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Mendes E, Ramalhete C, Duarte N. Myrsinane-Type Diterpenes: A Comprehensive Review on Structural Diversity, Chemistry and Biological Activities. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:147. [PMID: 38203318 PMCID: PMC10779237 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Euphorbia species are important sources of polycyclic and macrocyclic diterpenes, which have been the focus of natural-product-based drug research due to their relevant biological properties, including anticancer, multidrug resistance reversal, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory activities. Premyrsinane, cyclomyrsinane, and myrsinane diterpenes are generally and collectively designated as myrsinane-type diterpenes. These compounds are derived from the macrocyclic lathyrane structure and are characterized by having highly oxygenated rearranged polycyclic systems. This review aims to describe and summarize the distribution and diversity of 220 myrsinane-type diterpenes isolated in the last four decades from about 20 Euphorbia species. Some myrsinane diterpenes obtained from Jatropha curcas are also described. Discussion on their plausible biosynthetic pathways is presented, as well as isolation procedures and structural elucidation using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Furthermore, the most important biological activities are highlighted, which include cytotoxic and immunomodulatory activities, the modulation of efflux pumps, the neuroprotective effects, and the inhibition of enzymes such as urease, HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, and prolyl endopeptidase, among other biological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduarda Mendes
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMED.Ulisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal; (E.M.); (C.R.)
| | - Cátia Ramalhete
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMED.Ulisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal; (E.M.); (C.R.)
- ATLÂNTICA—Instituto Universitário, Fábrica da Pólvora de Barcarena, 2730-036 Barcarena, Portugal
| | - Noélia Duarte
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMED.Ulisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal; (E.M.); (C.R.)
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Ganapathy Vilasam Sreekala A, Gupta KK, Nathan VK. Identification of coastal pesticide pollutants as potent inhibitors of Bacillus pasteurii urease mediated calcium carbonate precipitation: a computational approach. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023:1-11. [PMID: 37691444 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2252089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Microbially induced calcite precipitation (MICP) through urease enzyme has attained a lot of recognition in various fields of civil engineering and geotechnology for stabilizing the strength of soil and various concrete materials. The activity of urease has been found to be affected by various factors like temperature, substrate concentrations, pH of the medium, presence of inhibitors, etc. Through this study, the outcome of the interaction of pesticides (commonly found in Indian coastal regions) on Bacillus pasteurii urease, a major organism reported for MICP studies has been investigated in silico. The results from the study revealed that the enzyme has higher interactions of -4.1, -3.2, and -3.4 kJ/mol with common pesticides like dichloro diphenyl dichloro ethane(DDD), dichloro diphenyl trichloroe thane (DDT), and methyl parathion of organochlorides and organophosphates class. From the molecular dynamics simulation analysis, complex 1 (DDD -receptor) has been found to have the highest and more compact structure followed by methyl parathion -receptor. Prime MM-GBSA analysis also revealed the highest binding energy of -27.8 kcal/mol with the protein and DDD. Thus, it can be inferred from the current study that pesticides, particularly, DDD, DDT, and methyl parathion present in the coastal areas may have an impact on urease. This interaction can result in the inhibition of the urease activity of B. pasteurii, thus preventing the biomineralization process. This study would be the first report on the computational approach to understanding the interaction of prominent pesticides on the coastal region and B. pasteurii urease.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Krishna Kant Gupta
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thirumalasamudram, India
| | - Vinod Kumar Nathan
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thirumalasamudram, India
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Urease Inhibitory Kinetic Studies of Various Extracts and Pure Compounds from Cinnamomum Genus. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26133803. [PMID: 34206529 PMCID: PMC8270325 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26133803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Urease is an enzyme that plays a significant role in the hydrolysis of urea into carbonic acid and ammonia via the carbamic acid formation. The resultant increase in pH leads to the onset of various pathologies such as gastric cancer, urolithiasis, hepatic coma, hepatic encephalopathy, duodenal ulcers and peptic ulcers. Urease inhibitors can reduce the urea hydrolysis rate and development of various diseases. The Cinnamomum genus is used in a large number of traditional medicines. It is well established that stem bark of Cinnamomum cassia exhibits antiulcerogenic potential. The present study evaluated the inhibitory effect of seven extracts of Cinnamomum camphora, Cinnamomum verum and two pure compounds Camphene and Cuminaldehyde on urease enzyme. Kinetic studies of potential inhibitors were carried out. Methanol extract (IC50 980 µg/mL) of C. camphora and a monoterpene Camphene (IC50 0.147 µg/mL) possess significant inhibitory activity. The Lineweaver Burk plot analysis suggested the competitive inhibition by methanol extract, hexane fraction and Camphene. The Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC–MS) analysis of hexane fraction revealed the contribution of various terpenes. The present study targets terpenes as a new class of inhibitors that have potential therapeutic value for further development as novel drugs.
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Taha M, Rahim F, Khan AA, Anouar EH, Ahmed N, Shah SAA, Ibrahim M, Zakari ZA. Synthesis of diindolylmethane (DIM) bearing thiadiazole derivatives as a potent urease inhibitor. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7969. [PMID: 32409737 PMCID: PMC7224224 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64729-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study describes synthesis of diindolylmethane (DIM) derivatives based-thiadiazole as a new class of urease inhibitors. Diindolylmethane is natural product alkaloid reported to use in medicinal chemistry extensively. Diindolylmethane-based-thiadiazole analogs (1–18) were synthesized and characterized by various spectroscopic techniques 1HNMR, 13C-NMR, EI-MS and evaluated for urease (jack bean urease) inhibitory potential. All compounds showed excellent to moderate inhibitory potential having IC50 value within the range of 0.50 ± 0.01 to 33.20 ± 1.20 µM compared with the standard thiourea (21.60 ± 0.70 µM). Compound 8 (IC50 = 0.50 ± 0.01 µM) was the most potent inhibitor amongst all derivatives. Structure-activity relationships have been established for all compounds. The key binding interactions of most active compounds with enzyme were confirmed through molecular docking studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Taha
- Department of clinical pharmacy, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 31441, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Fazal Rahim
- Department of Chemistry, Hazara University, Mansehra, 21300, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Aftab Ahmad Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Hazara University, Mansehra, 21300, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - El Hassane Anouar
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Humanities in Al-Kharj, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naveed Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Syed Adnan Ali Shah
- Atta-ur-Rahman Institute for Natural Product Discovery (AuRIns), Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Selangor Kampus Puncak Alam, 42300 Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia, 42300, D. E., Selangor, Malaysia.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Selangor Kampus Puncak Alam, 42300 Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia, 42300, Darul Ehsan, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohamed Ibrahim
- Department of clinical pharmacy, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 31441, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zainul Amiruddin Zakari
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. .,Halal Institute Research Institute, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Abbasi MA, Ramzan MS, Aziz-ur-Rehman, Siddiqui SZ, Shah SAA, Hassan M, Seo SY, Ashraf M, Mirza B, Ismail H. N-(5-Methyl-1,3-Thiazol-2-yl)-2-{[5-((Un)Substituted- Phenyl)1,3,4-Oxadiazol-2-yl]Sulfanyl}acetamides. Unique Biheterocycles as Promising Therapeutic Agents. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s106816201806002x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Bano B, Kanwal, Khan KM, Lodhi A, Salar U, Begum F, Ali M, Taha M, Perveen S. Synthesis, in vitro urease inhibitory activity, and molecular docking studies of thiourea and urea derivatives. Bioorg Chem 2018; 80:129-144. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2018.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Benzylidine indane-1,3-diones: As novel urease inhibitors; synthesis, in vitro, and in silico studies. Bioorg Chem 2018; 81:658-671. [PMID: 30253339 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2018.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Current study deals with the evaluation of indane-1,3-dione based compounds as new class of urease inhibitors. For that purpose, benzylidine indane-1,3-diones (1-30) were synthesized and fully characterized by different spectroscopic techniques including EI-MS, HREI-MS, 1H, and 13C NMR. All synthetic molecules 1-30 were evaluated for urease inhibitory activity and showed good to moderate inhibitory potential within the range of (IC50 = 11.60 ± 0.3-257.05 ± 0.7 µM) as compared to the standard acetohydroxamic acid (IC50 = 27.0 ± 0.5 µM). Compound 1 (IC50 = 11.60 ± 0.3 µM) was found to be most potent inhibitor amongst all derivatives. The key binding interactions of most active compounds within the enzyme pocket were evaluated through in silico studies.
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Tel-Çayan G, Deveci E, Duru ME. Investigation of Chemical Composition, Antioxidant, Anticholinesterase and Anti-urease activities of Euphorbia helioscopia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SECONDARY METABOLITE 2018. [DOI: 10.21448/ijsm.433681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
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Nazir M, Abbasi MA, Aziz-ur-Rehman AUR, Siddiqui SZ, Raza H, Hassan M, Ali Shah SA, Shahid M, Seo SY. Novel indole based hybrid oxadiazole scaffolds with N-(substituted-phenyl)butanamides: synthesis, lineweaver–burk plot evaluation and binding analysis of potent urease inhibitors. RSC Adv 2018; 8:25920-25931. [PMID: 35541970 PMCID: PMC9082783 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra04987d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In the study presented herein, 4-(1H-indol-3-yl)butanoic acid (1) was sequentially transformed in the first phase into ethyl 4-(1H-indol-3-yl)butanoate (2), 4-(1H-indol-3-yl)butanohydrazide (3) and 5-[3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propyl]-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-thiol (4) as a nucleophile. In the second phase, various electrophiles were synthesized by reacting substituted-anilines, 5a–j, with 4-chlorobutanoyl chloride (6) to afford 4-chloro-N-(substituted-phenyl)butanamides (7a–j). In the final phase, nucleophilic substitution reaction of 4 was carried out with different electrophiles, 7a–j, to achieve novel indole based oxadiazole scaffolds with N-(substituted-phenyl)butamides (8a–j). The structural confirmation of all the as-synthesized compounds was performed by spectral and elemental analysis. These molecules were screened for their in vitro inhibitory potential against urease enzyme and were found to be potent inhibitors. The results of enzyme inhibitory kinetics showed that compound 8c inhibited the enzyme competitively with a Ki value 0.003 μM. The results of the in silico study of these scaffolds were in full agreement with the experimental data and the ligands showed good binding energy values. The hemolytic study revealed their mild cytotoxicity towards cell membranes and hence, these molecules can be regarded as valuable therapeutic agents in drug designing programs. In the study presented herein, 4-(1H-indol-3-yl)butanoic acid (1) was sequentially transformed in the first phase into ethyl 4-(1H-indol-3-yl)butanoate (2), 4-(1H-indol-3-yl)butanohydrazide (3) and 5-[3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propyl]-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-thiol (4) as a nucleophile.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Nazir
- Department of Chemistry
- Government College University
- Lahore-54000
- Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Athar Abbasi
- Department of Chemistry
- Government College University
- Lahore-54000
- Pakistan
- College of Natural Science
| | | | | | - Hussain Raza
- College of Natural Science
- Department of Biological Sciences
- Kongju National University
- Gongju
- South Korea
| | - Mubashir Hassan
- College of Natural Science
- Department of Biological Sciences
- Kongju National University
- Gongju
- South Korea
| | - Syed Adnan Ali Shah
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Atta-ur-Rahman Institute for Natural Products Discovery (AuRIns)
- Universiti Teknologi MARA
- Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Shahid
- Department of Biochemistry
- University of Agriculture
- Faisalabad-38040
- Pakistan
| | - Sung-Yum Seo
- College of Natural Science
- Department of Biological Sciences
- Kongju National University
- Gongju
- South Korea
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Rauf MK, Zaib S, Talib A, Ebihara M, Badshah A, Bolte M, Iqbal J. Solution-phase microwave assisted parallel synthesis, biological evaluation and in silico docking studies of N,N'-disubstituted thioureas derived from 3-chlorobenzoic acid. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:4452-4463. [PMID: 27480030 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A facile and robust microwave-assisted solution phase parallel synthesis protocol was exercised for the development of a 38-member library of N,N'-disubstituted thiourea analogues (1-38) by using an identical set of conditions. The reaction time for synthesis of N,N'-disubstituted thiourea analogues was drastically reduced from a reported duration of 8-12h for conventional methods to only 1.5-2.0min. All the derivatives (1-38) were characterized by physico-analytical techniques such as elemental analysis in combination with FT-IR, (1)H, (13)C NMR and by single crystal XRD analysis have also been performed. These compounds were screened for their in vitro urease inhibition activities. Majority of compounds exhibited potent urease inhibition activities, however, the most significant activity was found for 16, with an IC50 value of 1.23±0.1μM. Furthermore, the synthesized compounds were screened for their cytotoxic potential against lungs cancer cell lines. Cell culture studies demonstrated significant toxicity of the compounds on the cell lines, and the levels of toxicity were altered in the presence of various side groups. The molecular docking studies of the most potent inhibitors were performed to identify the probable binding modes in the active site of the urease enzymes. These compounds have a great potential and significance for further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sumera Zaib
- Centre for Advanced Drug Research, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
| | - Ammara Talib
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Masahiro Ebihara
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Amin Badshah
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan.
| | - Michael Bolte
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, J.W. Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 7, 60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Jamshed Iqbal
- Centre for Advanced Drug Research, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan.
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Hassan STS, Žemlička M. Plant-Derived Urease Inhibitors as Alternative Chemotherapeutic Agents. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2016; 349:507-22. [DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201500019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sherif T. S. Hassan
- Faculty of Pharmacy; Department of Natural Drugs; University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Milan Žemlička
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Botany; University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice; Košice Slovak Republic
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Ibrar A, Khan I, Abbas N. Structurally Diversified Heterocycles and Related Privileged Scaffolds as Potential Urease Inhibitors: A Brief Overview. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2013; 346:423-46. [DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201300041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Golbabaei S, Bazl R, Golestanian S, Nabati F, Omrany ZB, Yousefi B, Hajiaghaee R, Rezazadeh S, Amanlou M. Urease inhibitory activities of β-boswellic acid derivatives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 21:2. [PMID: 23351363 PMCID: PMC3575251 DOI: 10.1186/2008-2231-21-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 12/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background and the purpose of the study Boswellia carterii have been used in traditional medicine for many years for management different gastrointestinal disorders. In this study, we wish to report urease inhibitory activity of four isolated compound of boswellic acid derivative. Methods 4 pentacyclic triterpenoid acids were isolated from Boswellia carterii and identified by NMR and Mass spectroscopic analysis (compounds 1, 3-O-acetyl-9,11-dehydro-β-boswellic acid; 2, 3-O-acetyl-11-hydroxy-β-boswellic acid; 3. 3-O- acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid and 4, 11-keto-β-boswellic acid. Their inhibitory activity on Jack bean urease were evaluated. Docking and pharmacophore analysis using AutoDock 4.2 and Ligandscout 3.03 programs were also performed to explain possible mechanism of interaction between isolated compounds and urease enzyme. Results It was found that compound 1 has the strongest inhibitory activity against Jack bean urease (IC50 = 6.27 ± 0.03 μM), compared with thiourea as a standard inhibitor (IC50 = 21.1 ± 0.3 μM). Conclusion The inhibition potency is probably due to the formation of appropriate hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions between the investigated compounds and urease enzyme active site and confirms its traditional usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanaz Golbabaei
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Medicinal Plants Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Ansari FL, Wadood A, Ullah A, Iftikhar F, Ul-Haq Z. In silico studies of urease inhibitors to explore ligand-enzyme interactions. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2009; 24:151-6. [PMID: 18608771 DOI: 10.1080/14756360801945598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In continuation of our previous study on the urease inhibition by a number of chalcones, 2,3-dihydro-1,5-benzothiazepines and 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepines, FlexX docking has been exploited to get a deeper insight into the mechanism of their inhibitory action. A comparison of the IC(50) values of the active compounds reveals that, of the three classes of compounds studied, 2,3-dihydro-1,5-benzothiazepines were the most potent urease inhibitors. An in silico examination of these compounds showed that the activity is related to the interaction of ligand with the nickel metallocentre, its interaction with two amino acid residues, Asp224 and Cys322, in addition to the orientation of rings A and B in the catalytic core of the enzyme. The most active compound 2,3-dihydro-1,5-benzothiazepine (4) anchor tightly through a network of interactions with Ni701 and Ni702. This includes a number of hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic contacts with the amino acid residues in its vicinity. For their reduced analogs, the difference in the activity of different diastereomers has been observed to be configuration-dependent. This may be ascribed mainly to the difference in the orientation of ring B of the two stereoisomers and the extent of their interaction with Asp224 and Cys322 present in the catalytic core of the enzyme.
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Jan AK, Shah MR, Anis I, Marwat IK. In vitro antifungal and antibacterial activities of extracts of Galium tricornutum subsp. longipedunculatum. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2008; 24:192-6. [DOI: 10.1080/14756360802051255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Khaliq Jan
- Sheringal High Altitude Research Center and Campus, University of Malakand, Pakistan
- HEJIRC, Institute of Biological and Chemical Sciences, University of Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Raza Shah
- HEJIRC, Institute of Biological and Chemical Sciences, University of Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Itrat Anis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Pakistan
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