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Yavaslar Dogru Y, Koc-Arik G, Doğru OC, Kazak Berument S. Receptive and expressive vocabulary performance in 2- to 5-year-olds in care: The role of different care types and temperament. J Exp Child Psychol 2024; 243:105924. [PMID: 38642417 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2024.105924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
The detrimental role of institutionalization in children's development has prompted the introduction of alternative care types designed to offer more personalized care. The current study aimed to test whether children in alternative care types (care villages, care homes, and foster care) performed better on vocabulary than those in institutions. The role of temperament, specifically perceptual sensitivity and frustration, and the interaction between temperament and care types on vocabulary performance were also explored. The study involved 285 2- to 5-year-old children from different care types, and they were assessed through receptive and expressive vocabulary tests and temperament scales. The results of the linear mixed model revealed that children in alternative care types exhibited significantly higher vocabulary scores compared with those in institutions. Moreover, perceptual sensitivity showed a positive association with receptive and expressive vocabulary skills and seemed to act as a protective factor by mitigating the lower vocabulary scores in institutions. Frustration moderated vocabulary outcomes differently for children in institutions and foster care, aligning with the diathesis-stress model and vantage sensitivity theory, respectively. The findings emphasize the positive role of alternative care types in vocabulary performance and the importance of children's temperamental traits in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yesim Yavaslar Dogru
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Letters, Karabuk University, Demir Celik Campus, 78050 Karabuk, Turkiye.
| | - Gizem Koc-Arik
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Tekirdag Namik Kemal University, 59030 Tekirdag, Turkiye
| | - Onur Cem Doğru
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Afyon Kocatepe University, Ahmet Necdet Sezer Campus, 03200 Afyonkarahisar, Turkiye
| | - Sibel Kazak Berument
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Middle East Technical University, 06800 Ankara, Turkiye
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Gorla L, Fusco C, Santona A. A Retrospective Study on Adoptive Parenthood in the First Year after the Adoption: The Role of Parents' Attachment and Empathy on Communicative Openness. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:3128. [PMID: 38132018 PMCID: PMC10742674 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11243128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Communicative openness (CO) defines the willingness of parents and children to explore the significance of adoption. Especially in the first year of adoption, CO could be challenging for adoptive parents, who are influenced by personal characteristics. Using a retrospective assessment, we investigated parents' communicative experiences in the first year of adoption and whether these are affected by romantic attachment and empathy. In the study, 290 adoptive parents (females = 73%, mean age 50 years) filled (a) an ad hoc questionnaire for CO, (b) Experiences in Close Relationships-Revised (ECR-R) for attachment, and the (c) Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI) for empathy. During the first year, most parents reported difficulties in controlling their emotions and understanding their children's emotions. Parents with an avoidant attachment and personal distress in empathy were more likely to feel fatigued in sharing and controlling personal feelings and understanding their children's feelings. Open adoption-related communication is a complex and challenging process for adoptive parents, which can be facilitated or not by individual characteristics such as avoidant attachment and personal distress in emotional situations. These results could help develop psychological interventions targeting adoptive parents during the first year after the child enters the family system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Gorla
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy; (C.F.); (A.S.)
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Fonagy P, Campbell C, Luyten P. Attachment, Mentalizing and Trauma: Then (1992) and Now (2022). Brain Sci 2023; 13:brainsci13030459. [PMID: 36979268 PMCID: PMC10046260 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13030459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
This article reviews the current status of research on the relationship between attachment and trauma in developmental psychopathology. Beginning with a review of the major issues and the state-of-the-art in relation to current thinking in the field of attachment about the impact of trauma and the inter-generational transmission of trauma, the review then considers recent neurobiological work on mentalizing and trauma and suggests areas of new development and implications for clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Fonagy
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
- Correspondence:
| | - Chloe Campbell
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Patrick Luyten
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Baden AL, Sharma SM, Balducci S, Ellis L, Randall R, Kwon D, Harrington ES. A trauma-informed substance use disorder prevention program for transracially adopted children and adolescents. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2022; 130:105598. [PMID: 35370012 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of substance use among transracial and international adoptees is higher than that of non-adopted persons, and yet no specialized treatment modalities exist for this underserved population. Our purpose is to propose a substance use disorder (SUD) prevention program for transracial adoptive families that addresses the specific issues that face this community. There are several pre- and post-adoption factors which position transracial and international adoptees (TRIAs) to be at higher risk to develop SUDs. Some of these factors include adoption identity, trauma, loss, genetics, and racial discrimination. The biopsychosocial (BPS) model (Engel, 1977) is used to conceptualize SUDs in adoptees, and theories that focus on adoption-related development issues such as the Adoptee Stress and Coping Model (Brodzinsky, 1990) are also presented. Our proposed program, Strengthening Transracial Adoptive Families (STAF), utilizes the Guiding Good Choices (GGC) prevention program as its foundation to integrate a culturally responsive adoption-focused curriculum to best serve transracial adoptive families.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lisa Ellis
- Montclair State University, United States of America
| | | | - DaYeon Kwon
- Montclair State University, United States of America
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Ferrara P, Cutrona C, Guadagno C, Amato M, Sbordone A, Sacco R, Bona G. Developmental and behavioral profile in a domestic adoptees sample: a new challenge for the pediatrician. Minerva Pediatr 2020. [PMID: 33273450 DOI: 10.23736/s0026-4946.16.04767-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study is to investigate the changes of developmental and behavioral profile in a domestic adoptees sample. METHODS Thirty-six domestic adoptive families were recruited, resulting in a sample of 39 children. Families were sent a general questionnaire for collecting data related to the children demographic variables, infant's background (time spent in institutional care, age at adoption), children's health status and anthropometric measures at T<inf>0,</inf> T<inf>1</inf>, T<inf>2</inf>, and T<inf>3</inf>. Moreover, the Infant Behavior Questionnaire-Revised Very Short Form and a modified version of parent-report of Child Behavior Checklist were used to assess temperament and to detect behavioral problems. RESULTS As regards the psychopathological evaluation, behavior problems were more common in older children, especially among girls. In particular they exhibited a higher frequency of internalizing problems versus externalizing. CONCLUSIONS Children in foster care suffer discontinuity of care that negatively affects their emotional and physical development. It is important for pediatricians to be aware of the special needs of adopted children, providing adequate support to adoptive families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Ferrara
- Institute of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Sacred Heart Catholic University, Rome, Italy - .,Service of Pediatrics, Campus Bio-Medico University, Rome, Italy -
| | - Costanza Cutrona
- Service of Pediatrics, Campus Bio-Medico University, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Guadagno
- Service of Pediatrics, Campus Bio-Medico University, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Amato
- Service of Pediatrics, Campus Bio-Medico University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Roberto Sacco
- Neurodevelopmental Disorders Unit, Campus Bio-Medico University, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianni Bona
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
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Ertekin Z, Berument SK. Self-concept development of children in institutional care, alternative care types and biological family homes: Testing differential susceptibility. APPLIED DEVELOPMENTAL SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10888691.2019.1617146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Raby KL, Dozier M. Attachment across the lifespan: insights from adoptive families. Curr Opin Psychol 2019; 25:81-85. [PMID: 29621692 PMCID: PMC6158124 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2018.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Research with adoptive families offers novel insights into longstanding questions about the significance of attachment across the lifespan. We illustrate this by reviewing adoption research addressing two of attachment theory's central ideas. First, studies of children who were adopted after experiencing severe adversity offer powerful tests of the unique consequences of experiences in early attachment relationships. Although children who experience early maltreatment or institutionalization show remarkable recovery in the quality of their attachments after being placed with their adoptive families, experiencing pre-adoptive adversity also has long-lasting repercussions for these individuals' later attachment representations. Second, adoptive families allow for genetically-informed examinations of the intergenerational transmission process. Indeed, despite the lack of genetic relatedness, adoptive parents' attachment representations are associated with their children's attachment behaviors and representations across childhood and adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mary Dozier
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, USA
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Pace CS, Di Folco S, Guerriero V. Late-adoptions in adolescence: Can attachment and emotion regulation influence behaviour problems? A controlled study using a moderation approach. Clin Psychol Psychother 2017; 25:250-262. [PMID: 29193445 DOI: 10.1002/cpp.2158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A growing body of research suggests that, compared to normative adolescence, adoptive adolescence could be considered a specific risk condition characterized by more psychiatric problems, attachment insecurity, and emotional regulation difficulties as consequences of negative experiences in preadoption relationships. The current study explores (a) a moderation model of adoption status on the association between attachment representations (secure, dismissing, preoccupied, and disorganized) and behavioural problems and (b) a moderation model of adoption status on the association between emotion regulation processes (cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression) and behavioural problems. Both the moderation models were controlled for verbal skills. Forty-six adopted adolescents and a control group of 34 nonadopted peers (12-16 years old) living with both their biological parents were assessed using the Friends and Family Interview, the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire for Children and Adolescents, the Child Behaviour Check List 6-18, and the verbal subtests of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, the latter as control measure. Results showed that adoption status (but not attachment) positively predicted externalizing and total behaviour problems, whereas attachment disorganization (but not adoption status) positively predicted internalizing problems in both group. Moreover, low cognitive reappraisal had a negative impact on externalizing problems only for adopted adolescents, but not for nonadopted youths. The clinical implications of these findings are discussed in order to enhance effective intervention with adopted adolescents and their parents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Serena Pace
- Department of Educational Science, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,CIAI (Centro Italiano Aiuti all'Infanzia), Milan, Italy
| | - Simona Di Folco
- School of Health and Social Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Viviana Guerriero
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, Universita degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
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Abstract
The first aim of the current study was to examine the latent structure of attachment states of mind as assessed by the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI) among three groups of parents of children at risk for insecure attachments: parents who adopted internationally (N = 147), foster parents (N = 300), and parents living in poverty and involved with Child Protective Services (CPS; N = 284). Confirmatory factor analysis indicated the state of mind rating scales loaded on two factors reflecting adults' preoccupied and dismissing states of mind. Taxometric analyses indicated the variation in adults' preoccupied states of mind was more consistent with a dimensional than a categorical model, whereas results for dismissing states of mind were indeterminate. The second aim was to examine the degree to which the attachment states of mind of internationally adoptive and foster parents differ from those of poverty/CPS-referred parents and low-risk parents. After controlling for parental age, sex, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status, (a) internationally adoptive parents had lower scores on the dismissing dimension than the sample of community parents described by Haltigan, Leerkes, Supple, and Calkins (2014); (b) foster parents did not differ from community parents on either the dismissing or the preoccupied AAI dimension; and (c) both internationally adoptive and foster parents had lower scores on the preoccupied dimension than poverty/CPS-referred parents. Analyses using the traditional AAI categories provided convergent evidence that (a) internationally adoptive parents were more likely to be classified as having an autonomous state of mind than low-risk North American mothers based on Bakermans-Kranenburg and van IJzendoorn's (2009) meta-analytic estimates, (b) the rates of autonomous states of mind did not differ between foster and low-risk parents, and
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Barone L, Lionetti F, Green J. A matter of attachment? How adoptive parents foster post-institutionalized children’s social and emotional adjustment. Attach Hum Dev 2017; 19:323-339. [DOI: 10.1080/14616734.2017.1306714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lavinia Barone
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Francesca Lionetti
- Department of Biological and Experimental Psychology, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Jonathan Green
- Division of Neuroscience & Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Behrendt HF, Konrad K, Goecke TW, Fakhrabadi R, Herpertz-Dahlmann B, Firk C. Postnatal Mother-to-Infant Attachment in Subclinically Depressed Mothers: Dyads at Risk? Psychopathology 2016; 49:269-276. [PMID: 27497959 DOI: 10.1159/000447597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dyadic interactions between children and depressed mothers have been characterized as less synchronous and with lower maternal sensitivity, fostering an inharmonious, insecure attachment relationship between mother and child. Thus, these children may experience enhanced early life stress and are at higher risk of disturbed socioemotional development. Recently, this association has also been found in women with mild depressive symptoms. However, potential confounding effects of mother's history of own rearing experiences or infant temperament on the link between depressive symptoms and postnatal mother-to-infant attachment have not yet been investigated. METHODS Differences in mother-to-infant attachment (e.g. quality of attachment, absence of hostility, and pleasure in interaction) between mothers with and without symptoms of depression 6-8 months postpartum were analyzed in a low-risk community sample (n = 38, 19 per group). Depressive symptomatology was measured with the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) and the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). Depressed mothers indicated mild-to-moderate depressive symptomatology (mean BDI-II 11.26 ± 3.86) but did not fulfill criteria for a major depressive episode and, thus, were referred to as 'subclinically' depressed. Potential confounders, namely maternal history of own rearing experiences and infant temperament, were explored by multivariate AN(C)OVA. RESULTS Primiparous mothers with subclinical depression differed significantly from healthy control mothers, i.e. showed poorer mother-to-infant attachment and higher infant-related hostility 6-8 months postpartum. As expected, infant temperament and mother's history of own rearing experiences were both associated with mother-to-infant attachment but did not explain the negative effects of subclinical depression on the mother-infant relationship. CONCLUSIONS Given the high prevalence of maternal depression, the current findings give reason for increased concern for the developing mother-child relationship. Therefore, early interventions are needed that focus on the mother-child dyad and target not only clinically but also subclinically depressed mothers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah F Behrendt
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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Pace CS, Di Folco S, Guerriero V, Santona A, Terrone G. Adoptive parenting and attachment: association of the internal working models between adoptive mothers and their late-adopted children during adolescence. Front Psychol 2015; 6:1433. [PMID: 26441801 PMCID: PMC4585065 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recent literature has shown that the good outcome of adoption would mostly depend on the quality of adoptive parenting, which is strongly associated with the security of parental internal working models (IWMs) of attachment. Specifically, attachment states-of-mind of adoptive mothers classified as free and autonomous and without lack of resolution of loss or trauma could represent a good protective factor for adopted children, previously maltreated and neglected. While most research on adoptive families focused on pre-school and school-aged children, the aim of this study was to assess the concordance of IWMs of attachment in adoptive dyads during adolescence. METHOD Our pilot-study involved 76 participants: 30 adoptive mothers (mean age = 51.5 ± 4.3), and their 46 late-adopted adolescents (mean age = 13.9 ± 1.6), who were all aged 4-9 years old at time of adoption (mean age = 6.3 ± 1.5). Attachment representations of adopted adolescents were assessed by the Friend and Family Interview (FFI), while adoptive mothers' state-of-mind with respect to attachment was classified by the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI). Adolescents' verbal intelligence was controlled for. RESULTS Late-adopted adolescents were classified as follows: 67% secure, 26% dismissing, and 7% preoccupied in the FFI, while their adoptive mothers' AAI classifications were 70% free-autonomous, 7% dismissing, and 23% unresolved. We found a significant concordance of 70% (32 dyads) between the secure-insecure FFI and AAI classifications. Specifically adoptive mothers with high coherence of transcript and low unresolved loss tend to have late-adopted children with high secure attachment, even if the adolescents' verbal intelligence made a significant contribution to this prediction. DISCUSSION Our results provides an empirical contribution to the literature concerning the concordance of attachment in adoptive dyads, highlighting the beneficial impact of highly coherent states-of-mind of adoptive mothers on the attachment representations of their late-adopted adolescent children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia S. Pace
- Department of Educational Sciences, University of GenoaGenoa, Italy
| | - Simona Di Folco
- Department of Pedagogy, Psychology, Philosophy, University of CagliariCagliari, Italy
| | - Viviana Guerriero
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, Sapienza University of RomeRome, Italy
| | | | - Grazia Terrone
- Department of Humanities, Literature, Cultural Heritage, University of FoggiaFoggia, Italy
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Saunders H, Kraus A, Barone L, Biringen Z. Emotional availability: theory, research, and intervention. Front Psychol 2015; 6:1069. [PMID: 26283996 PMCID: PMC4516809 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Attachment theory (Bowlby, 1969) and its limitations are first described. Next, emotional availability (EA; Biringen et al., 1998; Biringen, 2008) is introduced as an expansion upon the original conceptualization of the parent-child attachment relationship. As a construct and as a measure, EA considers the dyadic and emotional qualities of adult-child relationships. EA is predictive of a variety of child outcomes, such as attachment security, emotion regulation, and school readiness. Recently developed programs to enhance adult-child EA are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Saunders
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Allyson Kraus
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Lavinia Barone
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Science, Psychology Section, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Zeynep Biringen
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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Lionetti F, Pastore M, Barone L. Attachment in institutionalized children: a review and meta-analysis. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2015; 42:135-45. [PMID: 25747874 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2015.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2014] [Revised: 02/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In this article we review the literature on attachment patterns in institutionalized children and then perform a meta-analysis on data from 10 attachment studies involving 399 children in institutional settings. We computed the overall attachment distribution of secure, insecure, and disorganized rates and explored the effect of a set of moderating variables (i.e., country of institutionalization, attachment assessment procedure, age at entry, and age at assessment). To overcome bias related to the small number of studies, we conducted both classical and Bayesian meta-analysis and obtained comparable results. Distribution of children's attachment patterns was: 18% secure, 28% insecure, and 54% disorganized/cannot classify. Compared to their family-reared peers, children living in an institution were found to be at greater risk for insecure and disorganized attachment, with a similar medium effect size for both distributions (d=0.77 and d=0.76, respectively). The following moderating variables were associated with insecure attachment: representational assessment procedures (d=0.63) and Eastern European countries of origin (d=1.13). Moderators for disorganized attachment were: Eastern European countries of origin (d=1.12), age at institution entry before the first birthday (d=0.93), and age at assessment under three years of age (d=0.91). Implications for child development and policies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Lionetti
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Italy.
| | | | - Lavinia Barone
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Italy
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