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Chatterjee P, Pratap P, Mishra B, Wadhwa S, Arora C, Malik P. A Descriptive Study on Imperiled Cochlear Implant Salvage Using Double Flap Cover-What We Learned in 6 Years. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2024; 76:1607-1612. [PMID: 38566642 PMCID: PMC10982148 DOI: 10.1007/s12070-023-04367-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Cochlear implant surgery is the standard of care for severe sensorineural hearing loss. Infection followed by implant extrusion is an infrequent complication of this surgery. The ideal treatment is explantation of the implant. However, implant removal and reimplantation is a challenging surgery and may have poor speech reception outcomes. The cost of a new implant especially in developing countries is also a deterrent. Our study dwells on the feasibility of salvaging exposed cochlear implants by a combination of pericranial flaps followed by a scalp flap cover. The study was done in a tertiary care hospital over a period of six years. Out of 303 cochlear implant surgeries, 12 patients had implant exposure and extrusion. Patients having meningitis and sepsis were excluded from the study. All patients underwent debridement and cover with double flap (Pericranial flaps and scalp rotation flap). The average operating time was 2.17 h. The surgery is technically simple with a short learning curve. It brings in rich blood supply and there is fair amount of tissue mobility. In 11 patients we were able to salvage the implant. Patients were followed for a period of 01 year post operatively. Our study suggests that salvage of infected implant should be attempted as it is feasible, durable and effective in appropriate patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallab Chatterjee
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Army Hospital Research and Referral, New Delhi, 110010 India
| | - Pranay Pratap
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Command Hospital, Pune Armed Forces Medical College, Pune, 411040 India
| | - Bharat Mishra
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Command Hospital, Pune Armed Forces Medical College, Pune, 411040 India
| | - Sumedha Wadhwa
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Army Hospital Research and Referral, New Delhi, 110010 India
| | - Chetna Arora
- Department of Community Medicine, Armed Forces Medical College, Pune, 411040 India
| | - Parvesh Malik
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Command Hospital, Pune Armed Forces Medical College, Pune, 411040 India
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Chen X, Chen Y, Zhang R, Ye S, Lin Z, Nian S, Lin C. The biofilm characteristics and management of skin flap infection following cochlear implantation. ACTA OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGICA ITALICA 2022; 42:372-379. [PMID: 36254653 PMCID: PMC9577691 DOI: 10.14639/0392-100x-n1985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Objective This study aims to assess the frequency, bacteriology, biofilm characteristics and management of skin flap infection (SFI) following cochlear implantation (CI). Methods The study enrolled 1,251 patients receiving CI in the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University between August 2001 and March 2021. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was utilised to characterise the aetiology of infection. A proposed classification system was applied to optimise treatments for post-operative skin flap infection. Results After CI, SFI was reported in 16 patients (1.28%) and occurred more frequently in patients under 6 years of age. Of all SFI cases Staphylococcus aureus was the most common pathogen for flap infection, with 8 cases (50%) and bacterial biofilm was evident within the jelly-like substance on the surface of implanted devices in SFI patients. A two-stage classification was proposed to optimise the treatment schemes. Conservative therapy was recommended for stage I cases and surgical treatment for stage II patients. Conclusions Paediatric patients are more susceptible to SFI after CI, which may be attributed to the formation of bacterial biofilm. The proposed classification can facilitate the management of SFI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Chang Lin
- Correspondence Chang Lin Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, 20 Cha Zhong Road, Taijiang District, Fuzhou, Fujian, China Tel./Fax +86 18959166588 E-mail:
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Asfour L, Smyth D, Whitchurch CB, Cavaliere R, Roland JT. Fluorescence in situ hybridization and microbial community profiling analysis of explanted cochlear implants. Acta Otolaryngol 2022; 142:395-401. [PMID: 35549817 DOI: 10.1080/00016489.2022.2070931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cochlear implant (CI) infections affect a small, but significant number of patients. Unremitting infections can lead to explantation. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and microbial community profiling (MCP) are methods of studying microbial environments of explanted devices that can provide information to reduce morbidity and costs of infected CIs. AIMS/OBJECTIVES To describe the results and clinical significance of bacterial analyses conducted on explanted CIs. MATERIAL AND METHODS Between 2013 and 2017, 12 explanted devices underwent microbiological analysis in addition to the manufacturer's device failure analysis. Patients' clinical history, infection status and outcome were reviewed and correlated with microbial analysis results. RESULTS From 2013 to 2017, 12 Cochlear™ devices from 11 patients underwent additional MCP or FISH analysis. Five devices were explanted due to suspected implant associated infection, and seven were explanted for other reasons. FISH analysis revealed biofilm presence on all infected devices, only partial correlation of cultures with biofilm composition and confirmation that biofilm formation occurs preferentially at particular device interfaces and geometries. MCP analysis presented challenges in data analysis inherent to its technique but correlated with cultures of infected devices and suggested a diverse microbial composition of explanted devices. CONCLUSIONS AND SIGNIFICANCE Microbial analysis of explanted devices can aid in further elucidating treatment approaches to infected CIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leena Asfour
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head & Neck Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Daniel Smyth
- Cochlear Limited, 1 University Avenue, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Rosalia Cavaliere
- The ithree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Australia
| | - J. Thomas Roland
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head & Neck Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York City, NY, USA
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Dhall A, Islam S, Park M, Zhang Y, Kim A, Hwang G. Bimodal Nanocomposite Platform with Antibiofilm and Self-Powering Functionalities for Biomedical Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:40379-40391. [PMID: 34406755 PMCID: PMC8548987 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c11791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Advances in microelectronics and nanofabrication have led to the development of various implantable biomaterials. However, biofilm-associated infection on medical devices still remains a major hurdle that substantially undermines the clinical applicability and advancement of biomaterial systems. Given their attractive piezoelectric behavior, barium titanate (BTO)-based materials have also been used in biological applications. Despite its versatility, the feasibility of BTO-embedded biomaterials as anti-infectious implantable medical devices in the human body has not been explored yet. Here, the first demonstration of clinically viable BTO-nanocomposites is presented. It demonstrates potent antibiofilm properties against Streptococcus mutans without bactericidal effect while retaining their piezoelectric and mechanical behaviors. This antiadhesive effect led to ∼10-fold reduction in colony-forming units in vitro. To elucidate the underlying mechanism for this effect, data depicting unfavorable interaction energy profiles between BTO-nanocomposites and S. mutans using the classical and extended Derjaguin, Landau, Verwey, and Overbeek theories is presented. Direct cell-to-surface binding force data using atomic force microscopy also corroborate reduced adhesion between BTO-nanocomposites and S. mutans. Interestingly, the poling process on BTO-nanocomposites resulted in asymmetrical surface charge density on each side, which may help tackle two major issues in prosthetics-bacterial contamination and tissue integration. Finally, BTO-nanocomposites exhibit superior biocompatibility toward human gingival fibroblasts and keratinocytes. Overall, BTO-embedded composites exhibit broad-scale potential to be used in biological settings as energy-harvestable antibiofilm surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atul Dhall
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sayemul Islam
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Moonchul Park
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Center for Innovation & Precision Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Albert Kim
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
- Corresponding Authors: Geelsu Hwang, ; Albert Kim,
| | - Geelsu Hwang
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Center for Innovation & Precision Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Corresponding Authors: Geelsu Hwang, ; Albert Kim,
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Wang H, Tampio AJF, Xu Y, Nicholas BD, Ren D. Noninvasive Control of Bacterial Biofilms by Wireless Electrostimulation. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2019; 6:727-738. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b01199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering, Syracuse University, 329 Link Hall, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
- Syracuse Biomaterials Institute, Syracuse University, 318 Bowne Hall, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
| | - Alex J. F. Tampio
- Department of Otolaryngology, Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams Street, 241 Campus West, Syracuse, New York 13210, United States
| | - Yikang Xu
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering, Syracuse University, 329 Link Hall, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
- Syracuse Biomaterials Institute, Syracuse University, 318 Bowne Hall, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
| | - Brian D. Nicholas
- Department of Otolaryngology, Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams Street, 241 Campus West, Syracuse, New York 13210, United States
| | - Dacheng Ren
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering, Syracuse University, 329 Link Hall, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
- Syracuse Biomaterials Institute, Syracuse University, 318 Bowne Hall, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Syracuse University, 151 Link Hall, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, 110 Life Sciences Complex, 107 College Place, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
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Hariharan NC, Muthukumar R, Sridhar R, Shankari B, Valarmathy VS. Ideal Flap Cover for the Salvage of Exposed/Infected Cochlear Implants: A Case Series and Literature Review. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2019; 72:292-296. [PMID: 32728537 DOI: 10.1007/s12070-019-01764-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
With an increase in the number of cochlear implant surgeries there is bound to be an increase in the number of complications. A dreaded problem in any implant procedure is the implant exposure and infection. Explantation of the implant leads to an unpleasant situation to the patient and the surgeon owing to the high cost of the device. There are reports in the literature favouring the mandatory relocation or removal of the infected implants. On the other hand, there are convincing reports of implant salvage using skin, muscle or fascial flaps. In this paper we have analysed a series of cases referred to us from the departments of E.N.T for the management of implant exposure/infection. We have also reviewed similar case series reported in the literature. From 2014 to 2017 we operated six cases of exposed cochlear implant. We salvaged the implant in five cases, where we could do two layer coverage consisting of the inner temporoparietal fascial flap and outer scalp skin flap. In one case where the temporoparietal fascial flap could not be done as superficial temporal vessels were found to be injured in the previous surgery, the implant was removed due to persistent infection. All these cases were administered appropriate antibiotics for a minimum period of 3 weeks. Early double layer closure with inner temporoparietal fascial flap and outer scalp rotation flap coupled with appropriate antibiotics can salvage an infected, exposed implant.
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Affiliation(s)
- N C Hariharan
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Institute of Non Communicable Diseases and Govt. Royapettah Hospital, V-1, Sri Mahalakshmi Enclave, 24, Gandhi Road, Gill Nagar, Chennai, 600014 India
| | - R Muthukumar
- Upgraded Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Madras Medical College, Chennai, India
| | - R Sridhar
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Institute of Non Communicable Diseases and Govt. Royapettah Hospital, V-1, Sri Mahalakshmi Enclave, 24, Gandhi Road, Gill Nagar, Chennai, 600014 India
| | - B Shankari
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Institute of Non Communicable Diseases and Govt. Royapettah Hospital, V-1, Sri Mahalakshmi Enclave, 24, Gandhi Road, Gill Nagar, Chennai, 600014 India
| | - V S Valarmathy
- Department of Hand and Reconstructive Micro Surgery, Tamilnadu Govt. Multi Super Specialty Hospital, Anna Salai, Chennai, 600001 India
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