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Zeng L, Noeparvar P, Burne RA, Glezer BS. Genetic characterization of glyoxalase pathway in oral streptococci and its contribution to interbacterial competition. J Oral Microbiol 2024; 16:2322241. [PMID: 38440286 PMCID: PMC10911100 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2024.2322241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives To analyze contributions to microbial ecology of Reactive Electrophile Species (RES), including methylglyoxal, generated during glycolysis. Methods Genetic analyses were performed on the glyoxalase pathway in Streptococcus mutans (SM) and Streptococcus sanguinis (SS), followed by phenotypic assays and transcription analysis. Results Deleting glyoxalase I (lguL) reduced RES tolerance to a far greater extent in SM than in SS, decreasing the competitiveness of SM against SS. Although SM displays a greater RES tolerance than SS, lguL-null mutants of either species showed similar tolerance; a finding consistent with the ability of methylglyoxal to induce the expression of lguL in SM, but not in SS. A novel paralogue of lguL (named gloA2) was identified in most streptococci. SM mutant ∆gloA2SM showed little change in methylglyoxal tolerance yet a significant growth defect and increased autolysis on fructose, a phenotype reversed by the addition of glutathione, or by the deletion of a fructose: phosphotransferase system (PTS) that generates fructose-1-phosphate (F-1-P). Conclusions Fructose contributes to RES generation in a PTS-specific manner, and GloA2 may be required to degrade certain RES derived from F-1-P. This study reveals the critical roles of RES in fitness and interbacterial competition and the effects of PTS in modulating RES metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zeng
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Payam Noeparvar
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Robert A. Burne
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Benjamin S. Glezer
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Santhekadur PK. The dark face of fructose as a tumor promoter. Genes Dis 2019; 7:163-165. [PMID: 32215285 PMCID: PMC7083712 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2019.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fructose, an essential biomolecule and it is a major ingredient of the modern diet across the globe. Excess consumption of fructose may be a key driver of many serious diseases such as obesity, heart diseases, type 2 diabetes and cancer. Understanding the metabolism of fructose, molecular mechanisms of its toxic nature will aid in the treatment of various diseases including cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasanna K Santhekadur
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology & Regenerative Medicine, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Sri Shivarathreeshwara Nagar, Mysore, 570015, Karnataka, India
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Zhang T, Mu Y, Yang M, Al Maruf A, Li P, Li C, Dai S, Lu J, Dong Q. (+)-Catechin prevents methylglyoxal-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis in EA.hy926 cells. Arch Physiol Biochem 2017; 123:121-127. [PMID: 28005432 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2016.1263868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether (+)-catechin, a strong antioxidant, can prevent methylglyoxal (MGO)-induced cytotoxicity and its mechanism. METHODS Cytotoxicity, apoptosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) formation, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and mitochondrial morphology were measured in EA.hy926 cells. RESULT MGO (4 mM)-induced cytotoxicity was markedly inhibited by (+)-catechin (0.1-4 mM) in 24 h. 1 mM MGO-induced apoptotic cell death (44.7%) was significantly inhibited by 4 mM (+)-catechin (to 24.4%), 1 mM aminoguanidine (AG) (to 28.8%) or 4 mM N-acetylcysteine (NAC) (to 24.3%). (+)-Catechin (4 mM) or AG (4 mM) can inhibit the decrease of MMP induced by MGO (2-8 mM) in 3 h. (+)-Catechin (4 mM) or AG (4 mM) can inhibit MGO (4 mM)-induced mitochondrial swelling in 3 h. However, MGO (4 mM)-induced ROS and H2O2 generation was not prevented by (+)-catechin (4 mM). CONCLUSIONS (+)-Catechin prevents MGO-induced cytotoxicity in EA.Hy926 cells through inhibiting apoptosis and mitochondrial damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Zhang
- a College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University , Yangling , Shaanxi , China and
| | - Yingying Mu
- a College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University , Yangling , Shaanxi , China and
| | - Mingqi Yang
- a College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University , Yangling , Shaanxi , China and
| | | | - Panpan Li
- a College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University , Yangling , Shaanxi , China and
| | - Chao Li
- a College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University , Yangling , Shaanxi , China and
| | - Shaohua Dai
- a College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University , Yangling , Shaanxi , China and
| | - Jiangyi Lu
- a College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University , Yangling , Shaanxi , China and
| | - Qiang Dong
- a College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University , Yangling , Shaanxi , China and
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Charrez B, Qiao L, Hebbard L. The role of fructose in metabolism and cancer. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2016; 22:79-89. [PMID: 25965509 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci-2015-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fructose consumption has dramatically increased in the last 30 years. The principal form has been in the form of high-fructose corn syrup found in soft drinks and processed food. The effect of excessive fructose consumption on human health is only beginning to be understood. Fructose has been confirmed to induce several obesity-related complications associated with the metabolic syndrome. Here we present an overview of fructose metabolism and how it contrasts with that of glucose. In addition, we examine how excessive fructose consumption can affect de novo lipogenesis, insulin resistance, inflammation, and reactive oxygen species production. Fructose can also induce a change in the gut permeability and promote the release of inflammatory factors to the liver, which has potential implications in increasing hepatic inflammation. Moreover, fructose has been associated with colon, pancreas, and liver cancers, and we shall discuss the evidence for these observations. Taken together, data suggest that sustained fructose consumption should be curtailed as it is detrimental to long-term human health.
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Maruf AA, Lip H, Wong H, O'Brien PJ. Protective effects of ferulic acid and related polyphenols against glyoxal- or methylglyoxal-induced cytotoxicity and oxidative stress in isolated rat hepatocytes. Chem Biol Interact 2014; 234:96-104. [PMID: 25446858 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2014.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Glyoxal (GO) and methylglyoxal (MGO) cause protein and nucleic acid carbonylation and oxidative stress by forming reactive oxygen and carbonyl species which have been associated with toxic effects that may contribute to cardiovascular disease, complications associated with diabetes mellitus, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. GO and MGO can be formed through oxidation of commonly used reducing sugars e.g., fructose under chronic hyperglycemic conditions. GO and MGO form advanced glycation end products which lead to an increased potential for developing inflammatory diseases. In the current study, we have investigated the protective effects of ferulic acid and related polyphenols e.g., caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, methyl ferulate, ethyl ferulate, and ferulaldehyde on GO- or MGO-induced cytotoxicity and oxidative stress (ROS formation, protein carbonylation and mitochondrial membrane potential maintenance) in freshly isolated rat hepatocytes. To investigate and compare the protective effects of ferulic acid and related polyphenols against GO- or MGO-induced toxicity, five hepatocyte models were used: (a) control hepatocytes, (b) GSH-depleted hepatocytes, (c) catalase-inhibited hepatocytes, (d) aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2)-inhibited hepatocytes, and (e) hepatocyte inflammation system (a non-toxic H2O2-generating system). All of the polyphenols tested significantly decreased GO- or MGO-induced cytotoxicity, ROS formation and improved mitochondrial membrane potential in these models. The rank order of their effectiveness was caffeic acid∼ferulaldehyde>ferulic acid>ethyl ferulate>methyl ferulate>p-coumaric acid. Ferulic acid was found to decrease protein carbonylation in GSH-depleted hepatocytes. This study suggests that ferulic acid and related polyphenols can be used therapeutically to inhibit or decrease GO- or MGO-induced hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Al Maruf
- Graduate Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie L. Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - HoYin Lip
- Graduate Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie L. Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Horace Wong
- Graduate Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie L. Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Peter J O'Brien
- Graduate Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie L. Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Canada.
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Yamabe S, Hirose J, Uehara Y, Okada T, Okamoto N, Oka K, Taniwaki T, Mizuta H. Intracellular accumulation of advanced glycation end products induces apoptosis via endoplasmic reticulum stress in chondrocytes. FEBS J 2013; 280:1617-29. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.12170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2012] [Revised: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Soichiro Yamabe
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery; Faculty of Life Sciences; Kumamoto University; Japan
| | - Jun Hirose
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery; Kumamoto University Hospital; Japan
| | - Yusuke Uehara
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery; Faculty of Life Sciences; Kumamoto University; Japan
| | - Tatsuya Okada
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery; Faculty of Life Sciences; Kumamoto University; Japan
| | - Nobukazu Okamoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery; Faculty of Life Sciences; Kumamoto University; Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Oka
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery; Faculty of Life Sciences; Kumamoto University; Japan
| | - Takuya Taniwaki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery; Faculty of Life Sciences; Kumamoto University; Japan
| | - Hiroshi Mizuta
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery; Faculty of Life Sciences; Kumamoto University; Japan
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Kovacic P, Somanathan R. Sugar Toxicity—Fundamental Molecular Mechanisms: α-Dicarbonyl, Electron Transfer, and Radicals. J Carbohydr Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/07328303.2012.762102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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8
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Lip H, Yang K, MacAllister SL, O’Brien PJ. Glyoxal and methylglyoxal: Autoxidation from dihydroxyacetone and polyphenol cytoprotective antioxidant mechanisms. Chem Biol Interact 2013; 202:267-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2012.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Revised: 11/18/2012] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Nomura K, Yamanouchi T. The role of fructose-enriched diets in mechanisms of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Nutr Biochem 2011; 23:203-8. [PMID: 22129639 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2011.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 09/25/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) currently affects 20%-30% of adults and 10% of children in industrialized countries, and its prevalence is increasing worldwide. Although NAFLD is a benign form of liver dysfunction, it can proceed to a more serious condition, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which may lead to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. NAFLD is accompanied by obesity, metabolic syndrome and diabetes mellitus, and evidence suggests that fructose, a major caloric sweetener in the diet, plays a significant role in its pathogenesis. Inflammatory progression to NASH is proposed to occur by a two-hit process. The first "hit" is hepatic fat accumulation owing to increased hepatic de novo lipogenesis, inhibition of fatty acid beta oxidation, impaired triglyceride clearance and decreased very-low-density lipoprotein export. The mechanisms of the second "hit" are still largely unknown, but recent studies suggest several possibilities, including inflammation caused by oxidative stress associated with lipid peroxidation, cytokine activation, nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species, and endogenous toxins of fructose metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Nomura
- Department of Hygiene and Public Health, School of Medicine, Teikyo University, Tokyo 1838605, Japan.
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Yang K, Feng C, Lip H, Bruce W, O’Brien PJ. Cytotoxic molecular mechanisms and cytoprotection by enzymic metabolism or autoxidation for glyceraldehyde, hydroxypyruvate and glycolaldehyde. Chem Biol Interact 2011; 191:315-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2011.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2010] [Revised: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 02/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Yang K, Qiang D, Delaney S, Mehta R, Bruce W, O’Brien PJ. Differences in glyoxal and methylglyoxal metabolism determine cellular susceptibility to protein carbonylation and cytotoxicity. Chem Biol Interact 2011; 191:322-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2011.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2010] [Revised: 02/11/2011] [Accepted: 02/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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12
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Lorenzi R, Andrades ME, Bortolin RC, Nagai R, Dal-Pizzol F, Moreira JCF. Circulating glycolaldehyde induces oxidative damage in the kidney of rats. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2010; 89:262-7. [PMID: 20605248 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2010.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2010] [Revised: 04/26/2010] [Accepted: 05/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Renal failure is a key pathological issue in diabetic patients. Increased levels of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) have been associated to diabetic complications, including diabetic nephropathy. Models of AGE-treated animals have been applied to evaluate the effect of such molecules on oxidative parameters involved in the pathogenesis and evolution of diabetes disease. However, little is known about the effect of glycating agents other than glucose. Here we investigate the effect of intravenously administrated glycolaldehyde (GA) on oxidative stress parameters of the kidney. Male Wistar rats received a single injection of GA in different doses (10, 50 or 100mg/kg) and were sacrificed after 6, 12 or 24h. Activities of antioxidant enzymes catalase, superoxide dismutase and glyoxalase I were assayed. Damage to proteins and lipids were also assayed. The content of N(epsilon)-(carboxymethyl)lysine (CML) was quantified. Glycolaldehyde induced a decrease in the activity of all enzymes studied. Lipoperoxidation and protein carbonylation raised, accompanied by a decrease in sulfhydryl groups. Despite the oxidative stress generated by GA, no change was found in the content of CML, suggesting that accumulation of AGEs in the kidney might occur at later steps in the development of diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Lorenzi
- Centro de Estudos em Estresse Oxidativo, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
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Dong Q, Yang K, Wong SM, O'Brien PJ. Hepatocyte or serum albumin protein carbonylation by oxidized fructose metabolites: Glyceraldehyde or glycolaldehyde as endogenous toxins? Chem Biol Interact 2010; 188:31-7. [PMID: 20561512 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2010.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2010] [Revised: 05/31/2010] [Accepted: 06/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Excessive sugar intake in animal models may cause tissue damage associated with oxidative and carbonyl stress cytotoxicity as well as inflammation. Fructose became a 100-fold more cytotoxic if hepatocytes were exposed to a non-toxic infusion of H(2)O(2) so as to simulate H(2)O(2) released by Kupffer cells or infiltrating immune cells. In order to determine the molecular mechanisms involved, protein carbonylation of fructose and its metabolites were determined using the 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine method. In a cell-free system, fructose was found to carbonylate bovine serum albumin (BSA) only if low concentrations of FeII/H(2)O(2) were added. Protein carbonylation by the fructose metabolites glyceraldehyde or glycolaldehyde was also markedly increased by FeII/H(2)O(2). The protein carbonylation may be attributed to glyoxal formation by hydroxyl radicals as the glyoxal trapping agent aminoguanidine or hydroxyl radical scavengers prevented protein carbonylation. Glyoxal was also much more effective than other carbonyls at causing protein carbonylation. When BSA was replaced by isolated rat hepatocytes, fructose metabolite glyceraldehyde in the presence of non-toxic 2 microM FeII:8-hydroxyquinoline (HQ) and a H(2)O(2) generating system (glucose/glucose oxidase) markedly increased cytotoxicity, protein carbonylation and reactive oxygen species (ROS)/H(2)O(2) formation. Furthermore this was prevented by hydroxyl radical scavengers or aminoguanidine, a glyoxal scavenger. CuII: 8-hydroxyquinoline increased H(2)O(2) induced hepatocyte protein carbonylation less but was prevented by aminoguanidine. However, cytotoxicity and protein carbonylation induced by glyceraldehyde/CuII:HQ/H(2)O(2) were not affected by hydroxyl radical scavengers. Although fatty liver induced by an excessive sugar diet in animal models has been proposed as the first hit for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) we propose that oxidative stress induced by the oxidation of fructose or fructose metabolites catalysed by Fenton FeII/H(2)O(2) could be a 'second hit'. A perpetual cycle of oxidative stress in hepatocytes could lead to cytotoxicity and contribute to NASH development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Dong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
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