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Zarezade V, Mohammadtaghvaei N, Rashidi M, Babaahmadi-Rezaei H. Cardioprotective effect of tamoxifen and raloxifene: Preventing proteoglycan synthesis by modulating non-canonical TGF-β signalling through NADPH oxidase and ERK phosphorylation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 671:263-269. [PMID: 37307710 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, a leading cause of cardiovascular disease, remains a significant global health concern. Tamoxifen and raloxifene, selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), have demonstrated potential cardioprotective effects. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms by which these SERMs modulate Transforming Growth Factor-β (TGF-β) signaling in human vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) remain largely unexplored. This study sought to investigate the impact of tamoxifen and raloxifene on TGF-β-induced CHSY1 expression and Smad2 linker region phosphorylation in VSMCs and to elucidate the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS), NADPH oxidase (NOX), and kinase pathways in mediating these effects. Employing a comprehensive experimental strategy, VSMCs were treated with TGF-β in the presence or absence of tamoxifen, raloxifene, and various pharmacological inhibitors. Subsequently, CHSY1 mRNA expression, Smad2C and Smad2L phosphorylation, ROS production, p47phox and ERK 1/2 phosphorylation were assessed. Our results revealed that tamoxifen and raloxifene significantly attenuated TGF-β-mediated CHSY1 mRNA expression and Smad2 linker region phosphorylation, without affecting the canonical TGF-β-Smad2C pathway. Furthermore, these compounds effectively inhibited ROS production, p47phox and ERK 1/2 phosphorylation, implicating the involvement of the TGF-β-NOX-ERK-Smad2L signaling cascade in their cardioprotective properties. This study provides a comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the cardioprotective effects of tamoxifen and raloxifene in VSMCs, offering valuable insights for the development of targeted therapeutic strategies aimed at atherosclerosis prevention and the promotion of cardiovascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Zarezade
- Hyperlipidemia Research Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Narges Mohammadtaghvaei
- Hyperlipidemia Research Center, Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Paramedicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Rashidi
- Hyperlipidemia Research Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Hossein Babaahmadi-Rezaei
- Hyperlipidemia Research Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
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Mei Y, Williams JS, Webb EK, Shea AK, MacDonald MJ, Al-Khazraji BK. Roles of Hormone Replacement Therapy and Menopause on Osteoarthritis and Cardiovascular Disease Outcomes: A Narrative Review. FRONTIERS IN REHABILITATION SCIENCES 2022; 3:825147. [PMID: 36189062 PMCID: PMC9397736 DOI: 10.3389/fresc.2022.825147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a highly prevalent condition characterized by degradation of the joints. OA and cardiovascular disease (CVD) are leading contributors to disease burden worldwide, with a high level of overlap between the risk factors and occurrence of both conditions. Chief among the risk factors that contribute to OA and CVD are sex and age, which are both independent and interacting traits. Specifically, the prevalence of both conditions is higher in older women, which may be mediated by the occurrence of menopause. Menopause represents a significant transition in a women's life, and the rapid decline in circulating sex hormones, estrogen and progesterone, leads to complex physiological changes. Declines in hormone levels may partially explain the increase in prevalence of OA and CVD in post-menopausal women. In theory, the use of hormone therapy (HT) may buffer adverse effects of menopause; however, it is unclear whether HT offers protective effects for the onset or progression of these diseases. Studies have shown mixed results when describing the influence of HT on disease risk among post-menopausal women, which warrants further exploration. The roles that increasing age, female sex, HT, and CVD play in OA risk demonstrate that OA is a multifaceted condition. This review provides a timely consolidation of current literature and suggests aims for future research directions to bridge gaps in the understanding of how OA, CVD, and HT interact in post-menopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixue Mei
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jennifer S. Williams
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Erin K. Webb
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Alison K. Shea
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Maureen J. MacDonald
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Baraa K. Al-Khazraji
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Baraa K. Al-KhazrajiS
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Dudenko D, Gómez R, García-Pérez MÁ, Tarín JJ, Cano A. Bazedoxifene increases the proliferation of human arterial endothelial cells but does not affect the expression of cyclins A, B, and D1 and of p27 Kip1. Gynecol Endocrinol 2021; 37:269-272. [PMID: 33480311 DOI: 10.1080/09513590.2021.1876653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Endothelial dysfunction and denudation are considered a first step in atherosclerosis. Endothelial proliferation is key for cellular repair. The effect of bazedoxifene on the vascular endothelium has not been explored. We investigated the effect of bazedoxifene on endothelial cell proliferation. METHODS Primary cultures from human umbilical artery endothelial cells were used in dose-response experiments (0.1, 1.0, and 10.0 EC50 dose) with bazedoxifene, estradiol, raloxifene and a combination of bazedoxifene and estradiol. Proliferation was assessed with the XTT colorimetric cell-proliferation assay. The possible participation of cyclins A, B, D1 and p27Kip1 was analyzed by the measurement of their expression at both the protein and the gene levels. RESULTS A significant increase of similar size for cell proliferation was obtained with bazedoxifene, estradiol and raloxifene, but no significant change was observed for the association of bazedoxifene and estradiol. The impact was detected at the first 0.1 EC50 dose and was not dose-dependent. Estradiol achieved a significant increase in the protein expression of cyclin A and p27Kip1, but no change was detected for the other compounds at either the gene or protein level. CONCLUSION Bazedoxifene demonstrated a proliferative effect of similar size to estradiol in cultured human umbilical artery endothelial cells. The molecular mechanisms need further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darya Dudenko
- Research Unit on Women's Health-Institute of Health Research INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Raúl Gómez
- Research Unit on Women's Health-Institute of Health Research INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Miguel-Ángel García-Pérez
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Valencia, Burjassot, and INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan J Tarín
- Department of Cellular Biology, Functional Biology and Physical Anthropology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Antonio Cano
- Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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The Active Compounds of Yixin Ningshen Tablet and Their Potential Action Mechanism in Treating Coronary Heart Disease- A Network Pharmacology and Proteomics Approach. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:4912395. [PMID: 32419806 PMCID: PMC7204378 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4912395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Revised: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Yixin Ningshen tablet is a CFDA-approved TCM formula for treating coronary heart disease (CHD) clinically. However, its active compounds and mechanism of action in treating CHD are unknown. In this study, a novel strategy with the combination of network pharmacology and proteomics was proposed to identify the active components of Yixin Ningshen tablet and the mechanism by which they treat CHD. With the application of network pharmacology, 62 active compounds in Yixin Ningshen tablet were screened out by text mining, and their 313 potential target proteins were identified by a tool in SwissTargetPrediction. These data were integrated with known CHD-related proteomics results to predict the most possible targets, which reduced the 313 potential target proteins to 218. The STRING database was retrieved to find the enriched pathways and related diseases of these target proteins, which indicated that the Calcium, MAPK, PI3K-Akt, cAMP, Rap1, AGE-RAGE, Relaxin, HIF-1, Prolactin, Sphingolipid, Estrogen, IL-17, Jak-STAT signaling pathway, necroptosis, arachidonic acid metabolism, insulin resistance, endocrine resistance, and steroid hormone biosynthesis might be the main pathways regulated by Yixin Ningshen tablet for the treatment of CHD. Through further enrichment analysis and literature study, EGFR, ERBB2, VGFR2, FGF1, ESR1, LOX15, PGH2, HMDH, ADRB1, and ADRB2 were selected and then validated to be the target proteins of Yixin Ningshen tablet by molecular docking, which indicated that Yixin Ningshen tablet might treat CHD mainly through promoting heart regeneration, new vessels' formation, and the blood supply of the myocardial region and reducing cardiac output, oxygen demand, and inflammation as well as arteriosclerosis (promoting vasodilation and intraplaque neoangiogenesis, lowering blood lipid). This study is expected to benefit the clinical application of Yixin Ningshen tablet for the treatment of CHD.
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Leite ADM, Macedo AVS, Jorge AJL, Martins WDA. Antiplatelet Therapy in Breast Cancer Patients Using Hormonal Therapy: Myths, Evidence and Potentialities - Systematic Review. Arq Bras Cardiol 2018; 111:205-212. [PMID: 30183988 PMCID: PMC6122903 DOI: 10.5935/abc.20180138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed tumor in women worldwide, with a
significant impact on morbidity and mortality. Chemotherapy and hormone therapy
have significantly reduced mortality; however, the adverse effects are
significant. Aspirin has been incorporated into clinical practice for over 100
years at a low cost, making it particularly attractive as a potential agent in
breast cancer prevention and as an adjunct treatment to endocrine therapy in the
prophylaxis of cardiovascular complications. The objective of this study was to
evaluate the role of aspirin in reducing the incidence of breast cancer and to
evaluate the impact of its use on morbidity and mortality and reduction of
cardiovascular events as adjuvant therapy during breast cancer treatment with
selective estrogen receptor modulators. A systematic review was performed using
the PRISMA methodology and PICO criteria, based on the MEDLINE, EMBASE and
LILACS databases. The original articles of clinical trials, cohort, case-control
studies and meta-analyses published from January 1998 to June 2017, were
considered. Most studies showed an association between the use of selective
estrogen receptor modulators and the increase in thromboembolic events. The
studies suggest a protective effect of aspirin for cardiovascular events during
its concomitant use with selective estrogen receptor modulators and in the
prevention of breast cancer. This systematic review suggests that aspirin
therapy combines the benefit of protection against cardiovascular events with
the potential reduction in breast cancer risk, and that the evaluation of the
benefits of the interaction of endocrine therapy with aspirin should be further
investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréa de Melo Leite
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Cardiovasculares da Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niterói, RJ - Brazil.,Rede D'Or São Luiz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil
| | | | - Antonio José Lagoeiro Jorge
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Cardiovasculares da Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niterói, RJ - Brazil
| | - Wolney de Andrade Martins
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Cardiovasculares da Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niterói, RJ - Brazil
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Abstract
Hot flushes are complained of by approximately 75% of all postmenopausal women, and hormone therapy (HT) is the most effective way to alleviate them. Hot flushes are characterized by altered vascular function and sympathetic nervous system activity. Hot flushes occurred more often in women attending large, non-randomized observational studies (e.g. Nurses' Health Study), where HT use protected against cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, they were absent (or mild) in randomized HT trials where HT use was accompanied with an elevated risk for CVD. Hot flushes, if a factor for cardiovascular health, could partly explain the conflict between observational and randomized trials. Several cross-sectional studies imply that hot flushes are detrimental to the cardiovascular system. However, the data are not uniform, and hot flushes were recalled retrospectively or during HT use. In our prospective study hot flushes were accompanied with a vasodilatory effect during endothelial testing, and this was related to the severity of hot flushes. Night-time hot flushes were followed with transient rises in ambulatory blood pressure (BP). However, no effect of hot flushes on diurnal BP was detected. The use of estradiol showed no harmful effects on endothelial function in women with hot flushes, but in non-flushing women oral, but not transdermal, estradiol led to vasoconstrictive changes. Estradiol complemented with medroxyprogesterone acetate eliminated the vasoconstrictive effect of sole oral estradiol. Thus, both oral and transdermal estradiol are applicable in flushing women, whereas a transdermal route should be favored in non-flushing women if used e.g. for bone protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauliina Tuomikoski
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland
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Chummum H. Reducing the incidence of coronary heart disease. BRITISH JOURNAL OF NURSING (MARK ALLEN PUBLISHING) 2009; 18:865-70. [PMID: 19633597 DOI: 10.12968/bjon.2009.18.14.43354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD) has been significantly reduced by the introduction of the National Service Framework in 2000 but has not yet reached set targets. This article analyses the adverse effects of specific CHD risk factors to the cardiovascular system and proposes local and national strategies for further reduction in the incidence, morbidity and mortality of CHD. It provides an example of how nurses can use a health promotion programme to support patients in giving up smoking, a major contributing factor in CHD. The programme uses cognitive behaviour therapy to improve patients' uptake and adherence.
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Shchelkunova TA, Morozov IA, Rubtsov PM, Samokhodskaya LM, Kireev RA, Andrianova IV, Orekhov AN, Smirnov AN. Comparative contents of mRNAs of sex steroid receptors and enzymes of their metabolism in arterial walls of men. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2008; 73:920-8. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297908080105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Carroll JC, Pike CJ. Selective estrogen receptor modulators differentially regulate Alzheimer-like changes in female 3xTg-AD mice. Endocrinology 2008; 149:2607-11. [PMID: 18276750 PMCID: PMC2329277 DOI: 10.1210/en.2007-1346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen-based hormone therapy (HT) in postmenopausal women may reduce the risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD), although HT remains controversial. One key concern with HT is the potential of adverse outcomes such as breast and uterine cancer. A promising strategy to maximize HT benefits and minimize HT risks is the use of selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) that exert tissue-specific estrogenic effects. To begin investigating the SERM approach in reducing the risk of AD, we investigated whether AD-like neuropathology in the 3xTg-AD mouse model of AD is regulated by the SERMs propylpyrazole triol (PPT) and diarylpropionitrile (DPN) that exhibit relative specificity for estrogen receptor-alpha and -beta, respectively. Consistent with our previous observations, we found that ovariectomy-induced hormone depletion in adult female 3xTg-AD mice significantly increased accumulation of beta-amyloid protein (Abeta) and decreased hippocampal-dependent behavioral performance. Treatment with 17beta-estradiol (E2) prevented the ovariectomized-induced worsening of both pathologies. PPT treatment was similar to E2 in terms of reducing Abeta accumulation in hippocampus, subiculum, and amygdala but comparatively less effective in frontal cortex. In contrast, DPN did not significantly reduce Abeta accumulation in hippocampus and subiculum, was partially effective in frontal cortex, and nearly as effective as E2 in amygdala. Furthermore, PPT but not DPN mimicked the ability of E2 to improve behavioral performance. These findings provide initial evidence of beneficial actions of SERMs in a mouse model of AD and support continued investigation of SERMs as an alternative to estrogen-based HT in reducing the risk of AD in postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna C Carroll
- Neuroscience Graduate Program and Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, 3715 McClintock Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90089-0191, USA
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Nanetti L, Camilletti A, Francucci CM, Vignini A, Raffaelli F, Mazzanti L, Boscaro M. Role of raloxifene on platelet metabolism and plasma lipids. Eur J Clin Invest 2008; 38:117-25. [PMID: 18226045 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2007.01905.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study was performed to understand the metabolic effects of raloxifene, a selective oestrogen receptor modulator, on platelets in healthy non-obese postmenopausal women. The data were compared to untreated subjects. MATERIALS AND METHODS Platelet nitric oxide activity (NO) and peroxynitrite level, platelet inducible and endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression and plasma lipids were evaluated at baseline and after 12 months of raloxifene or placebo treatment. RESULTS A significant increase of platelet NO and reduction of platelet peroxynitrite levels, as well as a decrease of inducible nitric oxide synthase expression, was observed 12 months after raloxifene therapy as compared to baseline or placebo treatment. Moreover, raloxifene treatment caused a significant increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and a decrease of total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were observed versus baseline values (P < 0.05). A significant positive correlation was observed between high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and platelet NO (r = 0.76, P < 0.005) in the raloxifene group. CONCLUSION Our results showed that raloxifene improves platelet metabolism in healthy postmenopausal women through an increase of the bioavailability of platelet NO by a reduction of iNOS and the beneficial effects on lipid metabolism. This mechanism of action of raloxifene on platelet activity may explain some cardiovascular protective effects of this selective oestrogen receptor modulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Nanetti
- Istituto di Biochimica, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy.
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