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Manchuri KM, Shaik MA, Gopireddy VSR, Naziya Sultana, Gogineni S. Analytical Methodologies to Detect N-Nitrosamine Impurities in Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, Drug Products and Other Matrices. Chem Res Toxicol 2024; 37:1456-1483. [PMID: 39158368 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.4c00234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
Since 2018, N-nitrosamine impurities have become a widespread concern in the global regulatory landscape of pharmaceutical products. This concern arises due to their potential for contamination, toxicity, carcinogenicity, and mutagenicity and their presence in many active pharmaceutical ingredients, drug products, and other matrices. N-Nitrosamine impurities in humans can lead to severe chemical toxicity effects. These include carcinogenic effects, metabolic disruptions, reproductive harm, liver diseases, obesity, DNA damage, cell death, chromosomal alterations, birth defects, and pregnancy loss. They are particularly known to cause cancer (tumors) in various organs and tissues such as the liver, lungs, nasal cavity, esophagus, pancreas, stomach, urinary bladder, colon, kidneys, and central nervous system. Additionally, N-nitrosamine impurities may contribute to the development of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases and type-2 diabetes. Therefore, it is very important to control or avoid them by enhancing effective analytical methodologies using cutting-edge analytical techniques such as LC-MS, GC-MS, CE-MS, SFC, etc. Moreover, these analytical methods need to be sensitive and selective with suitable precision and accuracy, so that the actual amounts of N-nitrosamine impurities can be detected and quantified appropriately in drugs. Regulatory agencies such as the US FDA, EMA, ICH, WHO, etc. need to focus more on the hazards of N-nitrosamine impurities by providing guidance and regular updates to drug manufacturers and applicants. Similarly, drug manufacturers should be more vigilant to avoid nitrosating agents and secondary amines during the manufacturing processes. Numerous review articles have been published recently by various researchers, focusing on N-nitrosamine impurities found in previously notified products, including sartans, metformin, and ranitidine. These impurities have also been detected in a wide range of other products. Consequently, this review aims to concentrate on products recently reported to contain N-nitrosamine impurities. These products include rifampicin, champix, famotidine, nizatidine, atorvastatin, bumetanide, itraconazole, diovan, enalapril, propranolol, lisinopril, duloxetine, rivaroxaban, pioglitazones, glifizones, cilostazol, and sunitinib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Moorthy Manchuri
- Department of Chemistry, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Anantapur, Ananthapuramu, Andhra Pradesh 515002, India
| | - Mahammad Ali Shaik
- Department of Chemistry, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Anantapur, Ananthapuramu, Andhra Pradesh 515002, India
| | - Venkata Subba Reddy Gopireddy
- Department of Chemistry, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Anantapur, Ananthapuramu, Andhra Pradesh 515002, India
| | - Naziya Sultana
- Analytical Research and Development, IPDO, Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Limited, Hyderabad 500090, India
| | - Sreenivasarao Gogineni
- Department of Chemistry, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Nagarjuna Nagar, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh 522510, India
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2
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Charoo NA, Akanji O, Rahman Z, Khan AA, Badshah A. Risk-Based Approach for Defining Retest Dates for Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients and Excipients. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:903. [PMID: 39065753 PMCID: PMC11280389 DOI: 10.3390/ph17070903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Drug substances and excipients must be stored in recommended storage conditions and should comply with their specifications during the retest period for their use in the manufacture of drug products. The ICH (International Council for Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use) and WHO (World Health Organization) regulatory guidelines mandate that after the retest period, the drug substances must be retested for compliance with the specification and then used immediately in the manufacture of the finished product. Although these substances can be retested multiple times, an emphasis is placed on immediate use following a retest and compliance with standards. The phrase "used immediately" is ambiguous and is left for interpretation. In this article, we will look at the various processes that must be completed to determine the retest date. In addition, we present a risk-based method for establishing retest dates and the time during which material can be used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naseem A. Charoo
- Aramed, 216, Laboratory Complex, Dubai Science Park, Dubai P.O. Box 478861, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Omotayo Akanji
- Katchey Laboratories, 26, Adeniyi, Adeniyi Jones Ave, Ogba, Ikeja 101233, Nigeria;
| | - Ziyaur Rahman
- Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Aqeel A. Khan
- Adcan Pharma LLC, ICAD, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 9824, United Arab Emirates; (A.A.K.); (A.B.)
| | - Aqal Badshah
- Adcan Pharma LLC, ICAD, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 9824, United Arab Emirates; (A.A.K.); (A.B.)
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Sakkal M, Arafat M, Yuvaraju P, Beiram R, AbuRuz S. Preparation and Characterization of Theophylline Controlled Release Matrix System Incorporating Poloxamer 407, Stearyl Alcohol, and Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose: A Novel Formulation and Development Study. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:643. [PMID: 38475326 DOI: 10.3390/polym16050643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Theophylline (THN), a bronchodilator with potential applications in emerging conditions like COVID-19, requires a controlled-release delivery system due to its narrow therapeutic range and short half-life. This need is particularly crucial as some existing formulations demonstrate impaired functionality. This study aims to develop a new 12-h controlled-release matrix system (CRMS) in the form of a capsule to optimize dosing intervals. METHODS CRMSs were developed using varying proportions of poloxamer 407 (P-407), stearyl alcohol (STA), and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) through the fusion technique. Their in vitro dissolution profiles were then compared with an FDA-approved THN drug across different pH media. The candidate formulation underwent characterization using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and thermogravimetric analysis. Additionally, a comprehensive stability study was conducted. RESULTS In vitro studies showed that adjusting the concentrations of excipients effectively controlled drug release. Notably, the CRMS formulation 15 (CRMS-F15), which was composed of 30% P-407, 30% STA, and 10% HPMC, closely matched the 12 h controlled-release profile of an FDA-approved drug across various pH media. Characterization techniques verified the successful dispersion of the drug within the matrix. Furthermore, CRMS-F15 maintained a consistent controlled drug release and demonstrated stability under a range of storage conditions. CONCLUSIONS The newly developed CRMS-F15 achieved a 12 h controlled release, comparable to its FDA-approved counterpart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molham Sakkal
- College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University, Al Ain P.O. Box 64141, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mosab Arafat
- College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University, Al Ain P.O. Box 64141, United Arab Emirates
| | - Priya Yuvaraju
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 17666, United Arab Emirates
| | - Rami Beiram
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 17666, United Arab Emirates
| | - Salahdein AbuRuz
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 17666, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
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4
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Shakleya D, Asmelash B, Alayoubi A, Abrigo N, Mohammad A, Wang J, Zhang J, Yang J, Marzan TA, Li D, Shaklah M, Alsharif FM, Desai S, Faustino PJ, Ashraf M, O'Connor T, Vera M, Raw A, Sayeed VA, Keire D. Bumetanide as a Model NDSRI Substrate: N-nitrosobumetanide Impurity Formation and its Inhibition in Bumetanide Tablets. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:3075-3087. [PMID: 37364772 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Nitrosamine compounds are classified as potential human carcinogens, the origin of these impurities can be broadly classified in two categories, nitrosamine impurity found in drug products that are not associated with the Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API), such as N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) or nitrosamine impurities associated with the API, such as nitrosamine drug substance-related impurities (NDSRIs). The mechanistic pathway for the formation of these two classes of impurities can be different and the approach to mitigate the risk should be tailored to address the specific concern. In the last couple of years number of NDSRIs have been reported for different drug products. Though, not the only contributing factor for the formation of NDSIRs, it is widely accepted that the presence of residual a nitrites/nitrates in the components used in the manufacturing of the drug products can be the primary contributor to the formation of NDSRIs. Approaches to mitigate the formation of NDSRIs in drug products include the use of antioxidants or pH modifiers in the formulation. The primary objective of this work was to evaluate the role of different inhibitors (antioxidants) and pH modifiers in tablet formulations prepared in-house using bumetanide (BMT) as a model drug to mitigate the formation of N-nitrosobumetanide (NBMT). A multi-factor study design was created, and several bumetanide formulations were prepared by wet granulation with and without sodium nitrite spike (100 ppm) and different antioxidants (ascorbic acid, ferulic acid or caffeic acid) at three concentrations (0.1%, 0.5% or 1% of the total tablet weight). Formulations with acidic and basic pH were also prepared using 0.1 N hydrochloric acid and 0.1 N sodium bicarbonate, respectively. The formulations were subjected to different storage (temperature and humidity) conditions over 6 months and stability data was collected. The rank order of N-nitrosobumetanide inhibition was highest with alkaline pH formulations, followed by formulations with ascorbic acid, caffeic acid or ferulic acid present. In summary, we hypothesize that maintaining a basic pH or the addition of an antioxidant in the drug product can mitigate the conversion of nitrite to nitrosating agent and thus reduce the formation of bumetanide nitrosamines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diaa Shakleya
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Office of Testing and Research, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA.
| | - Bethel Asmelash
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Office of lifecycle Drug product, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Alaadin Alayoubi
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Office of Testing and Research, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Nicolas Abrigo
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Office of Testing and Research, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Adil Mohammad
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Office of Testing and Research, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Jiang Wang
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Office of Testing and Research, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Jinhui Zhang
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Office of Testing and Research, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Jingyue Yang
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Office of Testing and Research, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Tim Andres Marzan
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Office of Testing and Research, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - David Li
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Office of Testing and Research, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Maha Shaklah
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Office of Testing and Research, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Fahd M Alsharif
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Office of Testing and Research, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Saaniya Desai
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Office of Testing and Research, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Patrick J Faustino
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Office of Testing and Research, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Muhammad Ashraf
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Office of Testing and Research, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Thomas O'Connor
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Office of Testing and Research, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Matthew Vera
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Office of lifecycle Drug product, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Andre Raw
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Office of lifecycle Drug product, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Vilayat A Sayeed
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Office of lifecycle Drug product, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - David Keire
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Office of Testing and Research, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
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Géhin C, O'Neill N, Moore A, Harrison M, Holman SW, Blom G. Dispersant-First Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction (DF-DLLME), a Novel Sample Preparation Procedure for NDMA Determination in Metformin Products. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:2453-2462. [PMID: 37031864 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
Since December 2019, global batch recalls of metformin pharmaceutical products have highlighted an urgent need to control N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) contamination to demonstrate patient safety and maintain supply of this essential medicine. Due to their formulation, the metformin extended-release products present difficult analytical challenges for conventional sample preparation procedures, such as artefactual (in-situ) NDMA formation, gelling, and precipitation. To overcome these challenges, a new version of dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) termed dispersant-first DLLME (DF-DLLME) was developed and optimized for the analysis of NDMA in metformin extended-release products using a detailed Design of Experiments (DoE) to optimize sample preparation. Gas chromatography-high resolution accurate mass-mass spectrometry (GC-HRAM-MS) combined with automated DF-DLLME were successfully applied to monitor the NDMA levels of two different metformin extended-release AstraZeneca products to ultra-trace levels (parts per billion). The additional benefits associated with DF-DLLME, which include automation, time/costs saving, and greener sample preparation, make this novel technique easier to transfer from a development to Quality Control (QC) environment. In addition, this also offers an attractive candidate for the wider platform analysis of N-nitrosamines in pharmaceutical drug products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Géhin
- Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas O'Neill
- Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, United Kingdom
| | - Amy Moore
- Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Harrison
- Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen W Holman
- Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, United Kingdom
| | - Giorgio Blom
- Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, United Kingdom.
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Charoo NA, Dharani S, Khan MA, Rahman Z. Nitroso Impurities in Drug Products: An Overview of Risk Assessment, Regulatory Milieu, and Control Strategy. AAPS PharmSciTech 2023; 24:60. [PMID: 36759424 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-023-02523-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Many nitrosamines have been recognized to be carcinogenic for many decades. Despite the fact that several nitrosamine precursors are frequently used in the manufacturing of pharmaceutical products, their potential presence in pharmaceutical products has previously been overlooked due to a lack of understanding on how they form during the manufacturing process. From the risk assessment, it is clear that nitrosamines or their precursors may be present in any component of the finished dosage form. As a risk mitigation strategy, components with a high potential to form nitrosamine should be avoided. In the absence of suitable alternatives, sufficient measures to maintain nitrosamines below acceptable intake levels must be applied. Excipient manufacturing pathways must be extensively studied in order to identify probable excipient components that may contribute to nitrosamine formation. The manufacturers must not solely rely on pharmacopeial specifications for APIs and excipients, rather, they should also develop and implement additional strategies to control nitrosamine impurities. The formulation can be supplemented with nitrosating inhibitors, such as vitamin C, to stop the generation of nitrosamine. The purpose of this review is to identify key risk factors with regard to nitrosamine formation in pharmaceutical dosage forms and provide an effective control strategy to contain them below acceptable daily intake limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naseem A Charoo
- Succor Pharma Solutions, Laboratory Complex, 216, Dubai Science Park, Dubai, UAE
| | - Sathish Dharani
- Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Mansoor A Khan
- Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Ziyaur Rahman
- Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
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Wichitnithad W, Nantaphol S, Noppakhunsomboon K, Rojsitthisak P. An update on the current status and prospects of nitrosation pathways and possible root causes of nitrosamine formation in various pharmaceuticals. Saudi Pharm J 2023; 31:295-311. [PMID: 36942272 PMCID: PMC10023554 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2022.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last two years, global regulatory authorities have raised safety concerns on nitrosamine contamination in several drug classes, including angiotensin II receptor antagonists, histamine-2 receptor antagonists, antimicrobial agents, and antidiabetic drugs. To avoid carcinogenic and mutagenic effects in patients relying on these medications, authorities have established specific guidelines in risk assessment scenarios and proposed control limits for nitrosamine impurities in pharmaceuticals. In this review, nitrosation pathways and possible root causes of nitrosamine formation in pharmaceuticals are discussed. The control limits of nitrosamine impurities in pharmaceuticals proposed by national regulatory authorities are presented. Additionally, a practical and science-based strategy for implementing the well-established control limits is notably reviewed in terms of an alternative approach for drug product N-nitrosamines without published AI information from animal carcinogenicity testing. Finally, a novel risk evaluation strategy for predicting and investigating the possible nitrosation of amine precursors and amine pharmaceuticals as powerful prevention of nitrosamine contamination is addressed.
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Key Words
- AI, acceptable intake
- APIs, active pharmaceutical ingredients
- ARBs, angiotensin II receptor blockers
- AZBC, 4′-(azidomethyl)-[1.1′-biphenyl]-2-carbonitile
- AZBT, 5-(4′-(azidomethyl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-2-yl)-1H-tetrazole
- AZTT, 5-(4′-((5-(azidomethyl)-2-butyl-4-chloro-1H-imidazol-1-yl) methyl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-2-yl)-1H-tetrazole
- CDER, center for drug evaluation and research
- CPNP, 1-cyclopentyl-4-nitrosopiperazine
- Control limits
- DBA, N,N-dibutylamine
- DEA, N,N-diethylamine
- DIPEA, N,N-diisopropylethylamine
- DMA, dimethylamine
- DMF, N,N-dimethyl formamide
- DPA, N,N-dipropylamine
- EMA, European Medicines Agency
- EPA, Environmental Protection Agency
- FDA, Food and Drug Administration
- HSA, Health Sciences Authority
- IARC, International Agency for Research on Cancer
- ICH, International Council for Harmonisation
- LD50, median lethal dose
- MBA, N-methylamino-N-butyric acid
- MDD, maximum daily dose
- MNP, 1-methyl-4-nitrosopiperazine
- NAP, nitrosation assay procedure
- NDBA, N-nitrosodibutylamine
- NDEA, N-nitrosodiethylamine
- NDIPA, N-nitrosodiisopropylamine
- NDMA, N-nitrosodimethylamine
- NDSRIs, Nitrosamine drug substance-related impurities
- NEIPA, N-nitroso ethylisopropylamine
- NMBA, N-nitroso-N-methyl-4-aminobutyric acid
- NMP, N-methyl pyrrolidinone
- NOCs, N-nitroso compounds
- Nitrosamines
- Nitrosation
- PPRs, proportionate reporting ratios
- Ranitidine
- SARs, structure–activity relationships
- Sartans
- TD50, median toxic dose
- TEA, triethylamine
- TMA, trimethylamine
- TTC, threshold of toxicological concern
- USFDA, United States Food Drug and Administration
- USP, United States Pharmacopoeia
- WHO, World Health Organization
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Affiliation(s)
- Wisut Wichitnithad
- Department of Analytical Development, Pharma Nueva Co., Ltd, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Department of Clinical Development, Pharma Nueva Co., Ltd, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Siriwan Nantaphol
- Department of Clinical Development, Pharma Nueva Co., Ltd, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | | | - Pornchai Rojsitthisak
- Department of Food and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Natural Products for Ageing and Chronic Diseases, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Corresponding author at: Department of Food and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Patumwan, Bangkok 10330 Thailand.
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Kee CL, Zeng Y, Ge X, Lim JQ, Teo Jessie HG, Low MY. Analysis of N-nitrosodimethylamine in metformin hydrochloride products by high-resolution accurate mass gas chromatography mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2023; 37:e9414. [PMID: 36239213 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The high resolving power of the Orbitrap mass spectrometer in a high-resolution accurate mass gas chromatography (HRAM-GC-MS) system provides greater selectivity and sensitivity for the identification and quantification of volatile analytes at low parts per billion (ppb) levels. Hence, it can be applied for the analysis of pharmaceutical impurities like N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) in metformin hydrochloride products (METs). METHODS Different METs extracted by a dichloromethane/aqueous system were analyzed by HRAM-GC-MS under softer electron ionization (EI) at 30 eV. The accurate masses of NDMA and its internal standard NDMA-d6 were analyzed by full scan and targeted selected ion monitoring modes under 60 000 and 30 000 full width at half maximum at m/z 200, respectively. Data acquisition and processing were managed by Xcalibur and Trace Finder software, respectively. RESULTS Limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) at 10 and 20 ng/g were achieved, which is below the allowed daily intake of 32 ng/g. The mass errors measured from experimental data were within ±2 ppm of the theoretical values over a period of a week. Sample analysis showed that 180 out of 212 samples (85%) were below LOD and 15 out of 212 samples (7 %) were within LOD and LOQ. Only 17 samples (8%) were found to be above LOQ, comprising one active pharmaceutical ingredient (API), five immediate-release METs and 11 extended-released METs. Amongst these, seven extended-release METs and one API exceeded the daily allowed intake, 32 ng/g. CONCLUSIONS The validated method has been successfully applied for NDMA analysis in various forms of METs. The method is rather straightforward without an additional clean-up step. The scope can also be extended to other volatile impurities in finished pharmaceutical products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chee-Leong Kee
- Health Sciences Authority, Pharmaceutical Laboratory, Applied Sciences Group, Singapore
| | - Yun Zeng
- Health Sciences Authority, Pharmaceutical Laboratory, Applied Sciences Group, Singapore
| | - Xiaowei Ge
- Health Sciences Authority, Pharmaceutical Laboratory, Applied Sciences Group, Singapore
| | - Jing-Quan Lim
- Health Sciences Authority, Pharmaceutical Laboratory, Applied Sciences Group, Singapore
| | - Hong-Gek Teo Jessie
- Health Sciences Authority, Pharmaceutical Laboratory, Applied Sciences Group, Singapore
| | - Min-Yong Low
- Health Sciences Authority, Pharmaceutical Laboratory, Applied Sciences Group, Singapore
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9
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Schlingemann J, Boucley C, Hickert S, Bourasseau L, Walker M, Celdran C, Chemarin T, Pegues C, Fritzsche M, Keitel J, Goettsche A, Seegel M, Leicht S, Guessregen B, Reifenberg P, Wetzel S, Müller T, Schooren F, Schuster T, Liebhold M, Kirsch A, Krueger P, Saal C, Mouton B, Masanes S. Avoiding N-Nitrosodimethylamine Formation in Metformin Pharmaceuticals by Limiting Dimethylamine and Nitrite. Int J Pharm 2022; 620:121740. [PMID: 35421534 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Since late 2019, concerns regarding trace levels of the probable human carcinogen N-dimethylnitrosamine (NDMA) in Metformin-containing pharmaceuticals have been an issue if they exceeded the maximum allowable intake of 96 ng/day for a medicine with long-term intake. Here, we report results from an extensive analysis of NDMA concentrations along the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) manufacturing process as well as two different drug product manufacturing processes. Our findings confirm that Metformin API is not a significant source of NDMA found in Metformin pharmaceuticals and that NDMA is created at those steps of the drug product manufacturing that introduce heat and nitrite. We demonstrate that reduction of nitrite from excipients is an effective means to reduce NDMA in the drug product. Limiting residual dimethylamine in the API has proven to be another important factor for NDMA control as dimethylamine leads to formation of NDMA in the drug products. Furthermore, analysis of historical batches of drug products has shown that NDMA may increase during storage, but the levels reached were not shelf-life limiting for the products under study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Celine Boucley
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | | | - Matt Walker
- Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Technology and Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, UK
| | | | | | - Celine Pegues
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | - Judith Keitel
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Anja Goettsche
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Maic Seegel
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Stefan Leicht
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Tim Müller
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Fanny Schooren
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | - Mike Liebhold
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Annette Kirsch
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | - Christoph Saal
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Bruno Mouton
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Sandra Masanes
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
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10
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Fritzsche M, Blom G, Keitel J, Goettsche A, Seegel M, Leicht S, Guessregen B, Hickert S, Reifenberg P, Cimelli A, Baranowski R, Desmartin E, Barrau E, Harrison M, Bristow T, O'Neill N, Kirsch A, Krueger P, Saal C, Mouton B, Schlingemann J. NDMA analytics in metformin products: Comparison of methods and pitfalls. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 168:106026. [PMID: 34597792 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2021.106026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND For nearly three years, the concerns regarding trace levels of N-nitrosamines in pharmaceuticals and the associated cancer risk have significantly expanded and are a major issue facing the global pharmaceutical industry. N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) found in formulations of the popular anti-diabetic drug metformin is a prominent example. This has resulted in product recalls raising the profile within the media. Issues of method robustness, sample preparation and several unexpected sources of nitrosamine contamination have been highlighted as false positive risks. It has become apparent that the identification of the root causes of artefactual formation of nitrosamines must be identified to mitigate risk associated with the analysis. METHODS A comparison study between four laboratories, across three companies was designed, employing orthogonal mass spectrometric methods for the quantification of NDMA in two metformin immediate release (IR) formulations and one extended release (XR) formulation. These were 2x LC-MS/MS, GC-MS/MS and GC-HRMS. RESULTS Good agreement of results was obtained for the IR formulations. However, we measured higher concentrations of NDMA in the XR formulation using GC-MS/MS compared to LC-MS/MS. We could show that this was due to artefactual (in situ) formation of NDMA when samples were extracted with dichloromethane. Removal of dimethylamine (DMA) and nitrite from the extracted sample or the addition of a nitrosation scavenger are shown to be effective remedies. NDMA in situ formation was not observed in 10% MeOH or acetonitrile. CONCLUSION Metformin pharmaceuticals contain traces of the API impurity DMA as well as inorganic nitrite from excipients. This can lead to artefactual formation of NDMA and hence false positive results if DCM is used for sample extraction. Similar artefacts are likely also in other pharmaceuticals if these contain the secondary amine precursor of the respective nitrosamine analyte.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giorgio Blom
- Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, SK10 2NA, United Kingdom
| | - Judith Keitel
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, Darmstadt 64293, Germany
| | - Anja Goettsche
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, Darmstadt 64293, Germany
| | - Maic Seegel
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, Darmstadt 64293, Germany
| | - Stefan Leicht
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, Darmstadt 64293, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Alexandra Cimelli
- Eurofins-Amatsi Analytics, Parc de Genibrat, Fontenilles 31470, France
| | - Romane Baranowski
- Eurofins-Amatsi Analytics, Parc de Genibrat, Fontenilles 31470, France
| | | | - Elodie Barrau
- Eurofins-Amatsi Analytics, Parc de Genibrat, Fontenilles 31470, France
| | - Mark Harrison
- Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, SK10 2NA, United Kingdom
| | - Tony Bristow
- Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, SK10 2NA, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas O'Neill
- Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, SK10 2NA, United Kingdom
| | - Annette Kirsch
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, Darmstadt 64293, Germany
| | | | - Christoph Saal
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, Darmstadt 64293, Germany
| | - Bruno Mouton
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, Darmstadt 64293, Germany
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11
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Influencing Factors in N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) Impurity Detection in Ranitidine and Possible Reactivity of other Histamine H2 Receptor Antagonists. J Pharm Innov 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12247-021-09578-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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