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Xia ZD, Ma RX, Wen JF, Zhai YF, Wang YQ, Wang FY, Liu D, Zhao XL, Sun B, Jia P, Zheng XH. Pathogenesis, Animal Models, and Drug Discovery of Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 94:1265-1301. [PMID: 37424469 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common cause of dementia, is a chronic neurodegenerative disease induced by multiple factors. The high incidence and the aging of the global population make it a growing global health concern with huge implications for individuals and society. The clinical manifestations are progressive cognitive dysfunction and lack of behavioral ability, which not only seriously affect the health and quality of life of the elderly, but also bring a heavy burden to the family and society. Unfortunately, almost all the drugs targeting the classical pathogenesis have not achieved satisfactory clinical effects in the past two decades. Therefore, the present review provides more novel ideas on the complex pathophysiological mechanisms of AD, including classical pathogenesis and a variety of possible pathogenesis that have been proposed in recent years. It will be helpful to find out the key target and the effect pathway of potential drugs and mechanisms for the prevention and treatment of AD. In addition, the common animal models in AD research are outlined and we examine their prospect for the future. Finally, Phase I, II, III, and IV randomized clinical trials or on the market of drugs for AD treatment were searched in online databases (Drug Bank Online 5.0, the U.S. National Library of Medicine, and Alzforum). Therefore, this review may also provide useful information in the research and development of new AD-based drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Di Xia
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Ruo-Xin Ma
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Jin-Feng Wen
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Yu-Fei Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Yu-Qi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Feng-Yun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Dan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Xiao-Long Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Bao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi'an, PR China
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Pu Jia
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Xiao-Hui Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi'an, PR China
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Hu S, Wan X, Li X, Wang X. Aerobic exercise alleviates pyroptosis-related diseases by regulating NLRP3 inflammasome. Front Physiol 2022; 13:965366. [PMID: 36187801 PMCID: PMC9520335 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.965366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyroptosis plays a crucial role in a variety of human diseases, including atherosclerosis, obesity, diabetes, depression, and Alzheimer’s disease, which usually release pyroptosis-related cytokines due to inflammation. Many studies have demonstrated that aerobic exercise is a good option for decreasing the release of pyroptosis-related cytokines. However, the molecular mechanisms of aerobic exercise on pyroptosis-related diseases remain unknown. In this review, the effects of aerobic exercise on pyroptosis in endothelial cells, adipocytes and hippocampal cells, and their potential mechanisms are summarized. In endothelial cells, aerobic exercise could inhibit NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis by improving the endothelial function, while reducing vascular inflammation and oxidative stress. In adipocytes, aerobic exercise has been shown to inhibit pyroptosis by ameliorating inflammation and insulin resistance. Moreover, aerobic exercise could restrict pyroptosis by attenuating microglial activation, neuroinflammation, and amyloid-beta deposition in hippocampal cells. In summary, aerobic exercise alleviates the pyroptosis-related diseases by regulating the NLRP3 inflammation si0067naling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujuan Hu
- School of Education and Physical Education, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
- School of Physical Education and Science, Jishou University, Jishou, China
| | - Xingxia Wan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Xianhui Li
- College of Pharmacy, Jishou University, Jishou, China
| | - Xianwang Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xianwang Wang,
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Lambuk L, Ahmad S, Sadikan MZ, Nordin NA, Kadir R, Nasir NAA, Chen X, Boer J, Plebanski M, Mohamud R. Targeting Differential Roles of Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptors as a Therapeutic Strategy for Glaucoma. Front Immunol 2022; 13:857812. [PMID: 35651608 PMCID: PMC9149562 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.857812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is an irreversible sight-threatening disorder primarily due to elevated intraocular pressure (IOP), leading to retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death by apoptosis with subsequent loss of optic nerve fibers. A considerable amount of empirical evidence has shown the significant association between tumor necrosis factor cytokine (TNF; TNFα) and glaucoma; however, the exact role of TNF in glaucoma progression remains unclear. Total inhibition of TNF against its receptors can cause side effects, although this is not the case when using selective inhibitors. In addition, TNF exerts its antithetic roles via stimulation of two receptors, TNF receptor I (TNFR1) and TNF receptor II (TNFR2). The pro-inflammatory responses and proapoptotic signaling pathways predominantly mediated through TNFR1, while neuroprotective and anti-apoptotic signals induced by TNFR2. In this review, we attempt to discuss the involvement of TNF receptors (TNFRs) and their signaling pathway in ocular tissues with focus on RGC and glial cells in glaucoma. This review also outlines the potential application TNFRs agonist and/or antagonists as neuroprotective strategy from a therapeutic standpoint. Taken together, a better understanding of the function of TNFRs may lead to the development of a treatment for glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidawani Lambuk
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
| | - Suhana Ahmad
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Zulfiqah Sadikan
- Centre for Neuroscience Research (NeuRon), Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Malaysia
| | - Nor Asyikin Nordin
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
| | - Ramlah Kadir
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
| | - Nurul Alimah Abdul Nasir
- Centre for Neuroscience Research (NeuRon), Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Malaysia
| | - Xin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Jennifer Boer
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, Royal Melbourne Institute Technology (RMIT) University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Magdalena Plebanski
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, Royal Melbourne Institute Technology (RMIT) University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Rohimah Mohamud
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
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Yang X, Wang S. Down-Regulation of p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/Nuclear Factor Kappa Light Chain Enhancer of Activated B Cells (p38 MAPK/NF- κB) Signaling Pathway Promotes Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells Differentiation into Neural Stem Cells in Healing Neurodegeneration. J BIOMATER TISS ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1166/jbt.2022.2927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This study intends to promote bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) differentiation into neural stem cells by down-regulating p38 MAPK/NF-κB to heal neurodegeneration. 26 patients with neurodegenerative diseases were enrolled from the Department of Neurology along
with recruitment of 26 other healthy controls followed by analysis of p38 MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway expression by ELISA. BMSCs were cultured and characterized by flow cytometry. Western blot and qRTPCR measured the p38 MAPK/NF-κB expression in the absence or presence
of p38 MAPK/NF-κB inhibitors. p38 MAPK/NF-κB expression in 26 neurodegenerative patients was significantly higher than that of 26 healthy controls. The qRT-PCR and western blot results showed that the neural stem cell-specific proteins expression was increased as
days went; after addition of p38 MAPK/NF-κB inhibitor, the expression of related specific genes were significantly decreased. In conclusion, inhibition of the expression of p38 MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway can heal neurodegeneration by promoting the differentiation
of BMSCs into neural stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250000, China
| | - Shandan Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250000, China
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Vlasov IN, Alieva AK, Novosadova EV, Arsenyeva EL, Rosinskaya AV, Partevian SA, Grivennikov IA, Shadrina MI. Transcriptome Analysis of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells and Neuronal Progenitor Cells, Derived from Discordant Monozygotic Twins with Parkinson's Disease. Cells 2021; 10:3478. [PMID: 34943986 PMCID: PMC8700621 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's Disease (PD) is a widespread severe neurodegenerative disease that is characterized by pronounced deficiency of the dopaminergic system and disruption of the function of other neuromodulator systems. Although heritable genetic factors contribute significantly to PD pathogenesis, only a small percentage of sporadic cases of PD can be explained using known genetic risk factors. Due to that, it could be inferred that changes in gene expression could be important for explaining a significant percentage of PD cases. One of the ways to investigate such changes, while minimizing the effect of genetic factors on experiment, are the study of PD discordant monozygotic twins. In the course of the analysis of transcriptome data obtained from IPSC and NPCs, 20 and 1906 differentially expressed genes were identified respectively. We have observed an overexpression of TNF in NPC cultures, derived from twin with PD. Through investigation of gene interactions and gene involvement in biological processes, we have arrived to a hypothesis that TNF could play a crucial role in PD-related changes occurring in NPC derived from twins with PD, and identified INHBA, WNT7A and DKK1 as possible downstream effectors of TNF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan N. Vlasov
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of National Research Centre, Kurchatov Institute, 2 Kurchatova Sq., 123182 Moscow, Russia; (A.K.A.); (E.V.N.); (E.L.A.); (S.A.P.); (I.A.G.); (M.I.S.)
| | - Anelya Kh. Alieva
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of National Research Centre, Kurchatov Institute, 2 Kurchatova Sq., 123182 Moscow, Russia; (A.K.A.); (E.V.N.); (E.L.A.); (S.A.P.); (I.A.G.); (M.I.S.)
| | - Ekaterina V. Novosadova
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of National Research Centre, Kurchatov Institute, 2 Kurchatova Sq., 123182 Moscow, Russia; (A.K.A.); (E.V.N.); (E.L.A.); (S.A.P.); (I.A.G.); (M.I.S.)
| | - Elena L. Arsenyeva
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of National Research Centre, Kurchatov Institute, 2 Kurchatova Sq., 123182 Moscow, Russia; (A.K.A.); (E.V.N.); (E.L.A.); (S.A.P.); (I.A.G.); (M.I.S.)
| | - Anna V. Rosinskaya
- State Public Health Institution Primorsk Regional Clinical Hospital No. 1, 57 Aleutskaya St., 690091 Vladivostok, Russia;
| | - Suzanna A. Partevian
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of National Research Centre, Kurchatov Institute, 2 Kurchatova Sq., 123182 Moscow, Russia; (A.K.A.); (E.V.N.); (E.L.A.); (S.A.P.); (I.A.G.); (M.I.S.)
| | - Igor A. Grivennikov
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of National Research Centre, Kurchatov Institute, 2 Kurchatova Sq., 123182 Moscow, Russia; (A.K.A.); (E.V.N.); (E.L.A.); (S.A.P.); (I.A.G.); (M.I.S.)
| | - Maria I. Shadrina
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of National Research Centre, Kurchatov Institute, 2 Kurchatova Sq., 123182 Moscow, Russia; (A.K.A.); (E.V.N.); (E.L.A.); (S.A.P.); (I.A.G.); (M.I.S.)
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Clark IA. How diseases caused by parasites allowed a wider understanding of disease in general: my encounters with parasitology in Australia and elsewhere over the last 50 years. Int J Parasitol 2021; 51:1265-1276. [PMID: 34757090 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2021.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This is an account of how it can prove possible to carve a reasonable scientific career by following what brought most scientific thrill rather than pursue a safe, institution-directed, path. The fascination began when I noticed, quite unexpectedly, that the normal mouse immune response causes Babesia microti to die, en masse, inside circulating red cells. It eventuated that prior Bacillus Calmette Guerin infection caused the same outcome, even before the protozoal infection became patent. It also rendered mice quite immune, long term. I acquired an obsession about this telling us how little we know. Surrounded by basic immunologists, parasitologists and virologists in London, I had been given, in the days that funding was ample, the opportunity to follow any promising lead with a free hand. Through Bacillus Calmette Guerin, this meant stumbling through a set of phenomena that were in their infancies, and could be explained only through nebulous novel soluble mediators such as TNF, described the following year as causing the in vivo necrosis of tumours in mice. Beginning with malarial disease pathogenesis, I followed TNF wherever it led, into innate immunity, acute and chronic infections, neurophysiology and neurodegenerative diseases, in all of which states awareness of the role of this cytokine is still growing fast. Many of these steps can be illustrated and expanded upon in parasitic diseases. Covering the importance of TNF in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disease has proved to be highly illuminating, scientifically and otherwise. But the insights it has given me into understanding the temptations to which patent-owners can succumb when faced with opportunities to put money before people is not for the faint hearted. Clearly, parasitologists inhabit a much more common-good yet science-orientated, civilised, world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian A Clark
- Biomedical Sciences and Biochemistry, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
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Clark I, Vissel B. Broader Insights into Understanding Tumor Necrosis Factor and Neurodegenerative Disease Pathogenesis Infer New Therapeutic Approaches. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 79:931-948. [PMID: 33459706 PMCID: PMC7990436 DOI: 10.3233/jad-201186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF), with its now appreciated key roles in neurophysiology as well as neuropathophysiology, are sufficiently well-documented to be useful tools for enquiry into the natural history of neurodegenerative diseases. We review the broader literature on TNF to rationalize why abruptly-acquired neurodegenerative states do not exhibit the remorseless clinical progression seen in those states with gradual onsets. We propose that the three typically non-worsening neurodegenerative syndromes, post-stroke, post-traumatic brain injury (TBI), and post cardiac arrest, usually become and remain static because of excess cerebral TNF induced by the initial dramatic peak keeping microglia chronically activated through an autocrine loop of microglial activation through excess cerebral TNF. The existence of this autocrine loop rationalizes post-damage repair with perispinal etanercept and proposes a treatment for cerebral aspects of COVID-19 chronicity. Another insufficiently considered aspect of cerebral proinflammatory cytokines is the fitness of the endogenous cerebral anti-TNF system provided by norepinephrine (NE), generated and distributed throughout the brain from the locus coeruleus (LC). We propose that an intact LC, and therefore an intact NE-mediated endogenous anti-cerebral TNF system, plus the DAMP (damage or danger-associated molecular pattern) input having diminished, is what allows post-stroke, post-TBI, and post cardiac arrest patients a strong long-term survival advantage over Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease sufferers. In contrast, Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease patients remorselessly worsen, being handicapped by sustained, accumulating, DAMP and PAMP (pathogen-associated molecular patterns) input, as well as loss of the LC-origin, NE-mediated, endogenous anti-cerebral TNF system. Adrenergic receptor agonists may counter this.
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Affiliation(s)
- I.A. Clark
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - B. Vissel
- Centre for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Science, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia
- St. Vincent’s Centre for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
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Liu Y, Zhu C, Guo J, Chen Y, Meng C. The Neuroprotective Effect of Irisin in Ischemic Stroke. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:588958. [PMID: 33414714 PMCID: PMC7782245 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.588958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Irisin is a PGC-1α-dependent myokine that causes increased energy expenditure by driving the development of white adipose tissue into brown fat-like tissue. Exercise can improve irisin levels and lead to its release into the blood. In ischemic stroke, neurons are always sensitive to energy supply; after a series of pathophysiological processes, reactive oxygen species that are detrimental to cell survival via mitochondrial dysfunction are generated in large quantities. As a protein associated with exercise, irisin can alleviate brain injury in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke. It is thought that irisin can upregulate the levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which protects nerve cells from injury during ischemic stroke. Furthermore, the release of irisin into the blood via exercise influences the mitochondrial dynamics crucial to maintaining the normal function of nerve cells. Consequently, we intended to summarize the known effects of irisin during ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqiang Liu
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Chunhua Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jiahui Guo
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yonghong Chen
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Chaoyue Meng
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
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Yue J, Wei YJ, Yang XL, Liu SY, Yang H, Zhang C‐Q. NLRP3 inflammasome and endoplasmic reticulum stress in the epileptogenic zone in temporal lobe epilepsy: molecular insights into their interdependence. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2020; 46:770-785. [PMID: 32311777 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Yue
- Epilepsy Research Center of PLA Department of Neurosurgery Xinqiao Hospital Army Medical University Chongqing China
| | - Y. J. Wei
- Epilepsy Research Center of PLA Department of Neurosurgery Xinqiao Hospital Army Medical University Chongqing China
| | - X. L. Yang
- Epilepsy Research Center of PLA Department of Neurosurgery Xinqiao Hospital Army Medical University Chongqing China
| | - S. Y. Liu
- Epilepsy Research Center of PLA Department of Neurosurgery Xinqiao Hospital Army Medical University Chongqing China
| | - H. Yang
- Epilepsy Research Center of PLA Department of Neurosurgery Xinqiao Hospital Army Medical University Chongqing China
| | - C. ‐Q. Zhang
- Epilepsy Research Center of PLA Department of Neurosurgery Xinqiao Hospital Army Medical University Chongqing China
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Pezeshki-Nia S, Asle-Rousta M, Mahmazi S. Spinacia oleracea L. extract attenuates hippocampal expression of TNF-α and IL-1β in rats exposed to chronic restraint stress. Med J Islam Repub Iran 2020; 34:10. [PMID: 32284934 PMCID: PMC7139264 DOI: 10.34171/mjiri.34.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Restraint stress causes inflammation in nervous system that leads to emersion of neurodegenerative diseases. Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) contains different agents with antioxidant, antiapoptosis, and hepatoprotective properties. This study examined the effect of spinach hydroalcoholic extract (SHE) on TNF-α and IL-1β expression in hippocampus of male Wistar rats exposed to chronic restraint stress.
Methods: Rats were divided into 6 groups of 5: (1) control (intact); (2) nS-S200; (3) nS-S400; (4) stress; (5) stress-S200; (6) stressS400. Groups 2 and 3 and groups 5 and 6 received S. oleracea leaf hydroalcoholic extract in 200 and 400 mg/kg doses for 21 consecutive days by gavage. Groups 4, 5 and 6 were put in a restrainer 6 hours per day for 21 consecutive days. Then, the expression of IL-1β and TNF-α mRNAs and neuronal death in the hippocampus of rats were assessed by real time PCR and Nissl staining, respectively. Oneway analysis of variance was used for data analysis, and p<0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results: The results showed that the expression of IL-1β and TNF-α was increased in hippocampus of rats exposed to stress compared to control groups (p<0.001). Furthermore, the expression of these proinflammatory cytokines was decreased in the stress-S200 and stress-S400 groups when compared to stress group (p<0.001). Immobility also caused neuronal death in CA1 region of hippocampus, and SHE reduced damage in CA1 pyramidal neurons layer in stressed rats.
Conclusion: Spinach decreases neuroinflammation in hippocampus of stressed rats, which may be due to its abundant antiinflammatory and antioxidant phytochemicals. The results of this study suggest that spinach may be effective in the prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sogand Pezeshki-Nia
- Department of Genetics, Zanjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Zanjan, Iran
| | | | - Sanaz Mahmazi
- Department of Genetics, Zanjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Zanjan, Iran
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Xenobiotics, Trace Metals and Genetics in the Pathogenesis of Tauopathies. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17041269. [PMID: 32079163 PMCID: PMC7068520 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17041269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Tauopathies are a disease group characterized by either pathological accumulation or release of fragments of hyperphosphorylated tau proteins originating from the central nervous system. The tau hypotheses of Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases contain a clinically diverse spectrum of tauopathies. Studies of case records of various tauopathies may reveal clinical phenotype characteristics of the disease. In addition, improved understanding of different tauopathies would disclose environmental factors, such as xenobiotics and trace metals, that can precipitate or modify the progression of the disorder. Important for diagnostics and monitoring of these disorders is a further development of adequate biomarkers, including refined neuroimaging, or proteomics. Our goal is to provide an in-depth review of the current literature regarding the pathophysiological roles of tau proteins and the pathogenic factors leading to various tauopathies, with the perspective of future advances in potential therapeutic strategies.
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12
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Clark IA. Randomized controlled trial validating the use of perispinal etanercept to reduce post-stroke disability has wide-ranging implications. Expert Rev Neurother 2020; 20:203-205. [PMID: 32028804 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2020.1727742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Developing effective drug treatments for neurodegenerative disorders has always been hamstrung by the accepted inability of large molecules (roughly those with a molecular weight greater than 600 Daltons) to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in therapeutic quantities when administered systemically. The dogma has been that a simple, noninvasive way to accomplish this goal is not possible with many agents, including biologicals, because they are too large. Various novel technologies to breach the BBB have been attempted, but with little success. A randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial (RCT) administering a widely used anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) biological, etanercept, given via perispinal injection, which bypasses the BBB, turns this dogma on its head. This new trial holds much promise for stroke survivors, as well as having implications for developing treatments based on other large molecules for this and other brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian A Clark
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
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