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Salmon PM, Plant KL. Distributed situation awareness: From awareness in individuals and teams to the awareness of technologies, sociotechnical systems, and societies. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2022; 98:103599. [PMID: 34656892 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2021.103599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A large component of Neville Stanton's work has focused on situation awareness in domains such as defence, transport, and process control. A significant contribution has been to initiate a shift from considering individual human operator situation awareness to considering the situation awareness of human and non-human teams, organisations, and even sociotechnical systems. Though controversial when introduced, the distributed situation awareness model has become increasingly relevant for modern day systems and problems. In this article we reflect on Stanton's contribution and point to a pressing need to consider a. The situation awareness of advanced technologies, and b. situation awareness at a sociotechnical system, societal and even global level. This is demonstrated via discussion on two contemporaneous issues: automated vehicles and the COVID-19 pandemic. It is concluded that, given advances such as artificial intelligence, the increased connectedness of society, emerging issues such as disinformation, and an increasing set of global threats, Stanton's distributed situation awareness model and associated analysis framework provide a useful toolkit for future Human Factors and Ergonomics applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Salmon
- Centre for Human Factors and Sociotechnical Systems, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, QLD, 4558, Australia.
| | - Katherine L Plant
- Transportation Research Group, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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Walshe N, Ryng S, Drennan J, O'Connor P, O'Brien S, Crowley C, Hegarty J. Situation awareness and the mitigation of risk associated with patient deterioration: A meta-narrative review of theories and models and their relevance to nursing practice. Int J Nurs Stud 2021; 124:104086. [PMID: 34601204 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2021.104086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accurate situation awareness has been identified as a critical component of effective deteriorating patient response systems and an essential patient safety skill for nursing practice. However, situation awareness has been defined and theorised from multiple perspectives to explain how individuals, teams and systems maintain awareness in dynamic task environments. AIM Our aim was to critically analyse the different approaches taken to the study of situation awareness in healthcare and explore the implications for nursing practice and research as it relates to clinical deterioration in ward contexts. METHODS We undertook a meta-narrative review of the healthcare literature to capture how situation awareness has been defined, theorised and studied in healthcare. Following an initial scoping review, we conducted an extensive search of ten electronic databases and included any theoretical, empirical or critical papers with a primary focus on situation awareness in an inpatient hospital setting. Included papers were collaboratively categorised in accordance with their theoretical framing, research tradition and paradigm with a narrative review presented. RESULTS A total of 120 papers were included in this review. Three overarching narratives reflecting philosophical, patient safety and solution focussed framings of situation awareness and seven meta-narratives were identified as follows: individual, team and systems perspectives of situation awareness (meta-narratives 1-3), situation awareness and patient safety (meta-narrative 4), communication tools, technologies and education to support situation awareness (meta-narratives 5-7). We identified a concentration of literature from anaesthesia and operating rooms and a body of research largely located within a cognitive engineering tradition and a positivist research paradigm. Endsley's situation awareness model was applied in over 80% of the papers reviewed. A minority of papers drew on alternative situation awareness theories including constructivist, collaborative and distributed perspectives. CONCLUSIONS Nurses have a critical role in identifying and escalating the care of deteriorating patients. There is a need to build on prior studies and reflect on the reality of nurse's work and the constraints imposed on situation awareness by the demands of busy inpatient wards. We suggest that this will require an analysis that complements but goes beyond the dominant cognitive engineering tradition to reflect the complex socio-cultural reality of ward-based teams and to explore how situation awareness emerges in increasingly complex, technologically enabled distributed healthcare systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuala Walshe
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, University College Cork, College Road, Cork T12 AK54, Ireland.
| | - Stephanie Ryng
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, University College Cork, College Road, Cork T12 AK54, Ireland
| | - Jonathan Drennan
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, University College Cork, College Road, Cork T12 AK54, Ireland.
| | - Paul O'Connor
- Department of General Practice, National University of Ireland, Distillery Road, Newcastle, Co Galway H91 TK33, Ireland.
| | - Sinéad O'Brien
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, University College Cork, College Road, Cork T12 AK54, Ireland.
| | - Clare Crowley
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, University College Cork, College Road, Cork T12 AK54, Ireland.
| | - Josephine Hegarty
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, University College Cork, College Road, Cork T12 AK54, Ireland.
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Alhaider AA, Lau N, Davenport PB, Morris MK. Distributed situation awareness: a health-system approach to assessing and designing patient flow management. ERGONOMICS 2020; 63:682-709. [PMID: 32279607 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2020.1755061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Patient flow management is a system-wide process but many healthcare providers do not integrate multiple departments into the process to minimise the time between treatments or medical services for maximum patient throughput. This paper presents a case study of applying Distributed Situation Awareness (DSA) to characterise system-wide patient flow management and identify opportunities for improvements in a healthcare system. This case study employed a three-part method of data elicitation, extraction, and representation to investigate DSA. Social, task, and knowledge networks were developed and then combined to characterise patient flow management and identify deficiencies of the command and control centre of a healthcare facility. Social network analysis provided centrality metrics to further characterise patient flow management. The DSA model helped identify design principles and deficiencies in managing patient flow. These findings indicate that DSA is promising for analysing patient flow management from a system-wide perspective. Practitioner summary: This article examines Distribution Situation Awareness (DSA) as an analysis framework to study system-wide patient flow management. The DSA yields social, task, and knowledge networks that can be combined to characterise patient flow and identify deficiencies in the system. DSA appears promising for analysing communication and coordination of complex systems. Abbreviations: CDM: critical decision method; CTaC: carilion transfer and communications center; EAST: event analysis systematic teamwork; ED: emergency department; DES: discrete event simulation; DSA: distributed situation awareness; SA: situation awareness; SNA: social network analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulrahman A Alhaider
- Grado Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nathan Lau
- Grado Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Paul B Davenport
- Carilion Transfer and Communications Centre, Carilion Clinic, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | - Melanie K Morris
- Carilion Transfer and Communications Centre, Carilion Clinic, Roanoke, VA, USA
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Hulme A, Thompson J, Plant KL, Read GJM, Mclean S, Clacy A, Salmon PM. Applying systems ergonomics methods in sport: A systematic review. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2019; 80:214-225. [PMID: 29674008 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2018.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION As sports systems become increasingly more complex, competitive, and technology-centric, there is a greater need for systems ergonomics methods to consider the performance, health, and safety of athletes in context with the wider settings in which they operate. Therefore, the purpose of this systematic review was to identify and critically evaluate studies which have applied a systems ergonomics research approach in the context of sports performance and injury management. MATERIAL AND METHODS Five databases (PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, and SPORTDiscus) were searched for the dates 01 January 1990 to 01 August 2017, inclusive, for original peer-reviewed journal articles and conference papers. Reported analyses were underpinned by a recognised systems ergonomics method, and study aims were related to the optimisation of sports performance (e.g. communication, playing style, technique, tactics, or equipment), and/or the management of sports injury (i.e. identification, prevention, or treatment). RESULTS A total of seven articles were identified. Two articles were focussed on understanding and optimising sports performance, whereas five examined sports injury management. The methods used were the Event Analysis of Systemic Teamwork, Cognitive Work Analysis (the Work Domain Analysis Abstraction Hierarchy), Rasmussen's Risk Management Framework, and the Systems Theoretic Accident Model and Processes method. The individual sport application was distance running, whereas the team sports contexts examined were cycling, football, Australian Football League, and rugby union. CONCLUSIONS The included systems ergonomics applications were highly flexible, covering both amateur and elite sports contexts. The studies were rated as valuable, providing descriptions of injury controls and causation, the factors influencing injury management, the allocation of responsibilities for injury prevention, as well as the factors and their interactions underpinning sports performance. Implications and future directions for research are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Hulme
- Centre for Human Factors and Sociotechnical Systems, Faculty of Arts, Business and Law, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, 4558, Australia.
| | - Jason Thompson
- Centre for Human Factors and Sociotechnical Systems, Faculty of Arts, Business and Law, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, 4558, Australia; Transport, Health and Urban Design (THUD) Research Hub, Faculty of Architecture, Building and Planning, Melbourne School of Design, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Katherine L Plant
- Transportation Research Group, Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Gemma J M Read
- Centre for Human Factors and Sociotechnical Systems, Faculty of Arts, Business and Law, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, 4558, Australia
| | - Scott Mclean
- Centre for Human Factors and Sociotechnical Systems, Faculty of Arts, Business and Law, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, 4558, Australia
| | - Amanda Clacy
- Centre for Human Factors and Sociotechnical Systems, Faculty of Arts, Business and Law, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, 4558, Australia
| | - Paul M Salmon
- Centre for Human Factors and Sociotechnical Systems, Faculty of Arts, Business and Law, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, 4558, Australia
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Salmon PM, Macquet AC. Human Factors and Ergonomics in Sport and Outdoor Recreation: From individuals and their equipment to complex sociotechnical systems and their frailties. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2019; 80:209-213. [PMID: 30236965 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2018.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Salmon
- Centre for Human Factors and Sociotechnical Systems, Faculty of Arts, Business and Law, University of the Sunshine Coast, QLD, 4558, Australia.
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Neville TJ, Salmon PM, Read GJM. Radio Gaga? Intra-team communication of Australian Rules Football umpires - effect of radio communication on content, structure and frequency. ERGONOMICS 2018; 61:313-328. [PMID: 28697704 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2017.1353140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Intra-team communication plays an important role in team effectiveness in various domains including sport. As such, it is a key consideration when introducing new tools within systems that utilise teams. The difference in intra-team communication of Australian Rules Football (AFL) umpiring teams was studied when umpiring with or without radio communications technology. A cross-sectional observational study was conducted to analyse the verbal communication of seven umpiring teams (20 participants) grouped according to their experience with radio communication. The results identified that radio communication technology increased the frequency and altered the structure of intra-team communication. Examination of the content of the intra-team communication identified impacts on the 'Big Five' teamwork behaviours and associated coordinating mechanisms. Analysis revealed that the communications utilised did not align with the closed-loop form of communication described in the Big Five model. Implications for teamwork models, coaching and training of AFL umpires are discussed. Practitioner Summary: Assessing the impact of technology on performance is of interest to ergonomics practitioners. The impact of radio communications on teamwork is explored in the highly dynamic domain of AFL umpiring. When given radio technology, intra-team communication increased which supported teamwork behaviours, such as backup behaviour and mutual performance monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Neville
- a Centre for Human Factors and Sociotechnical Systems, Faculty of Arts, Business and Law , University of the Sunshine Coast , Maroochydore , Australia
- b Joint and Operations Analysis Division, Department of Defence, Defence Science and Technology Group , Canberra , Australia
| | - Paul M Salmon
- a Centre for Human Factors and Sociotechnical Systems, Faculty of Arts, Business and Law , University of the Sunshine Coast , Maroochydore , Australia
| | - Gemma J M Read
- a Centre for Human Factors and Sociotechnical Systems, Faculty of Arts, Business and Law , University of the Sunshine Coast , Maroochydore , Australia
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M. Salmon
- Centre for Human Factors and Sociotechnical Systems, Faculty of Arts and Business, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Australia
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Kalloniatis A, Ali I, Neville T, La P, Macleod I, Zuparic M, Kohn E. The Situation Awareness Weighted Network (SAWN) model and method: Theory and application. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2017; 61:178-196. [PMID: 28237016 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We introduce a novel model and associated data collection method to examine how a distributed organisation of military staff who feed a Common Operating Picture (COP) generates Situation Awareness (SA), a critical component in organisational performance. The proposed empirically derived Situation Awareness Weighted Network (SAWN) model draws on two scientific models of SA, by Endsley involving perception, comprehension and projection, and by Stanton et al. positing that SA exists across a social and semantic network of people and information objects in activities connected across a set of tasks. The output of SAWN is a representation as a weighted semi-bipartite network of the interaction between people ('human nodes') and information artefacts such as documents and system displays ('product nodes'); link weights represent the Endsley levels of SA that individuals acquire from or provide to information objects and other individuals. The SAWN method is illustrated with aggregated empirical data from a case study of Australian military staff undertaking their work during two very different scenarios, during steady-state operations and in a crisis threat context. A key outcome of analysis of the weighted networks is that we are able to quantify flow of SA through an organisation as staff seek to "value-add" in the conduct of their work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Kalloniatis
- Defence Science and Technology Group, David Warren Building, 24 Scherger Drive, Canberra, ACT 2609, Australia.
| | - Irena Ali
- Defence Science and Technology Group, David Warren Building, 24 Scherger Drive, Canberra, ACT 2609, Australia
| | - Timothy Neville
- Defence Science and Technology Group, David Warren Building, 24 Scherger Drive, Canberra, ACT 2609, Australia; Faculty of Arts and Business, Centre for Human Factors and Sociotechnical Systems, The University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Australia
| | - Phuong La
- Defence Science and Technology Group, David Warren Building, 24 Scherger Drive, Canberra, ACT 2609, Australia
| | - Iain Macleod
- Defence Science and Technology Group, David Warren Building, 24 Scherger Drive, Canberra, ACT 2609, Australia
| | - Mathew Zuparic
- Defence Science and Technology Group, David Warren Building, 24 Scherger Drive, Canberra, ACT 2609, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Kohn
- Defence Science and Technology Group, David Warren Building, 24 Scherger Drive, Canberra, ACT 2609, Australia
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McLean S, Salmon PM, Gorman AD, Naughton M, Solomon C. Do inter-continental playing styles exist? Using social network analysis to compare goals from the 2016 EURO and COPA football tournaments knock-out stages. THEORETICAL ISSUES IN ERGONOMICS SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/1463922x.2017.1290158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Scott McLean
- School of Health and Sport Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Australia
- Centre for Human Factors and Sociotechnical Systems, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Australia
| | - Paul M. Salmon
- Centre for Human Factors and Sociotechnical Systems, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Australia
| | - Adam D. Gorman
- School of Health and Sport Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Australia
| | - Mitchell Naughton
- School of Health and Sport Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Australia
| | - Colin Solomon
- School of Health and Sport Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Australia
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Salmon PM, Walker GH, Stanton NA. Pilot error versus sociotechnical systems failure: a distributed situation awareness analysis of Air France 447. THEORETICAL ISSUES IN ERGONOMICS SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/1463922x.2015.1106618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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