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Mateș L, Rusu ME, Popa DS. Phytochemicals and Biological Activities of Walnut Septum: A Systematic Review. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12030604. [PMID: 36978850 PMCID: PMC10045788 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12030604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last few decades, scientific evidence has stressed the importance of plants in the prevention and/or supportive treatment of a plethora of diseases, many of them chronic, age-associated disorders. Juglans regia L. is a traditional plant that has been integrated into traditional medicine since ancient times. Due to the presence of biologically active compounds, walnut was used in the treatment of various maladies. Recently, investigations have focused on the walnut by-products and waste products, with research on their valuable constituents and active properties. Among these secondary products, walnut septum was analyzed in several studies, its phytochemical profile described, and some of the biological activities examined. However, compared to other walnut by-products, no comprehensive review to gather all the pertinent scientific knowledge was found in the literature. Therefore, the aim of this study was to critically assess the information furnished by peer-reviewed articles regarding the walnut septum chemical composition and the related biological activities, including antioxidant activities, anti-inflammatory effects, antimicrobial properties, antidiabetic activities, anti-tumor properties, and anti-aging potential. In conclusion, as these preclinical studies showed that walnut septum metabolites were responsible for a wide range of preventive and therapeutic uses, further research should confirm the beneficial outcomes in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letiția Mateș
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Victor Babes, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Marius Emil Rusu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Victor Babes, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +40-264-450-555
| | - Daniela-Saveta Popa
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Victor Babes, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Kim JW, Geum JH, Ha WB, Woo HJ, Han YH, Park SH, Lee JH. The efficacy, effectiveness, and safety of Kyung-ok-ko: A narrative review. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e31311. [PMID: 36397335 PMCID: PMC9666190 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000031311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Kyung-ok-ko (KOK), a traditional medicinal formula in East Asia, has been recently studied across various fields. However, comprehensive reviews of clinical applications of KOK targeting clinical and experimental studies are lacking. Therefore, the application of KOK is being limited to the range of tonic medicines. To overcome this limitation, we aim to investigate the effectiveness, mechanism, and safety of KOK to obtain evidence regarding its effects in clinical applications. We searched for clinical and experimental articles in 11 databases (PubMed, Cochrane Library, Excerpta Medica dataBASE, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Google Scholar, Research Information Sharing Service, Oriental Medicine Advanced Searching Integrated System, Koreanstudies Information Service System, Korean Medical Database, DBpia, and ScienceON). We selected 54 studies based on the inclusion criteria. Three clinical studies used KOK for a consumptive disease and health promotion. Fifty-one experimental studies reported the antioxidant activity, neuroprotective activity, anticancer effect, anti-inflammatory activity, immunological activity, growth promotion, impacts on cardiovascular system diseases, gastrointestinal system diseases, respiratory system diseases, and metabolic bone disease, hepatoprotective function, and antifatigue function of KOK, which were considered effective and safe in consumptive, chronic, metabolic, inflammatory, and immune diseases. We identified the effectiveness of KOK in the treatment of a wide range of diseases. However, further clinical studies are warranted in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Woo Kim
- Chuna Manual Medicine Research Group, College of Korean Medicine, Won-Kwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hye Geum
- Chuna Manual Medicine Research Group, College of Korean Medicine, Won-Kwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine of Korean Medicine, Iksan-Jeil Korean Medicine Hospital, Iksan, Republic of Korea
- Department of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation, College of Korean Medicine, Won-Kwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Bae Ha
- Chuna Manual Medicine Research Group, College of Korean Medicine, Won-Kwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
- Department of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation, College of Korean Medicine, Won-Kwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon-Jun Woo
- Chuna Manual Medicine Research Group, College of Korean Medicine, Won-Kwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
- Department of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation, College of Korean Medicine, Won-Kwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Hee Han
- Chuna Manual Medicine Research Group, College of Korean Medicine, Won-Kwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
- Department of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation, College of Korean Medicine, Won-Kwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Shin-Hyeok Park
- Chuna Manual Medicine Research Group, College of Korean Medicine, Won-Kwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Won-Kwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Han Lee
- Chuna Manual Medicine Research Group, College of Korean Medicine, Won-Kwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
- Department of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation, College of Korean Medicine, Won-Kwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
- Research Center of Traditional Korean Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Won-Kwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
- *Correspondence: Jung-Han Lee, Department of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation, College of Korean Medicine, Won-Kwang University, 895 Muwang-ro, Iksan, Jeollabuk-do 54538, Republic of Korea (e-mail: )
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Liang M, Hu L, Luo N, Lv H, Chen Z, Mo J, Yang M, Lin Y, Chen C. Effects of Juhongtanke oral solution on alleviating the symptoms of community-acquired pneumonia: A multicenter, prospective, randomized controlled trial. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1027901. [PMID: 36339599 PMCID: PMC9630601 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1027901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The timely alleviation of symptoms is essential for managing community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). Juhongtanke oral solution is a traditional marketed Chinese patent medicine believed to ease CAP symptoms. The currently available evidence is based on a few retrospective studies of patients with various types of pneumonia, whereas robust randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that support this notion are lacking. Material and methods: In this multi-center, prospective RCT, patients were randomly allocated to receive routine treatment alone or a combination of Juhongtanke oral solution (20 mL q8h) for 5 days and maintained for an additional 3-day safety observation period. The primary outcome was Breathlessness, Cough, and Sputum Scale (BCSS) score evaluated on day 5. Secondary outcomes included the evaluation of cough and dyspnea items in the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) from days 1–5, remission rate in BCSS and VAS during the treatment course, and the length of hospitalization and in-hospital mortality. Results: Of 272 patients assessed for eligibility, 240 were enrolled in the study (n =120 per group). The mean difference in BCSS evaluated on day 5 was a median 1 point [95%CI (1.00, 2.00)], significantly lower in the treatment group compared with the control group (p < 0.001). Similar results were observed in VAS on day 5, with statistics of a median 2 points [95%CI (1.40, 2.50)] in the cough item and a median 1 point [95%CI (0.50, 2.00)] in the dyspnea item, significantly lower in the treatment group compared with the control group (both p < 0.001). The treatment group had a favorable outcome in BCSS and VAS remission rate assessments compared with the control group, with 99.50% vs. 89.17% in BCSS (p = 0.01), 98.33% vs. 75% in the cough item of VAS (p < 0.001), and 88.33% vs. 62.50% in the dyspnea item of VAS (p < 0.001), respectively. No notable adverse effects were observed during the study. No differences were observed in the length of hospitalization between groups (with a median of 7 days for both groups, p = 0.871). Conclusion: Juhongtanke oral solution may be considered to alleviate the clinical symptoms of CAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Liang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Maoming People’s Hospital, Maoming, China
| | - Linhui Hu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Maoming People’s Hospital, Maoming, China
- Department of Clinical Research Center, Maoming People’s Hospital, Maoming, China
| | - Ning Luo
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Maoming People’s Hospital, Maoming, China
| | - Hualiang Lv
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Maoming People’s Hospital, Maoming, China
| | - Zhihua Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Maoming People’s Hospital, Maoming, China
| | - Jianping Mo
- Department of Pulmonary Disease, Gaozhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Maoming, China
| | - Meiyan Yang
- Department of Pulmonary Disease, Maoming Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Maoming, China
| | - Ying Lin
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First People’s Hospital of Zhaoqing, Zhaoqing, China
| | - Chunbo Chen
- Department of Intensive Care Unit of Cardiac Surgery, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Emergency, Maoming People’s Hospital, Maoming, China
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Chunbo Chen,
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Song L, Wang J, Gong M, Zhang Y, Li Y, Wu X, Qin L, Duan Y. Detoxification technology and mechanism of processing with Angelicae sinensis radix in reducing the hepatotoxicity induced by rhizoma Dioscoreae bulbiferae in vivo. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:984858. [PMID: 36249801 PMCID: PMC9554241 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.984858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhizoma Dioscoreae Bulbiferae (RDB) was effective on relieving cough and expectorant but accompanied by severe toxicity, especially in hepatotoxicity. A previous study found that processing with Angelicae Sinensis Radix (ASR) reduced RDB-induced hepatotoxicity. However, up to now, the optimized processing process of ASR-processed RDB has not been explored or optimized, and the detoxification mechanism is still unknown. This study evaluated the detoxification technology and possible mechanism of processing with ASR on RDB-induced hepatotoxicity. The optimized processing process of ASR-processed RDB was optimized by the content of diosbulbin B (DB), the levels of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and histopathological analysis. The processing detoxification mechanism was evaluated by detecting the antioxidant levels of nuclear factor E2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) and its downstream heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1), quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), glutamylcysteine ligase catalytic subunit (GCLM), and the levels of downstream antioxidant factors of Nrf2. Besides, the antitussive and expectorant efficacy of RDB was also investigated. This work found that processing with ASR attenuated RDB-induced hepatotoxicity, which can be verified by reducing the levels of ALT, AST, and ALP, and reversing the pathological changes of liver histomorphology. And the optimized processing process of ASR-processed RDB is “processing at a mass ratio of 100:20 (RDB:ASR) and a temperature of 140°C for 10 min.” Further results corroborated that the intervention of processed products of ASR-processed RDB remarkably upregulated the Nrf2/HO-1/NQO1/GCLM protein expression levels in liver, and conserved antitussive and expectorant efficacy of RDB. The above findings comprehensively indicated that the optimized processing process of ASR-processed RDB was “processing at a mass ratio of 100:20 (RDB:ASR) and a temperature of 140°C for 10 min,” and the processing detoxification mechanism involved enhancing the level of Nrf2-mediated antioxidant defense in liver as a key target organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Song
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Junming Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
- Co-construction Collaborative Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine and Respiratory Diseases by Henan and Education Ministry of P. R. China, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Junming Wang,
| | - Mingzhu Gong
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yueyue Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yamin Li
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaohui Wu
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lingyu Qin
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yaqian Duan
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
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Xu T, Zhang H, Wang S, Xiang Z, Kong H, Xue Q, He M, Yu X, Li Y, Sun D, Gao P, Cong Z. A review on the advances in the extraction methods and structure elucidation of Poria cocos polysaccharide and its pharmacological activities and drug carrier applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 217:536-551. [PMID: 35843404 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.07.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Poria cocos polysaccharide (PCP) is one of the main active components of Poria cocos that is extensively used in the world. PCP can be divided into intro-polysaccharides and exopolysaccharides. PCP is mainly composed of glucose, galactose and mannose. There are many methods to exact PCP, and methods can affect its yield. PCP and its derivatives exhibit diverse biological functions such as antitumour, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immune-regulatory, hepatoprotective, etc. There is the potential application of PCP as drug carriers. The review provides a comprehensive summary of the latest extraction and purification methods of PCP, its chemistry, synthesis of PCP derivates, their pharmacological activities and their applications as drug carriers. This review provides comprehensive information on PCP, which can be used as the basis for further research on PCP and its derivates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianren Xu
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Hongmeng Zhang
- Laboratory management office, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Shengguang Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Zedong Xiang
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Hongwei Kong
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Qing Xue
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Mengyuan He
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Xiaojun Yu
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Yanan Li
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Dongjie Sun
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Peng Gao
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China.
| | - Zhufeng Cong
- Shandong First Medical University Affiliated Shandong Tumor Hospital and Institute: Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Jinan 250117, China.
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Park SM, Jung CJ, Lee DG, Choi BR, Ku TH, La IJ, Cho IJ, Ku SK. Adenophora Stricta Root Extract Protects Lung Injury from Exposure to Particulate Matter 2.5 in Mice. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11071376. [PMID: 35883867 PMCID: PMC9312037 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11071376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic exposure of particulate matter of less than 2.5 μm (PM2.5) has been considered as one of the major etiologies for various respiratory diseases. Adenophora stricta Miq. is a medicinal herb that has been used for treating respiratory diseases in East Asia. The present study investigated the effect of A. stricta root extract (AsE) on PM2.5-induced lung injury in mice. Oral administration of 100-400 mg/kg AsE for 10 days significantly reduced the PM2.5-mediated increase in relative lung weight, but there was no difference in body weight with AsE administration. In addition, AsE dose-dependently decreased congested region of the lung tissue, prevented apoptosis and matrix degradation, and alleviated mucus stasis induced by PM2.5. Moreover, cytological analysis of bronchioalveolar lavage fluid revealed that AsE significantly inhibited the infiltration of immune cells into the lungs. Consistently, AsE also decreased expression of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in lung tissue. Furthermore, AsE administration blocked reactive oxygen species production and lipid peroxidation through attenuating the PM2.5-dependent reduction of antioxidant defense system in the lungs. Therefore, A. stricta root would be a promising candidate for protecting lung tissue from air pollution such as PM2.5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok-Man Park
- Department of Histology and Anatomy, College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan 38610, Korea; (S.-M.P.); (D.-G.L.)
- Central Research Center, Okchundang Inc., Daegu 41059, Korea;
| | - Cheol-Jong Jung
- Central Research Center, Okchundang Inc., Daegu 41059, Korea;
| | - Dae-Geon Lee
- Department of Histology and Anatomy, College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan 38610, Korea; (S.-M.P.); (D.-G.L.)
- Central Research Center, Okchundang Inc., Daegu 41059, Korea;
| | - Beom-Rak Choi
- Research Institute, Nutracore Co., Ltd., Gwanggyo SK Viewlake A-3206, Beobjo-Ro 25, Suwon 16514, Korea;
| | - Tae-Hun Ku
- Okchungdang Korean Medicine Clinic, Ulsan 44900, Korea;
| | | | - Il-Je Cho
- Central Research Center, Okchundang Inc., Daegu 41059, Korea;
- Correspondence: (I.-J.C.); (S.-K.K.); Tel.: +82-53-950-0011 (I.-J.C.); +82-53-819-1549 (S.-K.K.)
| | - Sae-Kwang Ku
- Department of Histology and Anatomy, College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan 38610, Korea; (S.-M.P.); (D.-G.L.)
- Correspondence: (I.-J.C.); (S.-K.K.); Tel.: +82-53-950-0011 (I.-J.C.); +82-53-819-1549 (S.-K.K.)
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