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Hing N, Dittman CK, Russell AMT, King DL, Rockloff M, Browne M, Newall P, Greer N. Adolescents Who Play and Spend Money in Simulated Gambling Games Are at Heightened Risk of Gambling Problems. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:10652. [PMID: 36078369 PMCID: PMC9517771 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191710652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Simulated gambling, such as playing a virtual slot machine for points rather than money, is increasingly part of the online gaming experience for youth. This study aimed to examine (1) if youth participation in simulated gambling games is associated with participation in monetary gambling; (2) if youth participation in simulated gambling games is associated with increased risk of problematic gambling when controlling for breadth of monetary gambling (i.e., number of gambling forms); and (3) if monetary expenditure and time spent playing simulated gambling games increase the risk of problematic gambling. Two samples of Australians aged 12-17 years were recruited-826 respondents through an online panel aggregator (mean age 14.1 years) and 843 respondents through advertising (mean age 14.6 years). Aim 1 was addressed using chi-square and correlation analyses. Linear multiple regression analyses were conducted to address Aims 2 and 3. The findings in both samples supported the study's hypotheses-that (1) youth who play simulated gambling games are more likely to participate in monetary gambling, and that (2) participation and (3) time and money expenditure on simulated gambling are positively and independently associated with risk of problematic gambling when controlling for the number of monetary gambling forms, impulsivity, age and gender. To better protect young people, simulated gambling should, at minimum, emulate the consumer protection measures required for online gambling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerilee Hing
- Experimental Gambling Research Laboratory, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Bundaberg 4670, Australia
| | - Cassandra K. Dittman
- Experimental Gambling Research Laboratory, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Bundaberg 4670, Australia
| | - Alex M. T. Russell
- Experimental Gambling Research Laboratory, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Bundaberg 4670, Australia
| | - Daniel L. King
- College of Education, Psychology, and Social Work, Flinders University, Adelaide 5042, Australia
| | - Matthew Rockloff
- Experimental Gambling Research Laboratory, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Bundaberg 4670, Australia
| | - Matthew Browne
- Experimental Gambling Research Laboratory, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Bundaberg 4670, Australia
| | - Philip Newall
- Experimental Gambling Research Laboratory, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Bundaberg 4670, Australia
- School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TU, UK
| | - Nancy Greer
- Experimental Gambling Research Laboratory, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Bundaberg 4670, Australia
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Roberts A, Murphy R, McNally EJ, Derevensky J, Sharman S. Teacher attitudes towards and awareness of adolescent gambling behavior in the UK. INTERNATIONAL GAMBLING STUDIES 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/14459795.2022.2105927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Raegan Murphy
- School of Applied Psychology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Jeffrey Derevensky
- International Centre for Youth Gambling Problems and High Risk Behaviors, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Steve Sharman
- Research Fellow National Addictions Centre, Kings College London, London, England
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Hing N, Lole L, Russell AMT, Rockloff M, King DL, Browne M, Newall P, Greer N. Adolescent betting on esports using cash and skins: Links with gaming, monetary gambling, and problematic gambling. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0266571. [PMID: 35511808 PMCID: PMC9070895 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0266571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescents can easily access esports betting sites and place bets using cash or skins. This descriptive cross-sectional study examined the characteristics of adolescent esports bettors and relationships between their esports betting, video gaming activities, monetary gambling participation, and at-risk/problem gambling. Two survey samples of Australians aged 12-17 years were recruited through advertisements (n = 841) and online panel providers (n = 826). In both samples, gender and parents' living situation did not differ by past-month esports cash and skin betting, but recent esports betting was associated with engaging in esports gaming activities such as playing and watching esports, and in monetary gambling activities. Past-month esports betting using cash and skins was significantly associated with at-risk/problem gambling. After controlling for recent monetary gambling, recent esports skin bettors were over 3 times more likely to meet criteria for at-risk/problem gambling. Esports betting using skins appears to pose risks for young people and is easily accessible through unlicensed operators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerilee Hing
- Experimental Gambling Research Laboratory, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQ University, Bundaberg, QLD, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Lisa Lole
- Experimental Gambling Research Laboratory, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQ University, Bundaberg, QLD, Australia
| | - Alex M. T. Russell
- Experimental Gambling Research Laboratory, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQ University, Bundaberg, QLD, Australia
| | - Matthew Rockloff
- Experimental Gambling Research Laboratory, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQ University, Bundaberg, QLD, Australia
| | - Daniel L. King
- College of Education, Psychology, and Social Work, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Matthew Browne
- Experimental Gambling Research Laboratory, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQ University, Bundaberg, QLD, Australia
| | - Philip Newall
- Experimental Gambling Research Laboratory, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQ University, Bundaberg, QLD, Australia
| | - Nancy Greer
- Experimental Gambling Research Laboratory, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQ University, Bundaberg, QLD, Australia
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Riley BJ, Oster C, Rahamathulla M, Lawn S. Attitudes, Risk Factors, and Behaviours of Gambling among Adolescents and Young People: A Literature Review and Gap Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:984. [PMID: 33499418 PMCID: PMC7908209 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18030984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Gambling is occurring in a rapidly changing landscape, with new trends and technologies affecting gambling behaviour and problem gambling across a range of populations. Gambling activity among adolescents and young people has received considerable research attention due to a high prevalence of gambling reported among these groups in recent years. Despite legislation worldwide to constrain gambling among adolescents and young people, modern technology, such as online gaming apps and online gambling venues, has significantly increased their exposure to the risks of problem gambling. It is important, therefore, to have up to date information about what is currently known about gambling and to explore gaps in our knowledge. This gap analysis presents the results of a systematic approach to reviewing the current literature on gambling behaviour, attitudes, and associated risk factors for gambling and problem gambling among adolescents and young adults (aged 10-25 years). The review included studies published between January 2015 and August 2020 and included 85 studies for final synthesis. Findings reveal further research is needed on the implications for young people of emerging technologies and new trends in gambling in the digital age. The current gap analysis reveals that this should include more research on the development and impact of both treatment and intervention strategies, and policy and regulatory frameworks from a public health perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben J. Riley
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia; (B.J.R.); (C.O.)
| | - Candice Oster
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia; (B.J.R.); (C.O.)
| | - Mubarak Rahamathulla
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Social Work, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6000, Australia;
| | - Sharon Lawn
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia; (B.J.R.); (C.O.)
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King DL, Russell A, Hing N. Adolescent Land-Based and Internet Gambling: Australian and International Prevalence Rates and Measurement Issues. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40429-020-00311-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Kristiansen S, Severin MC. Exploring groups of simulated gambling behaviour: a typological study among Danish adolescents. INTERNATIONAL GAMBLING STUDIES 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/14459795.2019.1697344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Søren Kristiansen
- Department of Sociology & Social Work, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
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Abstract
Zusammenfassung. Die vorliegende Studie beschäftigt sich mit simulierten Internet-Glücksspielen und folglich mit neuartigen Spielangeboten, die an der Schnittstelle von Computer- und Glücksspielen anzusiedeln sind. Erstmals werden für Deutschland in diesem Zusammenhang differenzierte Daten zum Nachfrageverhalten sowie zu teilnahmefördernden Bedingungen vorgelegt. Grundlage der Datenanalyse ist eine quantitative Erhebung mit N = 1 905 Schülern und Schülerinnen der Klassenstufen 6 bis 10 ( M = 13.8 Jahre) aus drei norddeutschen Großstädten. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass etwa die Hälfte aller Befragten in den letzten 12 Monaten am simulierten Internet-Glücksspiel teilgenommen hat. Dabei dominieren Spielerfahrungen innerhalb von Videospielen. Darüber hinaus variieren die Prädiktoren einer Spielteilnahme in Abhängigkeit konkreter Spielvarianten (innerhalb von Videospielen, über Apps, in sozialen Netzwerken, als Demospiele). Abschließend werden weiterführende Handlungsbedarfe in Bezug auf Prävention, Regulation und Forschung diskutiert.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Hayer
- Institut für Psychologie und Kognitionsforschung der Universität Bremen
| | - Moritz Rosenkranz
- Zentrum für Interdisziplinäre Suchtforschung der Universität Hamburg
| | - Gerhard Meyer
- Institut für Psychologie und Kognitionsforschung der Universität Bremen
| | - Tim Brosowski
- Institut für Psychologie und Kognitionsforschung der Universität Bremen
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Russell AMT, Langham E, Hing N. Social influences normalize gambling-related harm among higher risk gamblers. J Behav Addict 2018; 7:1100-1111. [PMID: 30596469 PMCID: PMC6376388 DOI: 10.1556/2006.7.2018.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Social influences are key drivers of gambling, and can begin in youth through parental modeling and facilitation. Over time, social influence from friends and colleagues also becomes important. Social network analysis provides a method to measure the combined nature of these social influences. This study aimed to compare social influences across gambling risk groups, by examining key characteristics of the social networks, among Australian adults. METHODS A total of 784 respondents (egos) reported their demographics, gambling behavior and gambling risk, as well as those of the 20 most influential people in their lives (alters). Egos also reported the strength of the connection between themselves and each of their alters, and between each pair of alters. Data were analyzed using egocentric social network analysis approaches. RESULTS Egos in higher risk groups reported more alters who gamble, including a higher proportion experiencing gambling-related harm. Relationship strength indicated that egos in higher risk groups tended to feel closer to their alters, regardless of whether the alter gambles or not. Network density (interconnectedness between alters) was greater for egos in higher risk groups. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS The findings indicate that both gambling behavior and gambling-related harm are normalized through social connections. Greater interconnectedness in the networks of higher risk gamblers indicates difficulties in reducing or removing these influences. The findings indicate limitations of individualised interventions, and instead highlight the important role of changing norms within society, which can be transmitted throughout these networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex M. T. Russell
- Experimental Gambling Research Laboratory, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQUniversity, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Erika Langham
- Centre for Indigenous Health Equity Research, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQUniversity, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - Nerilee Hing
- Experimental Gambling Research Laboratory, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQUniversity, Bundaberg, QLD, Australia
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Do Simulated Gambling Activities Predict Gambling with Real Money During Adolescence? Empirical Findings from a Longitudinal Study. J Gambl Stud 2018; 34:929-947. [DOI: 10.1007/s10899-018-9755-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Armstrong T, Rockloff M, Browne M, Li E. An Exploration of How Simulated Gambling Games May Promote Gambling with Money. J Gambl Stud 2018; 34:1165-1184. [DOI: 10.1007/s10899-018-9742-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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