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Aggeletopoulou I, Kalafateli M, Triantos C. Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cell Therapy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Where Do We Stand? Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2631. [PMID: 38473878 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains a global health challenge that urgently calls for innovative therapeutic strategies. Chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR T) therapy has emerged as a promising avenue for HCC treatment. However, the therapeutic efficacy of CAR T immunotherapy in HCC patients is significantly compromised by some major issues including the immunosuppressive environment within the tumor, antigen heterogeneity, CAR T cell exhaustion, and the advanced risk for on-target/off-tumor toxicity. To overcome these challenges, many ongoing preclinical and clinical trials are underway focusing on the identification of optimal target antigens and the decryption of the immunosuppressive milieu of HCC. Moreover, limited tumor infiltration constitutes a significant obstacle of CAR T cell therapy that should be addressed. The continuous effort to design molecular targets for CAR cells highlights the importance for a more practical approach for CAR-modified cell manufacturing. This review critically examines the current landscape of CAR T cell therapy for HCC, shedding light on the changes in innate and adaptive immune responses in the context of HCC, identifying potential CAR T cell targets, and exploring approaches to overcome inherent challenges. Ongoing advancements in scientific research and convergence of diverse treatment modalities offer the potential to greatly enhance HCC patients' care in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Aggeletopoulou
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Maria Kalafateli
- Department of Gastroenterology, General Hospital of Patras, 26332 Patras, Greece
| | - Christos Triantos
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
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Yin Q, Cheng Z, Yang M, Wang S, Xie F. A semimechanistic pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model for alanine aminotransferase-based hepatotoxicity of methotrexate in paediatric patients with acute lymphoid leukaemia. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2023; 89:3637-3647. [PMID: 37548052 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.15868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Methotrexate (MTX) is recognized for its potential to induce hepatotoxicity, commonly manifested by elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels. However, the quantitative relationship between the pharmacokinetics (PK) of MTX and ALT-based hepatotoxicity remains unclear. This study aimed to develop a semimechanistic PK/pharmacodynamic (PD) model to characterize the MTX-induced hepatotoxicity based on ALT in paediatric patients with acute lymphoid leukaemia. METHODS A retrospective study was conducted on paediatric patients who received high-dose (3-5 g/m2 ) MTX treatment. MTX concentrations were assessed at 24-h intervals until the concentration dropped below 0.1 μmol/L. ALT concentrations were measured both before and after MTX administration. A population PK model was initially developed, which was later connected to a semimechanistic hepatotoxicity model. RESULTS The PK model was developed using 354 MTX concentrations obtained from 51 patients, while the PD model was constructed using 379 ALT concentrations collected from 48 patients. The optimal PK model for MTX consisted of a 2-compartment structure, where body surface area served as a covariate for clearance and central volume of distribution. An indirect response model coupled to a liver injury signal transduction model was developed to describe the dynamics of ALT after MTX administration. The drug effect was adequately described by a linear model, exhibiting considerable interoccasion variability for each treatment session. No significant covariates were identified to have an impact on the PD parameters. CONCLUSION A semimechanistic model was developed to describe ALT-based hepatotoxicity of MTX, and it has the potential to serve as a valuable tool for characterizing drug-induced hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiufen Yin
- Division of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zeneng Cheng
- Division of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Minghua Yang
- Postdoctoral Research Station of Clinical Medicine and Department of Paediatrics, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shengfeng Wang
- Postdoctoral Research Station of Clinical Medicine and Department of Paediatrics, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Feifan Xie
- Division of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Rahman MM, Behl T, Islam MR, Alam MN, Islam MM, Albarrati A, Albratty M, Meraya AM, Bungau SG. Emerging Management Approach for the Adverse Events of Immunotherapy of Cancer. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27123798. [PMID: 35744922 PMCID: PMC9227460 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27123798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy, which stimulates the body’s immune system, has received a considerable amount of press in recent years because of its powerful benefits. Cancer immunotherapy has shown long-term results in patients with advanced disease that are not seen with traditional chemotherapy. Immune checkpoint inhibitors, cytokines like interleukin 2 (IL-2) and interferon-alpha (IFN), and the cancer vaccine sipuleucel-T have all been licensed and approved by the FDA for the treatment of various cancers. These immunotherapy treatments boost anticancer responses by stimulating the immune system. As a result, they have the potential to cause serious, even fatal, inflammatory and immune-related side effects in one or more organs. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICPIs) and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy are two immunotherapy treatments that are increasingly being used to treat cancer. Following their widespread usage in the clinic, a wave of immune-related adverse events (irAEs) impacting virtually every system has raised concerns about their unpredictability and randomness. Despite the fact that the majority of adverse effects are minimal and should be addressed with prudence, the risk of life-threatening complications exists. Although most adverse events are small and should be treated with caution, the risk of life-threatening toxicities should not be underestimated, especially given the subtle and unusual indications that make early detection even more difficult. Treatment for these issues is difficult and necessitates a multidisciplinary approach involving not only oncologists but also other internal medicine doctors to guarantee quick diagnosis and treatment. This study’s purpose is to give a fundamental overview of immunotherapy and cancer-related side effect management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Mominur Rahman
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh; (M.M.R.); (M.R.I.); (M.N.A.); (M.M.I.)
| | - Tapan Behl
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, India
- Correspondence: (T.B.); (S.G.B.)
| | - Md. Rezaul Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh; (M.M.R.); (M.R.I.); (M.N.A.); (M.M.I.)
| | - Md. Noor Alam
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh; (M.M.R.); (M.R.I.); (M.N.A.); (M.M.I.)
| | - Md. Mohaimenul Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh; (M.M.R.); (M.R.I.); (M.N.A.); (M.M.I.)
| | - Ali Albarrati
- Rehabilitation Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 12372, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mohammed Albratty
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemsitry, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Abdulkarim M. Meraya
- Practice Research Unit, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45124, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Simona Gabriela Bungau
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410028 Oradea, Romania
- Doctoral School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania
- Correspondence: (T.B.); (S.G.B.)
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Lou Y, Chen C, Long X, Gu J, Xiao M, Wang D, Zhou X, Li T, Hong Z, Li C, Zhou J, Chen L. Detection and Quantification of Chimeric Antigen Receptor Transgene Copy Number by Droplet Digital PCR versus Real-Time PCR. J Mol Diagn 2021; 22:699-707. [PMID: 32409121 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2020.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell immunotherapy is a new strategy for the treatment of refractory B-cell malignancies; therefore, the rapid and accurate quantification of CAR transgene copy number is essential. Real-time PCR was used for quantifying the copy number of chimeric antigen receptor transgene. Droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) is an absolute quantification method that does not require a standard curve. In this study, key performance parameters of the ddPCR and real-time PCR methods were assessed, including linearity, detection range, the lower limit of detection, repeatability, reproducibility, and accuracy, using a series of gradient diluted standards and clinical peripheral blood samples from CAR T-cell patients. The two platforms showed a good correlation for the standards (Pearson R2 = 0.9966; P < 0.0001) and clinical samples (Pearson R2 = 0.8952; P < 0.0001), and both showed good linearity (R2 = 0.9996 for ddPCR; R2 = 0.9984 for real-time PCR) over the detection range. Compared with real-time PCR, ddPCR showed lower intra-assay and interassay CVs for the series of diluted standards, which indicated ddPCR has better repeatability and reproducibility. The limit of detection of ddPCR was lower compared with that of real-time PCR. The combined results suggest that ddPCR is a more promising tool for the detection and quantification of the chimeric antigen receptor transgene copy number.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoyao Lou
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Caixia Chen
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolu Long
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Gu
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Xiao
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Di Wang
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxi Zhou
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Tongjuan Li
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenya Hong
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunrui Li
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianfeng Zhou
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Liting Chen
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.
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CD19-CAR-T Cells Bearing a KIR/PD-1-Based Inhibitory CAR Eradicate CD19 +HLA-C1 - Malignant B Cells While Sparing CD19 +HLA-C1 + Healthy B Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12092612. [PMID: 32933182 PMCID: PMC7564565 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12092612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary CD19-targeted chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T (CD19-CAR-T) cell therapy usually causes B cell aplasia because of “on-target off-tumor” toxicity. The aim of the study was to assess the concept that the introduction of an inhibitory CAR (iCAR) into CAR-T cells could alleviate the side effect of CD19-CAR-T cell therapy. The results showed that CD19-CAR-T cells with a novel KIR (killer inhibitory receptor) /PD-1 (programmed death receptor-1)-based inhibitory CAR (iKP-19-CAR-T) exhibited more naïve, less exhausted phenotypes and preserved a higher proportion of central memory T cells (TCM). Furthermore, iKP-19-CAR-T cells exerted the similar level of cytotoxicity on CD19+HLA-C1− Burkitt’s lymphoma cells compared to CD19-CAR-T cells while sparing CD19+HLA-C1+ healthy human B cells both in vitro and in the xenograft model. Our data demonstrates that the KIR/PD-1-based inhibitory CAR can be a promising strategy to avoid B cell aplasia caused by CD19-CAR-T cell therapy. Abstract B cell aplasia caused by “on-target off-tumor” toxicity is one of the clinical side effects during CD19-targeted chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T (CD19-CAR-T) cells treatment for B cell malignancies. Persistent B cell aplasia was observed in all patients with sustained remission, which increased the patients’ risk of infection. Some patients even died due to infection. To overcome this challenge, the concept of incorporating an inhibitory CAR (iCAR) into CAR-T cells was introduced to constrain the T cells response once an “on-target off-tumor” event occurred. In this study, we engineered a novel KIR/PD-1-based inhibitory CAR (iKP CAR) by fusing the extracellular domain of killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) 2DL2 (KIR2DL2) and the intracellular domain of PD-1. We also confirmed that iKP CAR could inhibit the CD19 CAR activation signal via the PD-1 domain and CD19-CAR-T cells bearing an iKP CAR (iKP-19-CAR-T) exerted robust cytotoxicity in vitro and antitumor activity in the xenograft model of CD19+HLA-C1− Burkitt’s lymphoma parallel to CD19-CAR-T cells, whilst sparing CD19+HLA-C1+ healthy human B cells both in vitro and in the xenograft model. Meanwhile, iKP-19-CAR-T cells exhibited more naïve, less exhausted phenotypes and preserved a higher proportion of central memory T cells (TCM). Our data demonstrates that the KIR/PD-1-based inhibitory CAR can be a promising strategy for preventing B cell aplasia induced by CD19-CAR-T cell therapy.
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Diagnosis and Management of Immune Related Adverse Events (irAEs) in Cancer Immunotherapy. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 120:109437. [PMID: 31590992 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICPIs) and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy are two main promising methods of immunotherapy, which have become increasingly important in cancer treatment. After the wider application of these medicine in clinic, a range of immune related adverse events (irAEs) covering almost any system arouse the concern for being randomness and unpredictability. Even if most adverse events are mild and controllable after thoughtful management, the occurrence of life-threatening toxicities should not be ignored because of the insidious and atypical symptoms, which makes the early diagnosis even more challenging. In this review, a brief introduction of immunotherapy and mechanisms underlying irAEs is involved. We mainly focus on the early diagnostic method and recommended management of toxicities of different systems separately, and consequently maximized effectiveness of immunotherapy can be achieved.
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