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Bartnik M. Methoxyfuranocoumarins of Natural Origin-Updating Biological Activity Research and Searching for New Directions-A Review. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:856-883. [PMID: 38275669 PMCID: PMC10813879 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46010055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Plant secondary metabolites, including furanocoumarins, have attracted attention for decades as active molecules with therapeutic potential, especially those occurring in a limited number of species as evolutionarily specific and chemotaxonomically important. The most famous methoxyfuranocoumarins (MFCs), bergapten, xanthotoxin, isopimpinellin, phellopterin, byakangelicol, byakangelicin, isobergapten, pimpinellin, sphondin, as well as rare ones such as peucedanin and 8-methoxypeucedanin, apaensin, cnidilin, moellendorffiline and dahuribiethrins, have recently been investigated for their various biological activities. The α-glucosidase inhibitory activity and antioxidant potential of moellendorffiline, the antiproliferative and proapoptotic properties of non-UV-activated bergapten and xanthotoxin, the effect of MFC on the activity of tyrosinase, acetyl- and butylcholinesterase, and the role of these compounds as adjuvants in anticancer and antibacterial tests have been confirmed. The anticonvulsant effects of halfordin, the antidepressant effects of xanthotoxin, and the antiadipogenic, neuroprotective, anti-amyloid-β, and anti-inflammatory (via increasing SIRT 1 protein expression) properties of phellopterin, as well as the activity of sphondin against hepatitis B virus, have also attracted interest. It is worth paying attention to the agonistic effect of xanthotoxin on bitter taste receptors (TAS2Rs) on cardiomyocytes, which may be important in the future treatment of tachycardia, as well as the significant anti-inflammatory activity of dahuribiethrins. It should be emphasized that MFCs, although in many cases isolated for the first time many years ago, are still of great interest as bioactive molecules. The aim of this review is to highlight key recent developments in the study of the diverse biological activities of MFCs and attempt to highlight promising directions for their further research. Where possible, descriptions of the mechanisms of action of MFC are provided, which is related to the constantly discovered therapeutic potential of these molecules. The review covers the results of experiments from the last ten years (2014-2023) conducted on isolated natural cMFCs and includes the activity of molecules that have not been activated by UV rays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Bartnik
- Department of Pharmacognosy with Medicinal Plants Garden, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 1 Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
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Rohani, Febrina E, Wahyuni IS, Levita J. Pharmacological and Clinical Studies of Medicinal Plants That Inhibit Dipeptidyl Peptidase-IV. Drug Des Devel Ther 2023; 17:3473-3491. [PMID: 38024536 PMCID: PMC10680473 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s426870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) is an enzyme responsible for the degradation of the incretin hormone glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). DPP-IV plays a significant role in regulating blood glucose levels by modulating the activity of GLP-1. In the context of diabetes, DPP-IV inhibitors effectively block the activity of DPP-IV, hence mitigating the degradation of GLP-1. This, in turn, leads to an extension of GLP-1's duration of action, prolongs gastric emptying, enhances insulin sensitivity, and ultimately results in the reduction of blood glucose levels. Nonetheless, reported adverse events of DPP-IV inhibitors on T2DM patients make it essential to understand the activity and mechanism of these drugs, particularly viewed from the perspective of finding the effective and safe add-on medicinal plants, to be implemented in clinical practice. This review is intended to bring forth a thorough overview of plants that work by reducing DPP-IV activity, from computational technique, enzymatic study, animal experiments, and studies in humans. The articles were searched on PubMed using "Plants", "DPP-IV", "DPP-IV inhibitor", "GLP-1", "Type 2 diabetes", "diabetes", "in silico", "in vitro", "in vivo", "studies in human", "clinical study" as the query words, and filtered for ten years of publication period. Eighteen plants showed inhibition against DPP-IV as proven by in silico, in vitro, and in vivo studies; however, only ten plants were reported for efficacy in clinical studies. Several plant-based DPP-IV inhibitors, eg, Allium sativum, Morus Alba, Curcuma longa, Pterocarpus marsupium, and Taraxacum officinale, have established their functional role in inhibiting DPP-IV and have proven their effectiveness through studies in humans earning them a prominent place in therapeutic discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohani
- Master Program in Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Padjadjaran University, Sumedang, Indonesia
| | - Ellin Febrina
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Padjadjaran University, Sumedang, Indonesia
| | - Indah Suasani Wahyuni
- Department of Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Padjadjaran University, Sumedang, Indonesia
| | - Jutti Levita
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Padjadjaran University, Sumedang, Indonesia
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Kashtoh H, Baek KH. New Insights into the Latest Advancement in α-Amylase Inhibitors of Plant Origin with Anti-Diabetic Effects. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2944. [PMID: 37631156 PMCID: PMC10458243 DOI: 10.3390/plants12162944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
The rising predominance of type 2 diabetes, combined with the poor medical effects seen with commercially available anti-diabetic medications, has motivated the development of innovative treatment approaches for regulating postprandial glucose levels. Natural carbohydrate digestion enzyme inhibitors might be a viable option for blocking dietary carbohydrate absorption with fewer side effects than manufactured medicines. Alpha-amylase is a metalloenzyme that facilitates digestion by breaking down polysaccharides into smaller molecules such as maltose and maltotriose. It also contributes to elevated blood glucose levels and postprandial hyperglycemia. As a result, scientists are being urged to target α-amylase and create inhibitors that can slow down the release of glucose from carbohydrate chains and prolong its absorption, thereby resulting in lower postprandial plasma glucose levels. Natural α-amylase inhibitors derived from plants have gained popularity as safe and cost-effective alternatives. The bioactive components responsible for the inhibitory actions of various plant extracts have been identified through phytochemical research, paving the way for further development and application. The majority of the findings, however, are based on in vitro investigations. Only a few animal experiments and very few human investigations have confirmed these findings. Despite some promising results, additional investigation is needed to develop feasible anti-diabetic drugs based on plant-derived pancreatic α-amylase inhibitors. This review summarizes the most recent findings from research on plant-derived pancreatic α-amylase inhibitors, including plant extracts and plant-derived bioactive compounds. Furthermore, it offers insights into the structural aspects of the crucial therapeutic target, α-amylases, in addition to their interactions with inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kwang-Hyun Baek
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea;
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Skiba A, Kozioł E, Luca SV, Budzyńska B, Podlasz P, Van Der Ent W, Shojaeinia E, Esguerra CV, Nour M, Marcourt L, Wolfender JL, Skalicka-Woźniak K. Evaluation of the Antiseizure Activity of Endemic Plant Halfordia kendack Guillaumin and Its Main Constituent, Halfordin, on a Zebrafish Pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-Induced Seizure Model. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032598. [PMID: 36768918 PMCID: PMC9916433 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a neurological disease that burdens over 50 million people worldwide. Despite the considerable number of available antiseizure medications, it is estimated that around 30% of patients still do not respond to available treatment. Herbal medicines represent a promising source of new antiseizure drugs. This study aimed to identify new drug lead candidates with antiseizure activity from endemic plants of New Caledonia. The crude methanolic leaf extract of Halfordia kendack Guillaumin (Rutaceae) significantly decreased (75 μg/mL and 100 μg/mL) seizure-like behaviour compared to sodium valproate in a zebrafish pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced acute seizure model. The main coumarin compound, halfordin, was subsequently isolated by liquid-liquid chromatography and subjected to locomotor, local field potential (LFP), and gene expression assays. Halfordin (20 μM) significantly decreased convulsive-like behaviour in the locomotor and LFP analysis (by 41.4% and 60%, respectively) and significantly modulated galn, and penka gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrianna Skiba
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (K.S.-W.); Tel.: +48-81448-7093 (A.S.); +48-81448-7089 (K.S.-W.)
| | - Ewelina Kozioł
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Simon Vlad Luca
- Biothermodynamics, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Barbara Budzyńska
- Independent Laboratory of Behavioral Studies, Medical University, Chodzki 4a, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
| | - Piotr Podlasz
- Department of Pathophysiology, Forensic Veterinary and Administration, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Wietske Van Der Ent
- Chemical Neuroscience Group, Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway (NCMM), University of Oslo, Forskningsparken, Gaustadalleén 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway
| | - Elham Shojaeinia
- Chemical Neuroscience Group, Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway (NCMM), University of Oslo, Forskningsparken, Gaustadalleén 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway
| | - Camila V. Esguerra
- Chemical Neuroscience Group, Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway (NCMM), University of Oslo, Forskningsparken, Gaustadalleén 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Pharmacy, Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, Blindern, P.O. Box 1068, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Mohammed Nour
- Institut des Sciences Exactes et Appliquées (ISEA)-EA 4243, France University of New Caledonia, 98851 Nouméa, New Caledonia, France
| | - Laurence Marcourt
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU, Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU, Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Luc Wolfender
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU, Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU, Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Krystyna Skalicka-Woźniak
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (K.S.-W.); Tel.: +48-81448-7093 (A.S.); +48-81448-7089 (K.S.-W.)
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Yayla M, Binnetoğlu D. Experimental Approaches to Diabetes Mellitus. Eurasian J Med 2022; 54:145-153. [PMID: 36655459 PMCID: PMC11163337 DOI: 10.5152/eurasianjmed.2022.22304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the most common health problems today, diabetes is a serious, chronic, and complex disease characterized by high blood glucose levels. Nowadays, experimental diabetes models are being developed to study existing diabetes in depth, to improve diabetes medications, or to develop new medications. The protocols developed to date to create an experimental diabetes model are finalized in different time intervals and depending on various factors. With these models, which can be designed in vivo and in vitro, a picture similar to type 1 and type 2 diabetes can be created. In this review, we aimed to present the methodology, advantages, and disadvantages of all currently used experimental diabetes models in the light of current literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammed Yayla
- Department of Pharmacology, Kafkas University Faculty of Medicine, Kars, Turkey
| | - Damla Binnetoğlu
- Department of Pharmacology, Kafkas University Faculty of Medicine, Kars, Turkey
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Park JW, Choi J, Lee J, Park JM, Kim SM, Min JH, Seo DY, Goo SH, Kim JH, Kwon OK, Lee K, Ahn KS, Oh SR, Lee JW. Methyl P-Coumarate Ameliorates the Inflammatory Response in Activated-Airway Epithelial Cells and Mice with Allergic Asthma. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314909. [PMID: 36499236 PMCID: PMC9736825 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Methyl p-coumarate (methyl p-hydroxycinnamate) (MH) is a natural compound found in a variety of plants. In the present study, we evaluated the ameliorative effects of MH on airway inflammation in an experimental model of allergic asthma (AA). In this in vitro study, MH was found to exert anti-inflammatory activity on PMA-stimulated A549 airway epithelial cells by suppressing the secretion of IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1, and ICAM-1. In addition, MH exerted an inhibitory effect not only on NF-κB (p-NF-κB and p-IκB) and AP-1 (p-c-Fos and p-c-Jun) activation but also on A549 cell and EOL-1 cell (eosinophil cell lines) adhesion. In LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages, MH had an inhibitory effect on TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and MCP-1. The results from in vivo study revealed that the increases in eosinophils/Th2 cytokines/MCP-1 in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and IgE in the serum of OVA-induced mice with AA were effectively inhibited by MH administration. MH also exerted a reductive effect on the immune cell influx, mucus secretion, and iNOS/COX-2 expression in the lungs of mice with AA. The effects of MH were accompanied by the inactivation of NF-κB. Collectively, the findings of the present study indicated that MH attenuates airway inflammation in mice with AA, suggesting its potential as an adjuvant in asthma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Won Park
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju 28116, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinseon Choi
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju 28116, Republic of Korea
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Juhyun Lee
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju 28116, Republic of Korea
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Mi Park
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju 28116, Republic of Korea
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Man Kim
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju 28116, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hong Min
- Laboratory Animal Resources Division, Toxicological Evaluation and Research Department, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Osong Health Technology Administration Complex, Cheongju 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Da-Yun Seo
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju 28116, Republic of Korea
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Hyeon Goo
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju 28116, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Hee Kim
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju 28116, Republic of Korea
| | - Ok-Kyoung Kwon
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju 28116, Republic of Korea
- Natural Product Central Bank, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheonju 28116, Republic of Korea
| | - Kihoon Lee
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju 28116, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Seop Ahn
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju 28116, Republic of Korea
| | - Sei-Ryang Oh
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju 28116, Republic of Korea
- Natural Product Central Bank, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheonju 28116, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (S.-R.O.); (J.-W.L.)
| | - Jae-Won Lee
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju 28116, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (S.-R.O.); (J.-W.L.)
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Balogun FO, Naidoo K, Aribisala JO, Pillay C, Sabiu S. Cheminformatics Identification and Validation of Dipeptidyl Peptidase-IV Modulators from Shikimate Pathway-Derived Phenolic Acids towards Interventive Type-2 Diabetes Therapy. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12100937. [PMID: 36295839 PMCID: PMC9608993 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12100937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) has become an effective target in the management of type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). The study aimed to determine the efficacy of shikimate pathway-derived phenolic acids as potential DPP-IV modulators in the management of T2D. The study explored in silico (molecular docking and dynamics simulations) and in vitro (DPP-IV inhibitory and kinetics assays) approaches. Molecular docking findings revealed chlorogenic acid (CA) among the examined 22 phenolic acids with the highest negative binding energy (−9.0 kcal/mol) showing a greater affinity for DPP-IV relative to the standard, Diprotin A (−6.6 kcal/mol). The result was corroborated by MD simulation where it had a higher affinity (−27.58 kcal/mol) forming a more stable complex with DPP-IV than Diprotin A (−12.68 kcal/mol). These findings were consistent with in vitro investigation where it uncompetitively inhibited DPP-IV having a lower IC50 (0.3 mg/mL) compared to Diprotin A (0.5 mg/mL). While CA showed promising results as a DPP-IV inhibitor, the findings from the study highlighted the significance of medicinal plants particularly shikimate-derived phenolic compounds as potential alternatives to synthetic drugs in the effective management of T2DM. Further studies, such as derivatisation for enhanced activity and in vivo evaluation are suggested to realize its full potential in T2D therapy.
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El Azab EF, Mostafa HS. Geraniol ameliorates the progression of high fat‐diet/streptozotocin‐induced type 2 diabetes mellitus in rats via regulation of caspase‐3, Bcl‐2, and Bax expression. J Food Biochem 2022; 46:e14142. [DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.14142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eman Fawzy El Azab
- Department of Clinical Laboratories Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences at Al Qurayyat Jouf University Al Qurayyat Saudi Arabia
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science Alexandria University Alexandria Egypt
| | - Heba Sayed Mostafa
- Food Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture Cairo University Giza Egypt
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Chhabria S, Mathur S, Vadakan S, Sahoo DK, Mishra P, Paital B. A review on phytochemical and pharmacological facets of tropical ethnomedicinal plants as reformed DPP-IV inhibitors to regulate incretin activity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1027237. [PMID: 36440220 PMCID: PMC9691845 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1027237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder resulting from impaired insulin secretion and resistance. Dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP)-IV is an enzyme known to trigger the catalysis of insulinotropic hormones, further abating the endogenous insulin levels and elevating the glucose levels in blood plasma. In the field of drug development, DPP-IV inhibitors have opened up numerous opportunities for leveraging this target to generate compounds as hypoglycemic agents by regulating incretin activity and subsequently decreasing blood glucose levels. However, the practice of synthetic drugs is an apparent choice but poses a great pharmacovigilance issue due to their incessant undesirable effects. The ideology was set to inventively look upon different ethnomedicinal plants for their anti-diabetic properties to address these issues. To date, myriads of phytochemicals are characterized, eliciting an anti-diabetic response by targeting various enzymes and augmenting glucose homeostasis. Antioxidants have played a crucial role in alleviating the symptoms of diabetes by scavenging free radicals or treating the underlying causes of metabolic disorders and reducing free radical formation. Plant-based DPP-IV inhibitors, including alkaloids, phenolic acid, flavonoids, quercetin, and coumarin, also possess antioxidant capabilities, providing anti-diabetic and antioxidative protection. This review article provides a new gateway for exploring the ability of plant-based DPP-IV inhibitors to withstand oxidative stress under pathological conditions related to diabetes and for reforming the strategic role of ethnomedicinal plants as potent DPP-IV inhibitors through the development of polyherbal formulations and nanophytomedicines to regulate incretin activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srishti Chhabria
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, St Xavier’s College, Ahmedabad, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Shivangi Mathur
- Department of Biotechnology, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, India
- Department of Biotechnology, President Science College, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Sebastian Vadakan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, St Xavier’s College, Ahmedabad, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Dipak Kumar Sahoo
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
- *Correspondence: Biswaranjan Paital, ; Dipak Kumar Sahoo, ;
| | - Pragnyashree Mishra
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Chipilima, Sambalpur, India
| | - Biswaranjan Paital
- Redox Regulation Laboratory, Department of Zoology, College of Basic Science and Humanities, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, India
- *Correspondence: Biswaranjan Paital, ; Dipak Kumar Sahoo, ;
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