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Potassium Dichromate-Induced Hepato- and Hematotoxicity in Rats: Nutritive Composition and Ameliorative Role of Acacia nilotica L. Leaf. Jundishapur J Nat Pharm Prod 2021. [DOI: 10.5812/jjnpp.104346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Chromium and its salts, as well as chromium-containing compounds, play a major role in numerous manufacturing processes and have been contraindicated in carcinogenic, toxic, and mutagenic conditions in people involved in these processes. Objectives: This study investigated the ameliorative role of Acacia nilotica aqueous leave extract (ANLA) on potassium dichromate-induced liver and blood toxicity in male and female rats. Phytochemical screening and nutrient composition of ANLA were also evaluated. Methods: Phytochemical and proximate analysis of ANLA were carried out. Twenty adult male and female rats each were divided into four groups (n = 10): (1) control; (2) potassium dichromate (PDC; 0.625 mg/kg body weight); (3) PDC co-treated with ANLA after seven days (650 mg/kg bwt); and (4) PDC co-treated with ANLA (650 mg/kg bwt) simultaneously for 21 days. Biomarkers of liver injury, lipid, and hematological imbalance were assessed. Tissue histology and toxicant retention were done. Results: Various plant secondary metabolites (flavonoids, terpenoids, tannins, phenols, saponins, cardiac glycosides, alkaloids, and anthraquinones) and nutrients (protein = 67.41 ± 2.44%; carbohydrate = 9.87 ± 1.87%; fiber = 10.01 ± 1.21%; mineral = 6.41 ± 1.08%; fat and oil = 6.63 ± 0.93%) were identified in the leave. Exposure to chromium significantly (P < 0.05) increased plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) with a concomitant decrease in the activity of these enzymes in the liver of both male and female rats. The exposure also altered protein, triglyceride, and cholesterol levels in the plasma and liver as well as hematological indices. Organ chromium retention and pathological changes were also observed. ANLA modulated these chromium-induced alterations in the rats. Conclusions: Based on the results, ANLA possesses ameliorative property against PDC-induced toxicity in rats. Thus it may be used to combat chromium poisoning. The nutritive potential of A. nilotica leaves may also be maximized.
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Mahalakshmi R, Priyanga J, Vedha Hari BN, Bhakta-Guha D, Guha G. Hexavalent chromium-induced autophagic death of WRL-68 cells is mitigated by aqueous extract of Cuminum cyminum L. seeds. 3 Biotech 2020; 10:191. [PMID: 32269896 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-02184-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we assessed the potential of aqueous extract (CSEaq) of Cuminum cyminum L. (cumin) seeds in protecting WRL-68 cells from hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)]-induced oxidative injury. Cells exposed to Cr(VI) (10 μM CrO3) for 24 h demonstrated a twofold increase in ROS, which, in turn, led to extensive oxidative stress, consequently causing colossal decline in cell viability (by 58.82 ± 9.79%) and proliferation (as was evident from a reduced expression of Ki-67, a proliferation marker). Immunofluorescence studies showed that Cr(VI) diminished the expressions of mTOR and survivin in WRL-68 cells. It also led to a substantial elevation of BECN1 expression, which suggested autophagy. Overall, our results indicated that 24 h exposure of WRL-68 cells to Cr(VI) caused oxidative stress-induced autophagic cell death. CSEaq was found to protect WRL-68 cells from the same fate by refurbishing their viability and proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. The extract reduced ROS in these cells, which consequently decreased the degree of autophagic cell death by restoring expressions of mTOR, survivin and BECN1 to their respective normal levels. Biochemical assays revealed that CSEaq is rich in phenolic constituents. Total phenolic content of CSEaq demonstrated positive correlations with (i) its antioxidant potential, (ii) its alleviation of cellular oxidative stress and (iii) its cytoprotective efficacy in Cr(VI)-treated WRL-68 cells. We also identified the major phenolic constituents of CSEaq. Our study suggested that polyphenols in CSEaq might be responsible for protecting WRL-68 cells from Cr(VI)-governed oxidative assault that would have otherwise led to survivin/mTOR-mediated autophagic death.
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Meira EF, Oliveira ND, Mariani NP, Porto ML, Severi JA, Siman FD, Meyrelles SS, Vasquez EC, Gava AL. Eugenia uniflora (pitanga) leaf extract prevents the progression of experimental acute kidney injury. J Funct Foods 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2020.103818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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Costa CRR, Amorim BR, Silva SMMD, Acevedo AC, Magalhães PDO, Guerra ENS. In vitro evaluation of Eugenia dysenterica in primary culture of human gingival fibroblast cells. Braz Oral Res 2019; 33:e035. [PMID: 31038569 DOI: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2019.vol33.0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Eugenia dysenterica is a Brazilian tree investigated for its properties and bioactive compounds, which are believed to have both pharmacological and phytochemical therapeutic effects. The leaves of this tree contain tannins, flavonoids, terpenes, and saponins, with reportedly beneficial effects to the human body. Despite these therapeutic applications, its effects have never been tested on oral tissues. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the cytotoxic and antioxidant effects and the anti-inflammatory and repair properties of the acetone fraction of E. dysenterica on primary culture of human gingival fibroblasts and on the immortalized murine macrophage cell line (RAW 264.7). For this purpose, a metabolic activity assay, a wound healing assay, a nitric oxide assay, and RT-qPCR were performed. The assays revealed a cytoprotective effect of this plant, suggested by the increase in the expression of SOD1 and NRF2. An antioxidant potential effect was observed in the DPPH• assay. However, the fraction of E. dysenterica did not show anti-inflammatory activity. In conclusion, Eugenia dysenterica may promote cytoprotection when associated with chlorhexidine digluconate because of its antioxidant effect. However, additional studies are necessary on other human dental tissues using other parts of the plant in order to develop a possible mouthwash to assist patients with oral disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bruna Rabelo Amorim
- Universidade de Brasília - UNB, Faculty of Health Sciences, Laboratory of Oral Histopathology, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | | | - Ana Carolina Acevedo
- Universidade de Brasília - UNB, Faculty of Health Sciences, Laboratory of Oral Histopathology, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Pérola de Oliveira Magalhães
- Universidade de Brasília - UNB, Faculty of Health Sciences, Laboratory of Natural Products, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Eliete Neves Silva Guerra
- Universidade de Brasília - UNB, Faculty of Health Sciences, Laboratory of Oral Histopathology, Brasília, DF, Brazil
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Dos Santos Rodrigues B, de Ávila RI, Benfica PL, Bringel LP, de Oliveira CMA, Vandresen F, da Silva CC, Valadares MC. 4-Fluorobenzaldehyde limonene-based thiosemicarbazone induces apoptosis in PC-3 human prostate cancer cells. Life Sci 2018; 203:141-149. [PMID: 29674122 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS This study evaluated parameters of toxicity and antiproliferative effects of (+)-N(1)-4-fluorobenzaldehyde-N(4)-{1-methyl-1-[(1R)-4-methylcyclohexene-3-il]-ethyl}-thiossemicarbazone (4-FTSC) in PC-3 adenocarcinoma prostate cells. MAIN METHODS Cytotoxicity of 4-FTSC in PC-3 cells was evaluated using MTT assay. Morphology examination of PC-3 cells treated with 4-FTSC was also performed as well as the cell death mechanisms induced were investigated using flow cytometry. Parameters of toxicity of 4-FTSC was conducted by the investigation of its potential myelotoxicity and lymphotoxicity, hemolytic activity and acute oral toxicity profile. KEY FINDINGS 4-FTSC showed promising cytotoxic effects against PC-3 cells (IC50 = 18.46 μM). It also triggered apoptotic morphological changes, phosphatidylserine externalization and a significant increase of DNA fragmentation in PC-3 cells. Moreover, 4-FTSC did not show changes in the PC-3 cell cycle with levels of p21, p27, NFĸB and cyclin D1 similar to those found in both control and treated cells. 4-FTSC also promoted an increase of p53 levels associated with mitochondrial impairment through loss of ∆Ψm and ROS overproduction. 4-FTSC-induced cell death mechanism in PC-3 cells involved activation of caspase-3/-7 through apoptosis intrinsic pathway via caspase-9. Regarding toxicological profile, 4-FTSC showed in vitro lymphotoxicity, although with low cytotoxicity for bone marrow progenitors and no hemolytic potential. Moreover, it was classified as GHS category 5 (LD50 > 2000-5000 mg/Kg), suggesting it has low acute oral systemic toxicity. SIGNIFICANCE 4-FTSC seems to be a promising candidate to be used as a clinical tool in prostate cancer treatment. Further studies are required to better clarify its toxicopharmacological effects found in this compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Dos Santos Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Toxicologia Celular, FarmaTec, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Renato Ivan de Ávila
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Toxicologia Celular, FarmaTec, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Polyana Lopes Benfica
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Toxicologia Celular, FarmaTec, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | | | | | - Fábio Vandresen
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Marize Campos Valadares
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Toxicologia Celular, FarmaTec, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil.
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Moreira LC, de Ávila RI, Veloso DFMC, Pedrosa TN, Lima ES, do Couto RO, Lima EM, Batista AC, de Paula JR, Valadares MC. In vitro safety and efficacy evaluations of a complex botanical mixture of Eugenia dysenterica DC. (Myrtaceae): Prospects for developing a new dermocosmetic product. Toxicol In Vitro 2017; 45:397-408. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Benfica PL, de Ávila RI, Rodrigues BDS, Cortez AP, Batista AC, Gaeti MPN, Lima EM, Rezende KR, Valadares MC. 4-Nerolidylcatechol: apoptosis by mitochondrial mechanisms with reduction in cyclin D1 at G0/G1 stage of the chronic myelogenous K562 cell line. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2017; 55:1899-1908. [PMID: 28644062 PMCID: PMC6130688 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2017.1311351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2015] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT 4-Nerolidylcatechol (4-NRC) has showed antitumor potential through apoptosis. However, its apoptotic mechanisms are still unclear, especially in leukemic cells. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the cytotoxic potential of 4-NRC and its cell death pathways in p53-null K562 leukemic cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cytotoxicity of 4-NRC (4.17-534.5 μM) over 24 h of exposure was evaluated by MTT assay. 4-NRC-induced apoptosis in K562 cells was investigated by phosphatidylserine (PS) externalization, cell cycle, sub-G1, mitochondrial evaluation, cytochrome c, cyclin D1 and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, and caspase activity analysis. RESULTS IC50 values obtained were 11.40, 27.31, 15.93 and 15.70 μM for lymphocytes, K562, HL-60 and Jurkat cells, respectively. In K562 cells, 4-NRC (27 μM) promoted apoptosis as verified by cellular morphological changes, a significant increase in PS externalization and sub-G1 cells. Moreover, it significantly arrested the cells at the G0/G1 phase due to a reduction in cyclin D1 expression. These effects of 4-NRC also significantly promoted a reduction in mitochondrial activity and membrane depolarization, accumulation of cytosolic cytochrome c and ROS overproduction. Additionally, it triggered an increase in caspases -3/7, -8 and -9 activities. When the cells were pretreated with N-acetyl-l-cysteine ROS scavenger, 4-NRC-induced apoptosis was partially blocked, which suggests that it exerts cytotoxicity though not exclusively through ROS-mediated mechanisms. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 4-NRC has antileukemic properties, inducing apoptosis mediated by mitochondrial-dependent mechanisms with cyclin D1 inhibition. Given that emerging treatment concepts include novel combinations of well-known agents, 4-NRC could offer a promising alternative for chemotherapeutic combinations to maximize tumour suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polyana Lopes Benfica
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Toxicologia Celular-FarmaTec, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Renato Ivan de Ávila
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Toxicologia Celular-FarmaTec, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Bruna dos Santos Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Toxicologia Celular-FarmaTec, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Alane Pereira Cortez
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Toxicologia Celular-FarmaTec, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Aline Carvalho Batista
- Laboratório de Patologia Bucal, Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | | | - Eliana Martins Lima
- Laboratório de Tecnologia Farmacêutica-FarmaTec, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Kênnia Rocha Rezende
- Laboratório de Biofarmácia e Farmacocinética de Substâncias Bioativas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Marize Campos Valadares
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Toxicologia Celular-FarmaTec, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
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Wang Y, Su H, Gu Y, Song X, Zhao J. Carcinogenicity of chromium and chemoprevention: a brief update. Onco Targets Ther 2017; 10:4065-4079. [PMID: 28860815 PMCID: PMC5565385 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s139262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromium has two main valence states: hexavalent chromium (Cr[VI]) and trivalent chromium (Cr[III]). Cr(VI), a well-established human carcinogen, can enter cells by way of a sulfate/phosphate anion-transport system, and then be reduced to lower-valence intermediates consisting of pentavalent chromium (Cr[V]), tetravalent chromium (Cr[IV]) or Cr(III) via cellular reductants. These intermediates may directly or indirectly result in DNA damage or DNA–protein cross-links. Although Cr(III) complexes cannot pass easily through cell membranes, they have the ability to accumulate around cells to induce cell-surface morphological alteration and result in cell-membrane lipid injuries via disruption of cellular functions and integrity, and finally to cause DNA damage. In recent years, more research, including in vitro, in vivo, and epidemiological studies, has been conducted to evaluate the genotoxicity/carcinogenicity induced by Cr(VI) and/or Cr(III) compounds. At the same time, various therapeutic agents, especially antioxidants, have been explored through in vitro and in vivo studies for preventing chromium-induced genotoxicity/carcinogenesis. This review aims to provide a brief update on the carcinogenicity of Cr(VI) and Cr(III) and chemoprevention with different antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafei Wang
- Department of Preventative Medicine, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Su
- Department of Preventative Medicine, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanliang Gu
- Department of Preventative Medicine, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Song
- Department of Preventative Medicine, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinshun Zhao
- Department of Preventative Medicine, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, People's Republic of China.,Toxicology and Molecular Biology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
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