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Reséndiz-Mora A, Barrera-Aveleida G, Sotelo-Rodríguez A, Galarce-Sosa I, Nevárez-Lechuga I, Santiago-Hernández JC, Nogueda-Torres B, Meza-Toledo S, Gómez-Manzo S, Wong-Baeza I, Baeza I, Wong-Baeza C. Effect of B-NIPOx in Experimental Trypanosoma cruzi Infection in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010333. [PMID: 36613783 PMCID: PMC9820238 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease is caused by Trypanosoma cruzi and represents a major public health problem, which is endemic in Latin America and emerging in the rest of the world. The two drugs that are currently available for its treatment, Benznidazole and Nifurtimox, are partially effective in the chronic phase of the disease. In this study, we designed and synthesized the benzyl ester of N-isopropyl oxamic acid (B-NIPOx), which is a non-polar molecule that crosses cell membranes. B-NIPOx is cleaved inside the parasite by carboxylesterases, releasing benzyl alcohol (a molecule with antimicrobial activity), and NIPOx, which is an inhibitor of α-hydroxy acid dehydrogenase isozyme II (HADH-II), a key enzyme in T. cruzi metabolism. We evaluated B-NIPOx cytotoxicity, its toxicity in mice, and its inhibitory activity on purified HADH-II and on T. cruzi homogenates. We then evaluated the trypanocidal activity of B-NIPOx in vitro and in vivo and its effect in the intestine of T. cruzi-infected mice. We found that B-NIPOx had higher trypanocidal activity on epimastigotes and trypomastigotes than Benznidazole and Nifurtimox, that it was more effective to reduce blood parasitemia and amastigote nests in infected mice, and that, in contrast to the reference drugs, it prevented the development of Chagasic enteropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albany Reséndiz-Mora
- Laboratorio de Biomembranas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Enzimología, Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
| | - Giovanna Barrera-Aveleida
- Laboratorio de Biomembranas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Enzimología, Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
| | - Anahi Sotelo-Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Biomembranas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Enzimología, Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
| | - Iván Galarce-Sosa
- Laboratorio de Biomembranas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Enzimología, Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
| | - Irene Nevárez-Lechuga
- Laboratorio de Biomembranas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Enzimología, Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
| | - Juan Carlos Santiago-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Enzimología, Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
| | - Benjamín Nogueda-Torres
- Laboratorio de Helmintología, Departamento de Parasitología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
| | - Sergio Meza-Toledo
- Laboratorio de Quimioterapia Experimental, Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
| | - Saúl Gómez-Manzo
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica Genética, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City 04530, Mexico
| | - Isabel Wong-Baeza
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Molecular II, Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
| | - Isabel Baeza
- Laboratorio de Biomembranas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
- Correspondence: (I.B.); (C.W.-B.); Tel.: +52-55-5729-6000 (ext. 62326) (I.B. & C.W.-B.)
| | - Carlos Wong-Baeza
- Laboratorio de Biomembranas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
- Correspondence: (I.B.); (C.W.-B.); Tel.: +52-55-5729-6000 (ext. 62326) (I.B. & C.W.-B.)
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Mazzeti AL, Capelari-Oliveira P, Bahia MT, Mosqueira VCF. Review on Experimental Treatment Strategies Against Trypanosoma cruzi. J Exp Pharmacol 2021; 13:409-432. [PMID: 33833592 PMCID: PMC8020333 DOI: 10.2147/jep.s267378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease is a neglected tropical disease caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi. Currently, only nitroheterocyclic nifurtimox (NFX) and benznidazole (BNZ) are available for the treatment of Chagas disease, with limitations such as variable efficacy, long treatment regimens and toxicity. Different strategies have been used to discover new active molecules for the treatment of Chagas disease. Target-based and phenotypic screening led to thousands of compounds with anti-T. cruzi activity, notably the nitroheterocyclic compounds, fexinidazole and its metabolites. In addition, drug repurposing, drug combinations, re-dosing regimens and the development of new formulations have been evaluated. The CYP51 antifungal azoles, as posaconazole, ravuconazole and its prodrug fosravuconazole presented promising results in experimental Chagas disease. Drug combinations of nitroheterocyclic and azoles were able to induce cure in murine infection. New treatment schemes using BNZ showed efficacy in the experimental chronic stage, including against dormant forms of T. cruzi. And finally, sesquiterpene lactone formulated in nanocarriers displayed outstanding efficacy against different strains of T. cruzi, susceptible or resistant to BNZ, the reference drug. These pre-clinical results are encouraging and provide interesting evidence to improve the treatment of patients with Chagas disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Lia Mazzeti
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento Galênico e Nanotecnologia, Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, 35400-000, Brazil.,Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21040-360, Brazil.,Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Escola de Medicina & Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, 35400-000, Brazil
| | - Patricia Capelari-Oliveira
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento Galênico e Nanotecnologia, Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, 35400-000, Brazil
| | - Maria Terezinha Bahia
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Escola de Medicina & Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, 35400-000, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Carla Furtado Mosqueira
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento Galênico e Nanotecnologia, Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, 35400-000, Brazil
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Brancaglion GA, Toyota AE, Cardoso Machado JV, Fernandes Júnior AÁ, Silveira AT, Vilas Boas DF, Dos Santos EG, Caldas IS, Carvalho DT. In vitro and in vivo trypanocidal activities of 8-methoxy-3-(4-nitrobenzoyl)-6-propyl-2H-cromen-2-one, a new synthetic coumarin of low cytotoxicity against mammalian cells. Chem Biol Drug Des 2018; 92:1888-1898. [PMID: 29992719 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Natural and synthetic coumarins have been described as prototypes of new drug candidates against Chagas' disease. During a typical screening with new compounds, we observed the potential of a new synthetic nitrobenzoylcoumarin (1) as trypanocidal against Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotas. Then, we decided to prepare and evaluate a set of analogues from 1 to check the major structural requirements for trypanocidal activity. The structural variations were conducted in six different sites on the original compound and the best derivative (3) presented activity (IC50 28 ± 3 μM) similar to that of benznidazole (IC50 25 ± 10 μM). The enhancement of trypanocidal activity was conditioned to a change in the side chain at C6 (allyl to n-propyl group) and the preservation of coumarin nucleus and the nitrobenzoyl group at C3. Exposure of 3 to H9C2 cells showed low toxicity (CC50 > 200 μM) and its activity on T. cruzi amastigotes (IC50 13 ± 0.3 μM) encouraged us to perform an evaluation of its potential when given orally to mice infected with trypomastigote forms. Derivative 3 was able to reduce parasitemia when compared to the group of untreated animals. Taken together, these results show the potential therapeutic application of the synthetic coumarins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Andrade Brancaglion
- Departamento de Alimentos e Medicamentos, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - André Eidi Toyota
- Departamento de Alimentos e Medicamentos, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - José Vaz Cardoso Machado
- Departamento de Alimentos e Medicamentos, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - Antônio Ávila Fernandes Júnior
- Departamento de Alimentos e Medicamentos, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - Alberto Thalison Silveira
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - Diego Fernandes Vilas Boas
- Departamento Patologia e Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - Elda Gonçalves Dos Santos
- Departamento Patologia e Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - Ivo Santana Caldas
- Departamento Patologia e Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - Diogo Teixeira Carvalho
- Departamento de Alimentos e Medicamentos, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas, MG, Brazil
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Wong-Baeza C, Nogueda-Torres B, Serna M, Meza-Toledo S, Baeza I, Wong C. Trypanocidal effect of the benzyl ester of N-propyl oxamate: a bi-potential prodrug for the treatment of experimental Chagas disease. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2015; 16:10. [PMID: 25896924 PMCID: PMC4409700 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-015-0010-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chagas disease, which is caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, is a major health problem in Latin America, and there are currently no drugs for the effective treatment of this disease. The energy metabolism of T. cruzi is an attractive target for drug design, and we previously reported that inhibitors of α-hydroxy acid dehydrogenase (HADH)-isozyme II exhibit trypanocidal activity. N-Propyl oxamate (NPOx) is an inhibitor of HADH-isozyme II, and its non-polar ethyl ester (Et-NPOx) is cytotoxic to T. cruzi. A new derivative of NPOx has been developed in this study with higher trypanocidal activity, which could be used for the treatment of Chagas disease. METHODS The benzyl ester of NPOx (B-NPOx) was synthesized and its activity evaluated towards epimastigotes and bloodstream trypomastigotes (in vitro), as well as mice infected with T. cruzi (in vivo). The activity of B-NPOx was also compared with those of Et-NPOx, benznidazole (Bz) and nifurtimox (Nx). NINOA, Miguz, Compostela, Nayarit and INC-5 T. cruzi strains were used in this study. RESULTS Polar NPOx did not penetrate the parasites and exhibited no trypanocidal activity. In contrast, the hydrophobic ester B-NPOx exhibited trypanocidal activity in vitro and in vivo. B-NPOx exhibited higher trypanocidal activity than Et-NPOx, Bz and Nx towards all five of the T. cruzi strains. The increased activity of B-NPOx was attributed to its hydrolysis inside the parasites to give NPOx and benzyl alcohol, which is an antimicrobial compound with trypanocidal effects. B-NPOx was also effective against two strains of T. cruzi that are resistant to Bz and Nx. CONCLUSION B-NPOx exhibited higher in vitro (2- to 14.8-fold) and in vivo (2.2- to 4.5-fold) trypanocidal activity towards T. cruzi than Et-NPOx. B-NPOx also exhibited higher in vitro (2- to 24-fold) and in vivo (1.9- to 15-fold) trypanocidal activity than Bz and Nx. B-NPOx is more lipophilic than Et-NPOx, allowing for better penetration into T. cruzi parasites, where the enzymatic cleavage of B-NPOx would give NPOx and benzyl alcohol, which are potent trypanocidal agents. Taken together with its low toxicity, these results suggest that B-NPOx could be used as a potent prodrug for the treatment of Chagas disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Wong-Baeza
- Biochemistry Department, National School of Biological Sciences, National Polytechnic Institute, 11340, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Benjamín Nogueda-Torres
- Parasitology Department, National School of Biological Sciences, National Polytechnic Institute, 11340, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Manuel Serna
- Biochemistry Department, National School of Biological Sciences, National Polytechnic Institute, 11340, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Sergio Meza-Toledo
- Biochemistry Department, National School of Biological Sciences, National Polytechnic Institute, 11340, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Isabel Baeza
- Biochemistry Department, National School of Biological Sciences, National Polytechnic Institute, 11340, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Carlos Wong
- Biochemistry Department, National School of Biological Sciences, National Polytechnic Institute, 11340, Mexico City, Mexico.
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Aguirre-Alvarado C, Zaragoza-Martínez F, Rodríguez-Páez L, Téllez-Rendón JL, Nogueda B, Baeza I, Wong C. Trypanocidal activity of the ethyl esters of N-propyl and N-isopropyl oxamates on intracellular amastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi acute infected mice. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2009; 25:111-5. [DOI: 10.3109/14756360903027741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Charmina Aguirre-Alvarado
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas–Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Fabiola Zaragoza-Martínez
- Departamento de Parasitología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas–Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Lorena Rodríguez-Páez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas–Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Juan Luis Téllez-Rendón
- Departamento de Parasitología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas–Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Benjamín Nogueda
- Departamento de Parasitología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas–Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Isabel Baeza
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas–Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Carlos Wong
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas–Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
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Aguirre-Alvarado C, Zaragoza-Martínez F, Rodríguez-Páez L, Nogueda B, Baeza I, Wong C. In vitro and in vivo trypanocidal activity of the ethyl esters of N-allyl and N-propyl oxamates using different Trypanosoma cruzi strains. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2008; 22:227-33. [PMID: 17518350 DOI: 10.1080/14756360601051233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The trypanocidal activity of N-allyl (NAOx) and N-propyl (NPOx) oxamates and that of the ethyl esters ofN-allyl (Et-NAOx) and N-propyl (Et-NPOx) oxamates were tested on cultured epimastigotes (in vitro) and murine trypanosomiasis (in vivo) using five different T. cruzi strains. NAOx and NPOx did not penetrate intact epimastigotes and therefore we were not able to detect any trypanocidal effect with these oxamates. Whereas the ethyl esters (Et-NAOx and Et-NPOx), acting as prodrugs, exhibited in vitro and in vivo trypanocidal activity on the five tested T. cruzi strains. On the contrary, when Nifurtimox and Benznidazole used as reference drugs were tested, we found that only three of the five tested T cruzi strains were affected, whereas the other two strains, Miguz and Compostela, were resistant to the in vitro and in vivo trypanocidal activity of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charmina Aguirre-Alvarado
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Apartado Postal 4-129, Admon. 4, México City 06401, México
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Hall CA, Hobby T, Cipollini M. Efficacy and mechanisms of alpha-solasonine-and alpha-solamargine-induced cytolysis on two strains of Trypanosoma cruzi. J Chem Ecol 2007; 32:2405-16. [PMID: 17001530 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-006-9153-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Two genetically diverse strains of Trypanosoma cruzi were tested in vitro for susceptibility to the solanum-derived triglycoside alkaloids solasonine and solamargine. Cytolytic assays were performed on epimastigotes (EMs) and bloodstream form trypomastigotes (BSFs) lifecycle stages by using serial dilutions of each alkaloid. Each alkaloid effectively lysed both lifecycle stages, although solasonine routinely required higher concentrations to induce similar results. EMs demonstrated greater resistance to cytolysis than BSFs at equal concentrations of either alkaloid. No significant resistance could be correlated to parasite strain. The reported synergistic cytolytic effects observed upon compounding solasonine and solamargine together were also tested. We failed to identify any cytolytic synergism in cultures of EMs or BSFs. The role of rhamnose-binding proteins (RBPs) in mediating cytolysis was investigated through competitive inhibition experiments. The addition of exogenous L: -rhamnose to the media failed to reduce parasite attrition independent of the parasite lifecycle stage. Based on these results, we suggest the mechanisms involved in cytolysis of T. cruzi by solasonine and solamargine are largely independent of rhamnose receptor-specific interactions. We propose that attrition likely involves less-specific carbohydrate interactions, which lead to the formation and intercalation of sterol complexes into the parasite plasma membrane.
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Chung MC, Ferreira EI, Santos JL, Giarolla J, Rando DG, Almeida AE, Bosquesi PL, Menegon RF, Blau L. Prodrugs for the treatment of neglected diseases. Molecules 2007; 13:616-77. [PMID: 18463559 PMCID: PMC6245083 DOI: 10.3390/molecules13030616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2008] [Revised: 03/12/2008] [Accepted: 03/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, World Health Organization (WHO) and Medicins San Frontieres (MSF) proposed a classification of diseases as global, neglected and extremely neglected. Global diseases, such as cancer, cardiovascular and mental (CNS) diseases represent the targets of the majority of the R&D efforts of pharmaceutical companies. Neglected diseases affect millions of people in the world yet existing drug therapy is limited and often inappropriate. Furthermore, extremely neglected diseases affect people living under miserable conditions who barely have access to the bare necessities for survival. Most of these diseases are excluded from the goals of the R&D programs in the pharmaceutical industry and therefore fall outside the pharmaceutical market. About 14 million people,mainly in developing countries, die each year from infectious diseases. From 1975 to 1999,1393 new drugs were approved yet only 1% were for the treatment of neglected diseases[3]. These numbers have not changed until now, so in those countries there is an urgent need for the design and synthesis of new drugs and in this area the prodrug approach is a very interesting field. It provides, among other effects, activity improvements and toxicity decreases for current and new drugs, improving market availability. It is worth noting that it is essential in drug design to save time and money, and prodrug approaches can be considered of high interest in this respect. The present review covers 20 years of research on the design of prodrugs for the treatment of neglected and extremely neglected diseases such as Chagas' disease (American trypanosomiasis), sleeping sickness (African trypanosomiasis), malaria, sickle cell disease, tuberculosis, leishmaniasis and schistosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Chin Chung
- Lapdesf - Laboratório de Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Departamento de Fármacos e Medicamentos, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas - UNESP Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú Km 1, 14801-902, Brazil
| | - Elizabeth Igne Ferreira
- LAPEN – Laboratório de Planejamento e Síntese de Quimioterápicos Potencialmente Ativos em Endemias Tropicais, Departamento de Farmácia, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas – USP/SP, R. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 580, B-13S, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, 05508-900, Brazil; E-mail:
| | - Jean Leandro Santos
- Lapdesf - Laboratório de Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Departamento de Fármacos e Medicamentos, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas - UNESP Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú Km 1, 14801-902, Brazil
- LAPEN – Laboratório de Planejamento e Síntese de Quimioterápicos Potencialmente Ativos em Endemias Tropicais, Departamento de Farmácia, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas – USP/SP, R. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 580, B-13S, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, 05508-900, Brazil; E-mail:
| | - Jeanine Giarolla
- LAPEN – Laboratório de Planejamento e Síntese de Quimioterápicos Potencialmente Ativos em Endemias Tropicais, Departamento de Farmácia, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas – USP/SP, R. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 580, B-13S, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, 05508-900, Brazil; E-mail:
| | - Daniela Gonçales Rando
- LAPEN – Laboratório de Planejamento e Síntese de Quimioterápicos Potencialmente Ativos em Endemias Tropicais, Departamento de Farmácia, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas – USP/SP, R. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 580, B-13S, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, 05508-900, Brazil; E-mail:
| | - Adélia Emília Almeida
- Lapdesf - Laboratório de Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Departamento de Fármacos e Medicamentos, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas - UNESP Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú Km 1, 14801-902, Brazil
| | - Priscila Longhin Bosquesi
- Lapdesf - Laboratório de Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Departamento de Fármacos e Medicamentos, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas - UNESP Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú Km 1, 14801-902, Brazil
| | - Renato Farina Menegon
- Lapdesf - Laboratório de Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Departamento de Fármacos e Medicamentos, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas - UNESP Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú Km 1, 14801-902, Brazil
| | - Lorena Blau
- Lapdesf - Laboratório de Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Departamento de Fármacos e Medicamentos, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas - UNESP Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú Km 1, 14801-902, Brazil
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