolidated evidence base on the growth in genetic service utilization. To enable health policy research and strategic planning by health systems in this area, we conducted a scoping review of the literature on the utilization and uptake of clinical genetics services in high-income countries published between 2010 and 2018. One-hundred-and-ninety-five unique studies were included in the review. Most focused on cancer (85/195; 44%) and prenatal care (50/195; 26%), which are consistently the two areas with the greatest volume of genetic service utilization in both the United States and other high-income countries. Utilization and uptake rates varied considerably and were influenced by contextual factors including health system characteristics, provider knowledge, and patient preferences. Moreover, growth in genetic service utilization appears to be driven to a significant degree by technological advances and the integration of new tests into clinical care. Our review highlights both the policy challenge posed by the rapid growth in the utilization of genetic services and the variability in this trend across clinical indications and health systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nick Dragojlovic
- Collaboration for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2405 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Nicola Kopac
- Collaboration for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2405 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Kennedy Borle
- Collaboration for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2405 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Rachel Tandun
- Collaboration for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2405 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Shahrzad Salmasi
- Collaboration for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2405 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Ursula Ellis
- Woodward Library, University of British Columbia, 2198 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Patricia Birch
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, C201 - 4500 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC, V6H 3N1, Canada; BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, 938 West 28th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Shelin Adam
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, C201 - 4500 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC, V6H 3N1, Canada; BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, 938 West 28th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Jan M Friedman
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, C201 - 4500 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC, V6H 3N1, Canada; BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, 938 West 28th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | | | - Alison M Elliott
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, C201 - 4500 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC, V6H 3N1, Canada; BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, 938 West 28th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada; BC Women's Hospital Research Institute, H214 - 4500 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC, V6H 3N1, Canada
| | - Larry D Lynd
- Collaboration for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2405 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada; Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcomes Sciences, Providence Health Research Institute, 588-1081 Burrard Street, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hofman P, Rouleau E, Sabourin JC, Denis M, Deleuze JF, Barlesi F, Laurent-Puig P. Predictive molecular pathology in non-small cell lung cancer in France: The past, the present and the perspectives. Cancer Cytopathol 2021; 128:601-610. [PMID: 32885912 DOI: 10.1002/cncy.22318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The advent of molecular targets for novel therapeutics in oncology, notably for non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC), led the French National Cancer Institute (INCa) to establish a national network of 28 hospital Molecular Genetics Centers for Cancer (MGCC) in 2007. In each University in France, laboratories were established to develop molecular biology testing to evaluate a few genomic alterations, initially a selection of genes, by using specific targeted polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays. In a second phase, the number of studied genes was increased. In 2015, the MGCC benefited from an additional dedicated budget from the INCa to develop next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology. In the meantime, a new financial regulation for innovative testing has been established for the acts out of nomenclature. Consequently, all private and public laboratories in France have access to funding for molecular biology testing in oncology. The gene-based PCR assays or NGS tests have benefitted from reimbursement of cost testing by the INCa. Today, the laboratories consider this reimbursement to be only partial, and its use to be complex. In 2018, a strategic plan for medical genomic analyses (France Médecine Génomique 2025) was implemented to introduce more systematic sequencing into the health care pathway and oncology practice. The large panel of molecular tests should be centralized to a limited number of molecular genetic centers. This review describes the evolution of the different stages of implementation of molecular pathology testing for NSCLC patients over the last few years in France.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Hofman
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Pasteur Hospital, University Côte d'Azur, Nice, France.,Hospital-Related Biobank, Pasteur Hospital, University Côte d'Azur, Nice, France.,FHU OncoAge, Pasteur Hospital, University Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Etienne Rouleau
- Cancer Genetic Laboratory, Biology and Pathology Department, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | | | - Marc Denis
- Department of Biochemistry and INSERM U1232, Nantes University Hospital, Nantes, France
| | - Jean-François Deleuze
- Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine, Institut de Biologie François Jacob, CEA, Université Paris Saclay, Evry, France.,Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain, Fondation Jean Dausset, Paris, France.,Centre de Référence, d'Innovation et d'Expertise (CREFIX), Paris, France
| | - Fabrice Barlesi
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, CRCM, Marseille, France.,Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Pierre Laurent-Puig
- UMR-1138, INSERM, Département de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sajjadi E, Venetis K, Scatena C, Fusco N. Biomarkers for precision immunotherapy in the metastatic setting: hope or reality? Ecancermedicalscience 2020; 14:1150. [PMID: 33574895 PMCID: PMC7864694 DOI: 10.3332/ecancer.2020.1150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Precision immunotherapy is a crucial approach to improve the efficacy of anti-cancer treatments, particularly in the metastatic setting. In this respect, accurate patient selection takes advantage of the multidimensional integration of patients' clinical information and tumour-specific biomarkers status. Among these biomarkers, programmed death-ligand 1, tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes, microsatellite instability, mismatch repair and tumour mutational burden have been widely investigated. However, novel tumour-specific biomarkers and testing methods will further improve patients' outcomes. Here, we discuss the currently available strategies for the implementation of a precision immunotherapy approach in the clinical management of metastatic solid tumours and highlight future perspectives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elham Sajjadi
- Divison of Pathology, European Institute of Oncology (IEO) IRCCS, University of Milan, Via Giuseppe Ripamonti 435, 20141 Milan, Italy
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Via Festa del Perdono 7, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Konstantinos Venetis
- Divison of Pathology, European Institute of Oncology (IEO) IRCCS, University of Milan, Via Giuseppe Ripamonti 435, 20141 Milan, Italy
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Via Festa del Perdono 7, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Cristian Scatena
- Division of Pathology, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Via Roma 57, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Nicola Fusco
- Divison of Pathology, European Institute of Oncology (IEO) IRCCS, University of Milan, Via Giuseppe Ripamonti 435, 20141 Milan, Italy
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Via Festa del Perdono 7, 20122 Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Johnston KM, Sheffield BS, Yip S, Lakzadeh P, Qian C, Nam J. Comprehensive genomic profiling for non-small-cell lung cancer: health and budget impact. Curr Oncol 2020; 27:e569-e577. [PMID: 33380872 PMCID: PMC7755443 DOI: 10.3747/co.27.5995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Single-gene tests and hotspot panels targeting specific subsets of biomarkers constitute the Canadian genomic testing landscape for non-small-cell lung cancer (nsclc). However, newer testing options such as comprehensive genomic profiling (cgp) offer improved detection rates and identification of multiple classes of genomic alterations in a single assay, minimizing tissue requirements and turnaround time. The objective of the present analysis was to assess the health and budget impacts of adopting cgp testing for nsclc in Canada. Methods This study assessed the impact of funding the cgp tests FoundationOne CDx and FoundationOne Liquid (Foundation Medicine, Cambridge, MA, U.S.A.) over a 3-year time horizon using a Canadian societal perspective for Ontario. Conventional testing strategies were summarized into two reference scenarios: a series of single-gene tests only, and reflex single-gene testing followed by a hotspot panel for negative results. Four adoption scenarios for cgp testing were considered: replacing all single-gene and hotspot panel testing, replacing hotspot panel testing only, use after negative single-gene and hotspot testing, and use of FoundationOne Liquid in individuals with insufficient tissue for conventional testing. Results When cgp testing was assumed to replace all conventional testing with 50% uptake, the budget impact per person per year ranged from $0.71 to $0.87, depending on the reference scenario, with a 3-year gain of 680.9 life-years and 3831 working days over the full cohort. Conclusions Given the present testing landscape for patients with nsclc in Canada, listing cgp testing could optimize the selection of appropriately targeted treatments, and thus add life-years and productivity for this population, with a minimal budget impact.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K M Johnston
- Broadstreet Health Economics and Outcomes Research, Vancouver, BC
| | | | - S Yip
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
| | - P Lakzadeh
- Broadstreet Health Economics and Outcomes Research, Vancouver, BC
| | - C Qian
- Broadstreet Health Economics and Outcomes Research, Vancouver, BC
| | - J Nam
- Market Access and Pricing, Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Mississauga, ON
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Johnston KM, Sheffield BS, Yip S, Lakzadeh P, Qian C, Nam J. Costs of in-house genomic profiling and implications for economic evaluation: a case example of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). J Med Econ 2020; 23:1123-1129. [PMID: 32597288 DOI: 10.1080/13696998.2020.1789152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Genomic profiling in oncology is vital for determining eligible patients for mutation-specific targeted therapies. Use of commercial genomic testing has the potential to improve patient outcomes. Economic evaluations of in-house genomic profiling typically only include material costs while external commercial services include many other factors. Using non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) as an example, this study sought to characterize the unique challenges of costing testing services and their impact on results of economic evaluations. METHODS Structured interviews with Canadian oncologists, pathologists, and laboratory directors were conducted to identify material and non-material costs associated with genomic-testing laboratories to allow estimation of a more complete cost of in-house testing, with NSCLC cost-per-test calculated using annual operational costs and NSCLC-specific testing volume. A health and budget impact model of in-house versus external commercial profiling services was used to compare the impact of non-material costs on results. RESULTS In-house testing costs, limited to materials, was $133/single-gene test and $1,400/panel. For a laboratory running 1,300 in-house tests/year, total annual non-material costs included equipment maintenance ($6,842), labor ($502,313; technicians, administrative, and medical staff), shipping/reporting and software updates ($146,050), for an additional $519/test. The combined cost of $652/single-gene and $1,919/panel was compared to a cost of $6,194 for a commercial external test. Based on current Canadian testing patterns and anticipated utilization of external testing, inclusion of in-house non-material costs reduced the estimated 3-year budget impact by 12%. CONCLUSION When conducting economic evaluation to assess the value of introducing external tests, it is critical that non-material costs of standard testing strategies be measured and incorporated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karissa M Johnston
- Broadstreet Health Economics and Outcomes Research, HEOR, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | - Stephen Yip
- Department of Pathology, BC Cancer, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Pardis Lakzadeh
- Broadstreet Health Economics and Outcomes Research, HEOR, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Christina Qian
- Broadstreet Health Economics and Outcomes Research, HEOR, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Julian Nam
- Hoffmann-La Roche Limited, Mississauga, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Singh AP, Shum E, Rajdev L, Cheng H, Goel S, Perez-Soler R, Halmos B. Impact and Diagnostic Gaps of Comprehensive Genomic Profiling in Real-World Clinical Practice. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1156. [PMID: 32375398 PMCID: PMC7281757 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12051156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE next-generation sequencing based comprehensive genomic profiling (CGP) is becoming common practice. Although numerous studies have shown its feasibility to identify actionable genomic alterations in most patients, its clinical impact as part of routine management across all cancers in the community remains unknown. METHODS we conducted a retrospective study of all patients that underwent CGP as part of routine cancer management from January 2013 to June 2017 at an academic community-based NCI-designated cancer center. CGP was done in addition to established first tier reflex molecular testing as per national guidelines (e.g., EGFR/ALK for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and extended-RAS for colorectal cancer). RESULTS 349 tests were sent for CGP from 333 patients and 95% had at least one actionable genomic alteration reported. According to the reported results, 23.2% had a Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved therapy available, 61.3% had an off-label therapy available and 77.9% were potentially eligible for a clinical trial. Treatment recommendations were also reviewed within the OncoKB database and 47% of them were not clinically validated therapies. The CGP results led to treatment change in only 35 patients (10%), most commonly in NSCLC. Nineteen of these patients (54% of those treated and 5% of total) had documented clinical benefit with targeted therapy. CONCLUSION we demonstrate that routine use of CGP in the community across all cancer types detects potentially actionable genomic alterations in a majority of patients, however has modest clinical impact enriched in the NSCLC subset.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aditi P. Singh
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Pennsylvania/Abramson Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
| | - Elaine Shum
- Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, NYU Langone Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York, NY 10016, USA;
| | - Lakshmi Rajdev
- Department of Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center/Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10467, USA; (L.R.); (H.C.); (S.G.); (R.P.-S.)
| | - Haiying Cheng
- Department of Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center/Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10467, USA; (L.R.); (H.C.); (S.G.); (R.P.-S.)
| | - Sanjay Goel
- Department of Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center/Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10467, USA; (L.R.); (H.C.); (S.G.); (R.P.-S.)
| | - Roman Perez-Soler
- Department of Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center/Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10467, USA; (L.R.); (H.C.); (S.G.); (R.P.-S.)
| | - Balazs Halmos
- Department of Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center/Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10467, USA; (L.R.); (H.C.); (S.G.); (R.P.-S.)
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Fortman D, Issa R, Stanbery L, Albrethsen M, Nemunaitis J, Kasunic T. HER2-positive metastatic cervical cancer responsive to first and second-line treatment: A case report. Gynecol Oncol Rep 2020; 31:100520. [PMID: 31867435 PMCID: PMC6906699 DOI: 10.1016/j.gore.2019.100520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer is the fourth most common malignant disease among women, with metastatic disease having a dismal survival rate compared to localized disease when using standard combination chemotherapy. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) of tumors has allowed for targeted treatments of cancers in patients who have progressed on first-line therapy. We present a case of a 46 year-old female with advanced cervical adenocarcinoma and metastatic recurrence in the lungs found to have HER2 mutation who underwent first and second-line HER2-targeted therapy with sustained disease response. We review the standard of care for advanced cervical cancer, toxicity profiles of chemotherapy and immunotherapy that were employed, the economics of NGS and targeted treatment, and future directions for HER2-targeted therapy. This case report highlights a patient with metastatic cervical cancer responsive to first and second-line HER2-targeted therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dylan Fortman
- College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Rochell Issa
- College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Laura Stanbery
- College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Mary Albrethsen
- College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - John Nemunaitis
- College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Timothy Kasunic
- Hematology and Oncology, Toledo Clinic Cancer Center, Toledo, OH, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Gosney JR, Haragan A, Chadwick C, Giles TE, Grundy S, Tippett V, Gumparthy KP, Wight A, Tan HG. Programmed death ligand 1 expression in EBUS aspirates of non-small cell lung cancer: Is interpretation affected by type of fixation? Cancer Cytopathol 2019; 128:100-106. [PMID: 31851430 DOI: 10.1002/cncy.22216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Much of the reluctance about using cytology specimens rather than histology specimens to assess programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression for guiding the use of immune modulating drugs in the management of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is based on the belief that the alcohol-based fixatives favored by cytopathologists might reduce the antigenicity of PD-L1 and lead to artifactually low expression levels and false-negative reporting. Therefore, this study was performed to determine whether there is any difference in PD-L1 expression between endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS)-guided aspirates of NSCLC fixed in alcohol-based fixatives and those fixed in neutral buffered formalin (NBF), the standard laboratory fixative for histology specimens. METHODS The expression of PD-L1 was compared in 50 paired EBUS aspirates of NSCLC taken from the same lymph node during the same procedure. One aspirate of each pair was fixed in an alcohol-based fixative, and the other was fixed in NBF. RESULTS In none of the 50 pairs was there any significant difference, qualitative or quantitative, in the strength, pattern, or extent of PD-L1 expression. In the great majority, the expression was identical, regardless of fixation. CONCLUSIONS There is no evidence from this study showing that the use of alcohol-based fixatives has any effect on the expression of PD-L1 or its interpretation. Notwithstanding the general challenges in accurately assessing such expression in cytology specimens, pathologists should feel able to interpret them with confidence, and clinicians should feel able to rely on the results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John R Gosney
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Haragan
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Chadwick
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Tom E Giles
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Seamus Grundy
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Salford Royal National Health Service Foundation Trust, Salford, United Kingdom
| | - Victoria Tippett
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Aintree University Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Krishna P Gumparthy
- Department of Histopathology, Wirral University Teaching Hospital, Birkenhead, United Kingdom
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Wirral University Teaching Hospital, Birkenhead, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Wight
- Department of Histopathology, Wirral University Teaching Hospital, Birkenhead, United Kingdom
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Wirral University Teaching Hospital, Birkenhead, United Kingdom
| | - Hock G Tan
- Department of Histopathology, Wirral University Teaching Hospital, Birkenhead, United Kingdom
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Wirral University Teaching Hospital, Birkenhead, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Jiang XW, Liu W, Zhu XY, Xu XX. Evaluation of EGFR mutations in NSCLC with highly sensitive droplet digital PCR assays. Mol Med Rep 2019; 20:593-603. [PMID: 31115577 PMCID: PMC6580028 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeted drugs have been widely used in the treatment of patients with lung cancer, particularly for those with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Plasma cell-free DNA is an emerging clinical tool for the detection of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene mutation in patients with lung cancer. Detection of circulating tumor (ct) DNA by droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) is a highly sensitive and minimally invasive alternative for the assessment and management of cancer. In the present study, four ddPCR systems were developed to detect the 19DELs, L858R, T790M and C797S mutations of the EGFR gene in plasma ctDNA samples, and all exhibited higher sensitivity compared with the amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS)-PCR assays. The results revealed that the sensitivity of the ddPCR assays for the four major types of EGFR mutant reached 0.04%. In total, 50 plasma ctDNA samples were collected from patients with NSCLC to detect the 19DELs, L858R, T790M and C797S mutations by ddPCR and ARMS-PCR. All the mutations except for C797S were detected and the concordance rates between ddPCR and ARMS-PCR were 96% (19DELs), 98% (L858R) and 100% (T790M). The fraction of EGFR mutation ranged from 0.43 to 68.07% using the ddPCR method. Therefore, the present study suggests that the four ddPCR testing systems could be used for early detection of EGFR mutations in plasma samples, so that patients can better select the targeted drugs according to the EGFR mutation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Wen Jiang
- Da An Gene Co., Ltd. of Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510665, P.R. China
| | - Wei Liu
- Lu He Hospital Capital Medical University Beijing China, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Ya Zhu
- Da An Gene Co., Ltd. of Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510665, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Xie Xu
- Da An Gene Co., Ltd. of Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510665, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|