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Albahri G, Badran A, Abdel Baki Z, Alame M, Hijazi A, Daou A, Baydoun E. Potential Anti-Tumorigenic Properties of Diverse Medicinal Plants against the Majority of Common Types of Cancer. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:574. [PMID: 38794144 PMCID: PMC11124340 DOI: 10.3390/ph17050574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Globally, cancer is one of the primary causes of both morbidity and mortality. To prevent cancer from getting worse, more targeted and efficient treatment plans must be developed immediately. Recent research has demonstrated the benefits of natural products for several illnesses, and these products have played a significant role in the development of novel treatments whose bioactive components serve as both chemotherapeutic and chemo-preventive agents. Phytochemicals are naturally occurring molecules obtained from plants that have potential applications in both cancer therapy and the development of new medications. These phytochemicals function by regulating the molecular pathways connected to the onset and progression of cancer. Among the specific methods are immune system control, inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, preventing proliferation, raising antioxidant status, and inactivating carcinogens. A thorough literature review was conducted using Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, Google Patent, Patent Scope, and US Patent to obtain the data. To provide an overview of the anticancer effects of several medicinal plants, including Annona muricata, Arctium lappa, Arum palaestinum, Cannabis sativa, Catharanthus roseus, Curcuma longa, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Hibiscus, Kalanchoe blossfeldiana, Moringa oleifera, Nerium oleander, Silybum marianum, Taraxacum officinale, Urtica dioica, Withania somnifera L., their availability, classification, active components, pharmacological activities, signaling mechanisms, and potential side effects against the most common cancer types were explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghosoon Albahri
- Plateforme de Recherche et d’Analyse en Sciences de l’Environnement (EDST-PRASE), Beirut P.O. Box 657314, Lebanon; (G.A.); (M.A.); (A.H.)
| | - Adnan Badran
- Department of Nutrition, University of Petra Amman Jordan, Amman P.O. Box 961343, Jordan;
| | - Zaher Abdel Baki
- College of Engineering and Technology, American University of the Middle East, Egaila 54200, Kuwait;
| | - Mohamad Alame
- Plateforme de Recherche et d’Analyse en Sciences de l’Environnement (EDST-PRASE), Beirut P.O. Box 657314, Lebanon; (G.A.); (M.A.); (A.H.)
| | - Akram Hijazi
- Plateforme de Recherche et d’Analyse en Sciences de l’Environnement (EDST-PRASE), Beirut P.O. Box 657314, Lebanon; (G.A.); (M.A.); (A.H.)
| | - Anis Daou
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, College of Pharmacy, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar
| | - Elias Baydoun
- Department of Biology, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107, Lebanon
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Break MKB, Hussein W, Huwaimel B, Alafnan A, Almansour K, Alafnan D, Alshammari AS, Alanazi IA, Alshammari DS, Alanzi FS, Alsnaideh FF, Almuhaysin A, Alanazi YS, Algharbi S, AlHarbi S. Artemisia sieberi Besser essential oil inhibits the growth and migration of breast cancer cells via induction of S-phase arrest, caspase-independent cell death and downregulation of ERK. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 312:116492. [PMID: 37059248 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Artemisia sieberi Besser is a medicinal herb that has been traditionally used across the Middle East for the treatment of cancer. Further pharmacological studies on its extracts revealed that they possess cytotoxic activity against certain cancer cells, however, there were no studies conducted on the anticancer potential of Artemisia sieberi essential oil (ASEO). AIM OF THE STUDY To evaluate the anticancer potential of ASEO, elucidate the oil's mode of action for the first time and investigate its chemical composition. MATERIALS AND METHODS Artemisia sieberi was collected from Hail, Saudi Arabia, and its essential oil was obtained via hydrodistillation. The oil's activity against HCT116, HepG2, A549 and MCF-7 cells was assessed using SRB assay, while its anti-metastatic potential was assessed via a migration assay. Cell-cycle analysis and apoptosis assay were conducted via flow cytometry, while protein expression levels were investigated using Western blotting. The oil's chemical constituents were identified using GCMS. RESULTS ASEO exerted its highest cytotoxic activity against MCF-7 with an IC50 value of 38.7 μg/ml. Further studies showed that the oil inhibited MCF-7 cells' migration, induced S-phase arrest and apoptosis. Western blot analysis showed no change in the expression level of caspase-3 after treatment, indicating the induction of caspase-independent apoptosis-like cell death in MCF-7. Treatment of MCF-7 with the oil resulted in downregulation of the protein expression levels of total ERK and its downstream target, LC3, indicating that any potential activation of the ERK signalling pathway during the cancer cells' growth would be inhibited. Finally, GCMS analysis identified the oil's major components as cis-crysanthenyl acetate (48.56%), davanone (10.28%), 1,8-cineole (6.81%) and caryophyllene diepoxide (5.34%), whereby it is suggested that these compounds might be responsible for the oil's bioactivity. CONCLUSION ASEO possessed in vitro anticancer activity and modulated the ERK signalling pathway. This is the first study to explore the anticancer potential of ASEO in detail and reflects the significance of investigating essential oils from medicinal plants that have been traditionally used against cancer. This work might pave the way for further in vivo studies that could result in developing the oil into a natural effective anticancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Khaled Bin Break
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Weiam Hussein
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bader Huwaimel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia; Medical and Diagnostic Research Center, University of Ha'il, Hail, 55473, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Alafnan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khaled Almansour
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dalal Alafnan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Ibrahim Awadh Alanazi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dera Salah Alshammari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fares Saud Alanzi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faisal Fahad Alsnaideh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abduldaem Almuhaysin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yasir Salem Alanazi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh Algharbi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sami AlHarbi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
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Stefanowicz-Hajduk J, Hering A, Kowalczyk M, Hałasa R, Gucwa M, Ochocka JR. Kalanchoe sp. Extracts-Phytochemistry, Cytotoxic, and Antimicrobial Activities. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2268. [PMID: 37375893 DOI: 10.3390/plants12122268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Kalanchoe species are succulents occurring in tropical regions. They have many biological and pharmacological properties. In this study, the cytotoxic and antimicrobial activities of water and dichloromethane Kalanchoe fractions obtained from ethanol extracts of three Kalanchoe species-K. daigremontiana, K. pinnata, and K. blossfeldiana were estimated. The cytotoxic effect was assessed on human cancer cell lines-ovarian SKOV-3, cervical HeLa, breast MCF-7, and melanoma A375-by MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay. The antimicrobial activity was estimated on selected Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria strains and on Candida albicans. The phytochemical analysis of selected Kalanchoe extracts was conducted by LC-QTOF-MS. The obtained results showed that the water fraction of K. blossfeldiana was active both on the tested cancer cells (IC50 values were 28.28 ± 2.76 and 32.51 ± 0.69 µg/mL on HeLa and SKOV-3, respectively) and bacteria strains (MIC values were 16 and 32 µg/mL on S. epidermidis and S. aureus, respectively). The water fraction of K. pinnata also had a significant effect on S. epidermidis and S. aureus, with MIC values of 32 and 64 µg/mL, respectively. The water fraction of K. blossfeldiana triggered a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and induced cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase in the SKOV-3 and HeLa cells. This fraction did not significantly increase cellular oxidative stress level. The DPPH and ABTS assays revealed that the water fraction of K. blossfeldiana had a strong antioxidant effect (IC50 was 9.44 ± 0.06 and 3.17 ± 0.1 µg/mL, respectively). The phytochemical analysis of the extracts of K. blossfeldiana and K. pinnata revealed the presence of at least 218 main components. The most frequently occurring were flavonol glycosides (31 metabolites), phenylpropanoids (13 metabolites), gallic acid derivatives (13 compounds), benzoic acid derived compounds (14 metabolites), and acyclic alcohol glycosides (16 compounds). In addition, proanthocyanidins were detected mainly in K. blossfeldiana. The study indicates that the water fraction of K. blossfeldiana has significant biological potential and can be further investigated towards anticancer and antimicrobial application.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Hering
- Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-416 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Mariusz Kowalczyk
- Department of Biochemistry and Crop Quality, Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation, State Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Rafał Hałasa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-416 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Magdalena Gucwa
- Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-416 Gdansk, Poland
| | - J Renata Ochocka
- Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-416 Gdansk, Poland
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Cheng H, Li Y, Cheng J, Zhang Y, Zhang B. Study on the effect and mechanisms of piperine against cervical cancer based on network pharmacology and experimental validation. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 2023:1-24. [PMID: 37235876 DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2023.2217611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Piperine has immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties, and its potential in treating cervical cancer needs further exploration. Using data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), we identified immune-related differentially expressed genes (IRDEGs) in cervical cancer. Predicted targets of piperine were compared with cervical cancer-associated genes from various databases. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis, enrichment of GO and KEGG pathways, and molecular docking were performed. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was done to assess prognostic significance. In vitro and in vivo experiments were conducted to confirm findings. We obtained 403 IRDEGs, 125 piperine targets, and 7037 cervical cancer genes. PPI network analysis revealed potential targets and pathways regulated by piperine. Molecular docking showed good binding activity of piperine with specific targets. In vitro, piperine inhibited cervical cancer cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, and promoted apoptosis. In vivo, piperine suppressed tumor growth and downregulated expression of IL-1β and NLRP3 in tumor cells. Piperine also downregulated expression of IL-17A, IL-21, IL-22, and RORγt, and decreased the number of Th17 cells in tumor tissues. Piperine may inhibit cervical cancer progression through modulation of Th17 cell activation mediated by the NLRP3/IL-1β axis. Further studies are warranted to explore the potential of piperine as an immunomodulatory agent in cervical cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Cheng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xuzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yanyu Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xuzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jie Cheng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xuzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yanling Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xuzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bei Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xuzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
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Bioactive Compounds from Kalanchoe Genus Potentially Useful for the Development of New Drugs. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13030646. [PMID: 36983802 PMCID: PMC10058616 DOI: 10.3390/life13030646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The genus Kalanchoe Adans. (Crassulaceae) is native to Madagascar and comprises 145 species, being naturalized in the tropics and cultivated worldwide. In addition to having ornamental value, several Kalanchoe species are commonly used in popular medicine for the treatment of inflammatory conditions, wounds, gastric ulcers, and other diseases. The great importance of the genus is reflected on its acknowledgment by traditional and alternative health systems and organizations, as well as on the growing number of papers reporting pharmacological properties of extracts and isolated compounds from Kalanchoe. Among these properties, we highlight anti-inflammatory, antitumor, wound healing, antiulcer, and muscle relaxing properties. These activities are attributed mostly to flavonoids and bufadienolides, the main secondary metabolites reported in Kalanchoe extracts. While bufadienolides are generally related to cytotoxic and muscle relaxing activities, flavonoids are commonly reported as anti-inflammatory and wound healing agents. This review provides up to date information and perspectives on bioactive compounds from the Kalanchoe genus that are potentially useful for the development of new drugs. It includes not only a discussion on the advantages of the Kalanchoe species as source of bioactive compounds, but also the gaps, opportunities, and challenges to translate the acquired knowledge into innovation for drug development.
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Offei SD, Arman HD, Yoshimoto FK. Copper oxidation chemistry using a 19-iminopyridine-bearing steroidal ligand: (i) C5-C6 olefin difunctionalization and (ii) C1β-hydroxylation/C19-peroxidation. Steroids 2022; 186:109088. [PMID: 35835204 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2022.109088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The Schönecker oxidation involves the 12beta-hydroxylation of 17-imino pyridine DHEA derivatives using copper and either molecular oxygen or hydrogen peroxide as the oxidant. In this study, a 19-imino pyridine DHEA derivative was synthesized and was treated with copper nitrate and hydrogen peroxide. Our results showed the difunctionalization of an olefin for delta-5 steroid substrates to yield a 5beta-hydroxylated 6alpha-nitrate ester product. In contrast, for 19-imino pyridine precursors with a 5alpha-androstane steroid backbone: a 1beta-hydroxylation and 19-peroxidation occurred to yield a 1beta-hydroxylated 19-imidoperoxoic acid product. In conclusion, new Schönecker oxidation chemistry was discovered (C5-C6 olefin difunctionalization and C1beta-hydroxylation/C19-peroxidation) when a 19-imino pyridine DHEA derivative was used as the substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel D Offei
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio (UTSA), San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - Hadi D Arman
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio (UTSA), San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - Francis K Yoshimoto
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio (UTSA), San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
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Hernández-Caballero ME, Sierra-Ramírez JA, Villalobos-Valencia R, Seseña-Méndez E. Potential of Kalanchoe pinnata as a Cancer Treatment Adjuvant and an Epigenetic Regulator. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27196425. [PMID: 36234962 PMCID: PMC9573125 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is a global public health problem that is related to different environmental and lifestyle factors. Although the combination of screening, prevention, and treatment of cancer has resulted in increased patient survival, conventional treatments sometimes have therapeutic limitations such as resistance to drugs or severe side effects. Oriental culture includes herbal medicine as a complementary therapy in combination with chemotherapy or radiotherapy. This study aimed to identify the bioactive ingredients in Kalanchoe pinnata, a succulent herb with ethnomedical applications for several diseases, including cancer, and reveal its anticancer mechanisms through a molecular approach. The herb contains gallic acid, caffeic acid, coumaric acid, quercetin, quercitrin, isorhamnetin, kaempferol, bersaldegenin, bryophyllin a, bryophyllin c, bryophynol, bryophyllol and bryophollone, stigmasterol, campesterol, and other elements. Its phytochemicals participate in the regulation of proliferation, apoptosis, cell migration, angiogenesis, metastasis, oxidative stress, and autophagy. They have the potential to act as epigenetic drugs by reverting the acquired epigenetic changes associated with tumor resistance to therapy-such as the promoter methylation of suppressor genes, inhibition of DNMT1 and DNMT3b activity, and HDAC regulation-through methylation, thereby regulating the expression of genes involved in the PI3K/Akt/mTOR, Nrf2/Keap1, MEK/ERK, and Wnt/β-catenin pathways. All of the data support the use of K. pinnata as an adjuvant in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Elena Hernández-Caballero
- Facultad de Medicina, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Biomedicina, 13 sur 2702 Col. Volcanes, Puebla C.P. 72410, Mexico
- Correspondence: or
| | - José Alfredo Sierra-Ramírez
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Salvador Díaz Mirón Esq. Plan de San Luis S/N, Miguel Hidalgo, Casco de Santo Tomas, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
| | - Ricardo Villalobos-Valencia
- UMAE Hospital de Oncología, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Av. Cuauhtémoc 330, Col. Doctores, Cd México C.P. 06725, Mexico
| | - Emmanuel Seseña-Méndez
- Facultad de Medicina, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Biomedicina, 13 sur 2702 Col. Volcanes, Puebla C.P. 72410, Mexico
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Stefanowicz-Hajduk J, Hering A, Gucwa M, Sztormowska-Achranowicz K, Kowalczyk M, Soluch A, Ochocka JR. An In Vitro Anticancer, Antioxidant, and Phytochemical Study on Water Extract of Kalanchoe daigremontiana Raym.-Hamet and H. Perrier. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27072280. [PMID: 35408681 PMCID: PMC9000682 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27072280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Kalanchoe species are succulents with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and analgesic properties, as well as cytotoxic activity. One of the most popular species cultivated in Europe is Kalanchoe daigremontiana Raym.-Hamet and H. Perrier. In our study, we analyzed the phytochemical composition of K. daigremontiana water extract using UHPLC-QTOF-MS and estimated the cytotoxic activity of the extract on human ovarian cancer SKOV-3 cells by MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay, flow cytometry, luminometric, and fluorescent microscopy techniques. The expression levels of 92 genes associated with cell death were estimated via real-time PCR. The antioxidant activity was assessed via flow cytometry on human keratinocyte HaCaT cell line. The DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical and FRAP (ferric-reducing antioxidant power) assays were also applied. We identified twenty bufadienolide compounds in the water extract and quantified eleven. Bersaldegenin-1,3,5-orthoacetate and bryophyllin A were present in the highest amounts (757.4 ± 18.7 and 573.5 ± 27.2 ng/mg dry weight, respectively). The extract showed significant antiproliferative and cytotoxic activity, induced depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane, and significantly arrested cell cycle in the S and G2/M phases of SKOV-3 cells. Caspases-3, 7, 8, and 9 were not activated during the treatment, which indicated non-apoptotic cell death triggered by the extract. Additionally, the extract increased the level of oxidative stress in the cancer cell line. In keratinocytes treated with menadione, the extract moderately reduced the level of oxidative stress. This antioxidant activity was confirmed by the DPPH and FRAP assays, where the obtained IC50 values were 1750 ± 140 and 1271.82 ± 53.25 μg/mL, respectively. The real-time PCR analysis revealed that the extract may induce cell death via TNF receptor (tumor necrosis factor receptor) superfamily members 6 and 10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Stefanowicz-Hajduk
- Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland; (A.H.); (M.G.); (J.R.O.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-204 Gdańsk, Poland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Anna Hering
- Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland; (A.H.); (M.G.); (J.R.O.)
| | - Magdalena Gucwa
- Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland; (A.H.); (M.G.); (J.R.O.)
| | | | - Mariusz Kowalczyk
- Department of Biochemistry and Crop Quality, Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation, State Research Institute, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (M.K.); (A.S.)
| | - Agata Soluch
- Department of Biochemistry and Crop Quality, Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation, State Research Institute, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (M.K.); (A.S.)
| | - J. Renata Ochocka
- Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland; (A.H.); (M.G.); (J.R.O.)
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