1
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Gray MJ. The role of metals in hypothiocyanite resistance in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 2024; 206:e0009824. [PMID: 39016617 PMCID: PMC11340325 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00098-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system employs a variety of antimicrobial oxidants to control and kill host-associated bacteria. Hypothiocyanite/hypothiocyanous acid (-OSCN/HOSCN) is one such antimicrobial oxidant that is synthesized by lactoperoxidase, myeloperoxidase, and eosinophil peroxidase at sites throughout the human body. HOSCN has potent antibacterial activity while being largely non-toxic toward human cells. The molecular mechanisms by which bacteria sense and defend themselves against HOSCN have only recently begun to be elaborated, notably by the discovery of bacterial HOSCN reductase (RclA), an HOSCN-degrading enzyme widely conserved among bacteria that live on epithelial surfaces. In this paper, I show that Ni2+ sensitizes Escherichia coli to HOSCN by inhibiting glutathione reductase and that inorganic polyphosphate protects E. coli against this effect, probably by chelating Ni2+ ions. I also found that RclA is very sensitive to inhibition by Cu2+ and Zn2+, metals that are accumulated to high levels by innate immune cells, and that, surprisingly, thioredoxin and thioredoxin reductase are not involved in HOSCN stress resistance in E. coli. These results advance our understanding of the contribution of different oxidative stress responses and redox buffering pathways to HOSCN resistance in E. coli and illustrate important interactions between metal ions and the enzymes bacteria use to defend themselves against oxidative stress. IMPORTANCE Hypothiocyanite (HOSCN) is an antimicrobial oxidant produced by the innate immune system. The molecular mechanisms by which host-associated bacteria defend themselves against HOSCN have only recently begun to be understood. The results in this paper are significant because they show that the low molecular weight thiol glutathione and enzyme glutathione reductase are critical components of the Escherichia coli HOSCN response, working by a mechanism distinct from that of the HOSCN-specific defenses provided by the RclA, RclB, and RclC proteins and that metal ions (including nickel, copper, and zinc) may impact the ability of bacteria to resist HOSCN by inhibiting specific defensive enzymes (e.g., glutathione reductase or RclA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Gray
- Department of Microbiology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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2
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Wang J, Choi WG, Nguyen NK, Liu D, Kim SH, Lim D, Hwang BK, Jwa NS. Cytoplasmic Ca 2+ influx mediates iron- and reactive oxygen species-dependent ferroptotic cell death in rice immunity. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1339559. [PMID: 38756966 PMCID: PMC11096502 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1339559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Iron- and reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent ferroptosis occurs in plant cells. Ca2+ acts as a conserved key mediator to control plant immune responses. Here, we report a novel role of cytoplasmic Ca2+ influx regulating ferroptotic cell death in rice immunity using pharmacological approaches. High Ca2+ influx triggered iron-dependent ROS accumulation, lipid peroxidation, and subsequent hypersensitive response (HR) cell death in rice (Oryza sativa). During Magnaporthe oryzae infection, 14 different Ca2+ influx regulators altered Ca2+, ROS and Fe2+ accumulation, glutathione reductase (GR) expression, glutathione (GSH) depletion and lipid peroxidation, leading to ferroptotic cell death in rice. High Ca2+ levels inhibited the reduction of glutathione isulphide (GSSG) to GSH in vitro. Ca2+ chelation by ethylene glycol-bis (2-aminoethylether)-N, N, N', N'-tetra-acetic acid (EGTA) suppressed apoplastic Ca2+ influx in rice leaf sheaths during infection. Blocking apoplastic Ca2+ influx into the cytoplasm by Ca2+ chelation effectively suppressed Ca2+-mediated iron-dependent ROS accumulation and ferroptotic cell death. By contrast, acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM), a plant defense activator, significantly enhanced Ca2+ influx, as well as ROS and iron accumulation to trigger ferroptotic cell death in rice. The cytoplasmic Ca2+ influx through calcium-permeable cation channels, including the putative resistosomes, could mediate iron- and ROS-dependent ferroptotic cell death under reduced GR expression levels in rice immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wang
- Division of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Sejong University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Gyu Choi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, United States
| | - Nam Khoa Nguyen
- Division of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Sejong University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongping Liu
- Division of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Sejong University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Hwa Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, United States
| | - Dongyeol Lim
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Sejong University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Kook Hwang
- Division of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam-Soo Jwa
- Division of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Sejong University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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3
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Gray MJ. The role of metals in hypothiocyanite resistance in Escherichia coli. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.07.583962. [PMID: 38496647 PMCID: PMC10942458 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.07.583962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
The innate immune system employs a variety of antimicrobial oxidants to control and kill host-associated bacteria. Hypothiocyanite/hypothiocyanous acid (-OSCN/HOSCN) is one such antimicrobial oxidant that is synthesized by lactoperoxidase, myeloperoxidase, and eosinophil peroxidase at sites throughout the human body. HOSCN has potent antibacterial activity while being largely non-toxic towards human cells. The molecular mechanisms by which bacteria sense and defend themselves against HOSCN have only recently begun to be elaborated, notably by the discovery of bacterial HOSCN reductase (RclA), an HOSCN-degrading enzyme widely conserved among bacteria that live on epithelial surfaces. In this paper, I show that Ni2+ sensitizes Escherichia coli to HOSCN by inhibiting glutathione reductase, and that inorganic polyphosphate protects E. coli against this effect, probably by chelating Ni2+ ions. I also found that RclA is very sensitive to inhibition by Cu2+ and Zn2+, metals that are accumulated to high levels by innate immune cells, and that, surprisingly, thioredoxin and thioredoxin reductase are not involved in HOSCN stress resistance in E. coli. These results advance our understanding of the contribution of different oxidative stress response and redox buffering pathways to HOSCN resistance in E. coli and illustrate important interactions between metal ions and the enzymes bacteria use to defend themselves against oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Gray
- Department of Microbiology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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4
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Aydemir D, Ulusu NN. The impact of the endocrine-disrupting chemicals on the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase enzyme activity. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1133741. [PMID: 36992836 PMCID: PMC10040789 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1133741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Duygu Aydemir
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Koc University, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey
- Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nuriye Nuray Ulusu
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Koc University, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey
- Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey
- *Correspondence: Nuriye Nuray Ulusu,
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Pan Y, Zou J, Zhang K, Wang X, Ma Q, Mei L, Li Y, Pan Y. ZccE, a P-type ATPase contributing to biofilm formation and competitiveness in Streptococcus mutans. Mol Oral Microbiol 2023; 38:198-211. [PMID: 36622758 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Most living organisms require zinc for survival; however, excessive amounts of this trace element can be toxic. Therefore, the frequent fluctuations of salivary zinc, caused by the low physiological level and the frequent introduction of exogenous zinc ions, present a serious challenge for bacteria colonizing the oral cavity. Streptococcus mutans is considered one of the main bacterial pathobiont in dental caries. Here, we verified the role of a P-type ATPase ZccE as the main zinc-exporting transporter in S. mutans and delineated the effects of zinc toxification caused by zccE deletion in the physiology of this bacterium. The deletion of the gene zccE severely impaired the ability of S. mutans to grow under high zinc stress conditions. Intracellular metal quantification using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer revealed that the zccE mutant exhibited approximately two times higher zinc accumulation than the wild type when grown in the presence of a subinhibitory zinc concentration. Biofilm formation analysis revealed less single-strain biofilm formation and competitive weakness in the dual-species biofilm formed with Streptococcus sanguinis for zccE mutant under high zinc stress. The quantitive reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction test revealed decreased expressions of gtfB, gtfC, and nlmC in the mutant strain under excessive zinc treatment. Collectively, these findings suggest that ZccE plays an important role in the zinc detoxification of S. mutans and that zinc is a growth-limiting factor for S. mutans within the dental biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Pan
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jing Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Keke Zhang
- Institute of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiping Wang
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Qizhao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Liqin Mei
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yuqing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yihuai Pan
- Department of Endodontics, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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Characterization reveals a putative Epoxide hydrolase from Yarrowia lipolytica with the ability to convert rac-1,2-epoxyhexane to (R)-diol. Process Biochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2022.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Fate of the face masks in the environment affect human and wildlife: tons of face masks are new source for the endocrine disrupting chemicals. JOURNAL OF BASIC AND CLINICAL HEALTH SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.30621/jbachs.869552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Kovač V, Bergant M, Ščančar J, Primožič J, Jamnik P, Poljšak B. Causation of Oxidative Stress and Defense Response of a Yeast Cell Model after Treatment with Orthodontic Alloys Consisting of Metal Ions. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 11:antiox11010063. [PMID: 35052565 PMCID: PMC8772795 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11010063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Misaligned teeth have a tremendous impact on oral and dental health, and the most efficient method of correcting the problem is orthodontic treatment with orthodontic appliances. The study was conducted to investigate the metal composition of selected orthodontic alloys, the release of metal ions, and the oxidative consequences that the metal ions may cause in the cell. Different sets of archwires, stainless steel brackets, and molar bands were incubated in artificial saliva for 90 days. The composition of each orthodontic material and quantification of the concentration of metal ions released were evaluated. Metal ion mixtures were prepared to determine the occurrence of oxidative stress, antioxidant enzyme defense system, and oxidative damage to proteins. The beta titanium alloy released the fewest metal ions and did not cause oxidative stress or protein damage. The metal ions from stainless steel and the cobalt-chromium alloy can cause oxidative stress and protein damage only at high concentrations. All metal ions from orthodontic alloys alter the activity of antioxidant enzymes in some way. The determined amounts of metal ions released from orthodontic appliances in a simulated oral environment are still below the maximum tolerated dose, and the concentrations of released metal ions are not capable of inducing oxidative stress, although some changes in antioxidant enzyme activity were observed at these concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vito Kovač
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Zdravstvena pot 5, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Matic Bergant
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jozef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.B.); (J.Š.)
| | - Janez Ščančar
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jozef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.B.); (J.Š.)
| | - Jasmina Primožič
- Department of Dental and Jaw Orthopedics, Medical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Hrvatski trg 6, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Polona Jamnik
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva ulica 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Borut Poljšak
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Zdravstvena pot 5, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
- Correspondence:
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Liu T, Zhang X. Comparative transcriptome and metabolome analysis reveal glutathione metabolic network and functional genes underlying blue and red-light mediation in maize seedling leaf. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:593. [PMID: 34906076 PMCID: PMC8670197 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03376-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Light quality severely affects biosynthesis and metabolism-associated process of glutathione. However, the role of specific light is still unclear on the glutathione metabolism. In this article, comparatively transcriptome and metabolome methods are used to fully understand the blue and red-light conditions working on the glutathione metabolism in maize seedling leaf. RESULTS There are 20 differently expressed genes and 4 differently expressed metabolites in KEGG pathway of glutathione metabolism. Among them, 12 genes belong to the glutathione S-transferase family, 3 genes belong to the ascorbate peroxidase gene family and 2 genes belong to the ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase gene family. Three genes, G6PD, SPDS1, and GPX1 belong to the gene family of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, spermidine synthase, and glutathione peroxidase, respectively. Four differently expressed metabolites are identified. Three of them, Glutathione disulfide, Glutathione, and l-γ-Glutamyl-L-amino acid are decreased while L-Glutamate is increased. In addition, Through PPI analysis, two annotated genes gst16 and DAAT, and 3 unidentified genes 100381533, pco105094 and umc2770, identified as RPP13-like3, BCAT-like1and GMPS, were obtained. By the analysis of protein sequence and PPI network, we predict that pco105094 and umc2770 were involved in the GSSG-GSH and AsA-GSH cycle in the network of glutathione metabolism. CONCLUSIONS Compared to red light, blue light remarkably changed the transcription signal transduction and metabolism of glutathione metabolism. Differently expressed genes and metabolic mapped to the glutathione metabolism signaling pathways. In total, we obtained three unidentified genes, and two of them were predicted in current glutathione metabolism network. This result will contribute to the research of glutathione metabolism of maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiedong Liu
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 Fujian China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 Fujian China
| | - Xiwen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 Fujian China
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10
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Aydemir D, Salman N, Karimzadehkhouei M, Alaca BE, Turan B, Ulusu NN. Evaluation of the Effects of Aging on the Aorta Stiffness in Relation with Mineral and Trace Element Levels: an Optimized Method via Custom-Built Stretcher Device. Biol Trace Elem Res 2021; 199:2644-2652. [PMID: 32918713 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-020-02380-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Aortic stiffness represents the major cause of aging and tightly associated with hypertension, atherosclerosis, cardiovascular diseases, and increased mortality. Mechanical characteristics of the aorta play a vital role in the blood flow, circulation, systolic pressure, and aortic stiffness; however, the correlation of trace element and mineral levels with aortic stiffness has not been studied before. Balance in the trace elements and minerals is vital for the biological functions; however, natural aging may alter this balance. Thus, after measuring aortic stiffness of aged and young rat aortas by a custom-built stretcher device, trace element and mineral levels were evaluated via ICP-MS. Also, biomarkers of aging including blood pressure, arterial pressure glucose, insulin levels, and histochemical parameters were investigated as well. Aortic stiffness, blood glucose, plasma insulin, systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressure significantly increased by aging in the aorta of aged rats compared with the young ones. Also, Fe, Al, Co, Ni, Zn, Sr, Na, Mg, and K levels increased in the aged aorta samples compared with the young aorta samples of rats. Increased levels of the indicated elements may be correlated with the development and progression of aortic stiffness and vascular complications. Thus, possible mechanisms correlating aortic stiffness with the imbalance in the trace element and mineral levels should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duygu Aydemir
- School of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Koç University, Sariyer, 34450, Istanbul, Turkey
- Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Sariyer, 34450, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Naveed Salman
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Koç University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sariyer, 34450, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mehrdad Karimzadehkhouei
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Koç University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sariyer, 34450, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - B Erdem Alaca
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Koç University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sariyer, 34450, Istanbul, Turkey
- Surface Science and Technology Center (KUYTAM), Koç University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sariyer, 34450, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Belma Turan
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biophysics, Ankara University, 06100, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nuriye Nuray Ulusu
- School of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Koç University, Sariyer, 34450, Istanbul, Turkey.
- Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Sariyer, 34450, Istanbul, Turkey.
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11
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Karadag H. Inhibition of Glutathione Reductase Activity from Baker's Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) By Copper(II) Oxide Nanoparticles and Copper(II) Chloride. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2021; 106:647-651. [PMID: 33564929 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-021-03136-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, glutathione reductase (GR) from baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) was exposed to 0, 25, 50, 100, 250 and 500 mg/L copper(II) oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) and copper(II) chloride (CuCl2). Changes in GR% activity upon exposure to 25, 50, 100, 250 and 500 mg/L CuO NPs and CuCl2 were found to be + 0.3, - 3.4, - 8.1, - 25.7 and - 37.4 and - 60.7, - 72.7, - 77.8, - 85.3 and - 90.6, respectively. The 50% inhibition concentration (IC50) was 625 ppm (78.6 × 10-4 M) for CuO NPs and 21 ppm (1.56 × 10-4 M) for CuCl2. Moreover, CuO NPs and CuCl2 inhibited GR competitively and noncompetitively, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Karadag
- Chemistry Department, Science and Letters Faculty, Adiyaman University, 02040, Adıyaman, Turkey.
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12
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Yang H, Cai G, Lu J, Gómez Plaza E. The production and application of enzymes related to the quality of fruit wine. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 61:1605-1615. [PMID: 32423236 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1763251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Grape wine is the most widely consumed fruit wine in the world. With the increasing diversification of consumers' needs, the variety of fruit wines in the market is becoming more and more abundant. Whether it is the production of grape wine or other fruit wines these processes are inseparable from the participation of enzymes. The quality of these wines is closely related to the application of enzymes in the winemaking process. Enzymes are involved in pretreatment, fermentation, filtration, flavoring, aging and storage of fruit wines. This review systematically illustrated the role of pectinase, β-glucanase, β-glucosidase, glucose oxidase, lysozyme, protease, tannase and urease in the production of wines and their current production status and also provided a theoretical basis for better application of various enzymes in the production of various fruit wines. This knowledge could be great significance to improve the quality of fruit wines and reduce the production costs in the fruit wine industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China.,Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Wuxi, P. R. China.,School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China.,School of Food Science and Technology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Guolin Cai
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China.,Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Wuxi, P. R. China.,School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China
| | - Jian Lu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China.,Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Wuxi, P. R. China.,School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China
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Shan Y, Yan S, Hong X, Zha J, Qin J. Effect of imidacloprid on the behavior, antioxidant system, multixenobiotic resistance, and histopathology of Asian freshwater clams (Corbicula fluminea). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2020; 218:105333. [PMID: 31783301 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2019.105333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In the current study, to investigate the effect of imidacloprid on benthic bivalves, adult Asian clams (Corbicula fluminea) were exposed to 0, 20, 200, and 2000 μg/L imidacloprid for 30 d. Imidacloprid significantly inhibited the siphoning and burrowing behaviour (p < 0.05) of the clams. Significant histopathological changes were associated with degeneration of the cilium, the contraction and adhesion of the lymphocyte, and the swelling of epithelium cells in gills, and there was notable degeneration in the digestive tubules, haemolytic infiltration in the connective tissue and epithelial cell necrosis in the digestive glands in the 2000 μg/L treatment group. The activity of AChE in the digestive glands was significantly inhibited at all treatment levels, whereas this inhibition was observed in gills only in the 2000 μg/L treatment (p < 0.05). Additionally, indicators of the antioxidant system (e.g., SOD, CAT, and GST activity) and MDA content were significantly increased in the gills and digestive glands with all treatments (p < 0.05). Moreover, the mRNA expression levels of Hsp genes (hsp 22, hsp 40, hsp 60, hsp 70, hsp 90) and multixenobiotic resistance (MXR) system-related genes (abcb1, abcc1) were significantly downregulated (p < 0.05). Therefore, our results suggest that imidacloprid changes the oxidative stress, cellular detoxification, and MXR system of C. fluminea. Our findings provide new insights into the effects of neonicotinoids on benthic bivalves such as C. fluminea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Shan
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Saihong Yan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Xiangsheng Hong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jinmiao Zha
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China.
| | - Jianhui Qin
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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14
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Wu LY, Xu JJ, Xu P, Yong B, Feng H. Enhancement of Soluble Expression and Biochemical Characterization of Two Epoxide Hydrolases from Bacillus. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 17:e2189. [PMID: 31457061 PMCID: PMC6697846 DOI: 10.21859/ijb.2189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Background Enantiopure epoxides are important intermediates in the synthesis of high-value chiral chemicals. Epoxide hydrolases have been exploited in biocatalysis for kinetic resolution of racemic epoxides to produce enantiopure epoxides and vicinal diols. It is necessary to obtain sufficient stable epoxide hydrolases with high enantioselectivity to meet the requirements of industry. Objectives Enhancement of soluble expression and biochemical characterization of epoxide hydrolases from Bacillus pumilus and B. subtilis. Material and Methods Homologous genes encoding epoxide hydrolases from B. pumilus and B. subtilis were cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The recombinant epoxide hydrolases were characterized biochemically. Results Low temperature induction of expression and a C-terminal-fused His-tag enhanced soluble expression of the epoxide hydrolases from the two Bacillus species in E. coli. These epoxide hydrolases could hydrolyze various epoxide substrates, with stereoselectivity toward some epoxides such as styrene oxide and glycidyl tosylate. Conclusions The position of the His-tag and the induction temperature were found to play a vital role in soluble expression of these two epoxide hydrolases in E. coli. In view of their catalytic properties, the epoxide hydrolases from Bacillus have potential for application in kinetic resolution of some epoxides to prepare enantiopure epoxides and vicinal diols.
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Shinde RG, Khan AA, Barik A. Formation of two centre three electron bond by hydroxyl radical induced reaction of thiocoumarin: evidence from experimental and theoretical studies. Free Radic Res 2019; 53:629-640. [PMID: 31072168 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2019.1617417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Radiation chemical studies of thioesculetin (1), a thioketone derivative of coumarin, were performed by both pulse radiolysis technique and DFT calculations. Hydroxyl (•OH) radical reaction with 1 resulted transients absorbing at 320, 360 and 500 nm. To identify the nature of the transients, the reaction was studied with specific one-electron oxidant (N3•) radical, where 360 nm band was absent. The transient absorption at 500 nm was concentration-dependent. The overall impression for •OH radical reaction was that the transient absorbing at 320, 360 and 500 nm was due to sulphur centred monomer radical, hydroxysulfuranyl and dimer radical of 1 respectively. The equilibrium constant between the monomer to dimer radical was 3.75 × 104 M-1. From the transients' redox nature, it was observed that 57 and 24% of •OH radical yielded to oxidising and reducing products respectively. Further, the product analysis by HPLC suggested that the dimer radical disproportionate to esculetin and thioesculetin. DFT energy calculation for all the possible transients revealed that dimer radical has the lowest energy. The HOMO of 1 and its monomer radical suggested that the electron density was localised on the sulphur atom. The bond length between the two sulphur atoms in dimer radical was 2.88 Å which was less than the van der Waals distance. Bond order between the two sulphur atoms was 0.55, suggesting that the bond was two centre three electron (2c-3e). From TD-DFT calculation, the electronic transition of dimer radical was at 479 nm which was in close agreement with the experimental value. The nature of the electronic transition was σ → σ* from a 2c - 3e bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupali G Shinde
- a Department of Chemistry , Savitribai Phule Pune University , Pune , India.,b Radiation and Photochemistry Division , Bhabha Atomic Research Centre , Mumbai , India
| | - Ayesha A Khan
- a Department of Chemistry , Savitribai Phule Pune University , Pune , India
| | - Atanu Barik
- b Radiation and Photochemistry Division , Bhabha Atomic Research Centre , Mumbai , India
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Alhazmi HA, Javed SA, Ahsan W, Rehman Z, Al Bratty M, El Deeb S, Saleh SF. Investigation of binding behavior of important metal ions to thioredoxin reductase using mobility-shift affinity capillary electrophoresis: A preliminary insight into the development of new metal-based anticancer drugs. Microchem J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2018.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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17
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Rapid serial diluting biomicrofluidic provides EC50 in minutes. MICRO AND NANO ENGINEERING 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mne.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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18
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A new substrate for glutathione reductase: Glutathione coated Ag2S quantum dots. Talanta 2019; 194:501-506. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.10.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Bendigiri C, Zinjarde S, RaviKumar A. Ylehd, an epoxide hydrolase with promiscuous haloalkane dehalogenase activity from tropical marine yeast Yarrowia lipolytica is induced upon xenobiotic stress. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11887. [PMID: 28928379 PMCID: PMC5605520 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12284-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Recalcitrant environmental pollutants, like bromoorganics and epoxides are hydrolysed with limited substrate specificities by microbial oxygenases, reductases, hydrolases and dehalogenases. Here, we report the identification and characterisation of a protein (XP_504164) from the tropical marine yeast Yarrowia lipolytica NCIM 3589, known to degrade bromoorganics and epoxides. Multiple sequence alignment suggests it belongs to α/β superfamily with conservation of catalytic triad and oxyanion hole motifs. The corresponding gene cloned and protein (Ylehd) expressed in E. coli BL21AI exhibited epoxide hydrolase activity (24 ± 0.7 nmol s−1 mg−1 protein) at pH 8.0 and promiscuous haloalkane dehalogenase (1.5 ± 0.2 nmol s−1 mg−1 protein) at pH 4.5. Recombinant Ylehd catalyses structurally diverse epoxides and bromoorganics with maximum catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) of 96.56 and 10.1 mM−1 s−1 towards 1,2-Epoxyoctane (EO) and 1-Bromodecane (BD). The expression of Ylehd was highly induced in presence of BD and EO but not in glucose grown cells as studied by immunoblot analyses, q-PCR and activity levels. Immunoelectron microscopy confirmed higher expression in presence of xenobiotics and located it to cytosol. Such inducible nature of Ylehd suggests its physiological role in xenobiotic stress mitigation. This study represents the first functional characterisation of a bifunctional EH/HLD in eukaryotic microbes with broad substrate specificity making it a potential biocatalyst for bioremediation/biosensing of mixed pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandrika Bendigiri
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411007, India
| | - Smita Zinjarde
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411007, India
| | - Ameeta RaviKumar
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411007, India. .,Department of Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411007, India.
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Plancarte A, Nava G, Munguía JA. A new thioredoxin reductase with additional glutathione reductase activity in Haemonchus contortus. Exp Parasitol 2017; 177:82-92. [PMID: 28456691 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We report, herein, the purification to homogeneity and the biochemical and kinetic characterization of HcTrxR3, a new isoform of thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) from Haemonchus contortus. HcTrxR3 was found to have a relative molecular weight of 134,000, while the corresponding value per subunit obtained under denaturing conditions, was of 67,000. By peptide mass spectrophotometric analysis, HcTrxR3 was determined to have 99% identity with the H. contortus HcTrxR1 although, and most importantly, they are different in their amino acid sequence in two amino acid positions: 48 (isoleucine instead of leucine) and 460 (leucine instead of proline). The enzyme catalyzes NADPH-dependent reduction of DTNB and, unexpectedly, it follows the pattern of glutathione reductases (GR) performing the reduction of oxidized glutathione (GSSG) to reduced glutathione using NADPH as the reducing cofactor. Hence, it is important to highlight this enzyme's new and unexpected condition that makes so special and one our main finding. Enzyme Kcat values for DTNB, GSSG and NADPH were 12, 3 and 8 s-1, respectively. HcTrxR3 developed, into specific TrxR substrates: ebselen and sodium selenite, with activity at 0.5 and 0.068 (U/mg), respectively; and 0.044 (U/mg) for S-nitrosoglutathione through its GR activity. The enzyme was inhibited by gold compound auranofin (AU), a selective inhibitor of thiol-dependent flavoreductases. Although HcTrxR3 has both TrxR and GR activity as thioredoxin glutathione reductase (TGR) does, it is a TrxR because it has no glutaredoxin domain and it does not develop any hysteretic behavior as does TGR. The importance of this new enzyme is potential to further clarify the detoxification and haemostasis redox mechanism in H. contortus. Likewise, this enzyme could also be a protein model to recognize more differences between TrxR and GR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustín Plancarte
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, UNAM, Ciudad de México, 04510, Mexico.
| | - Gabriela Nava
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, UNAM, Ciudad de México, 04510, Mexico
| | - Javier A Munguía
- Departamento de Ciencias Agronómicas y Veterinarias, Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora, 85000 Ciudad Obregón, Sonora, Mexico
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Membrane damage by lipid peroxidation retains the cadmium constraint and is not the primary cause of K+ extrusion in yeast. ANN MICROBIOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-015-1181-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Tandogan B, Ulusu NN. Inhibition of purified bovine liver glutathione reductase with some metal ions. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2010; 25:68-73. [PMID: 19874138 DOI: 10.3109/14756360903016512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutathione reductase (GR; E.C. 1.6.4.2) is a flavoprotein that catalyzes the NADPH-dependent reduction of oxidized glutathione (GSSG). In this study we tested the effects of Al3+, Ba2+, Ca2+, Li+, Mn2+, Mo6+, Cd2+, Ni2+, and Zn2+ on purified bovine liver GR. In a range of 10 microM-10 mM concentrations, Al3+, Ba2+, Li+, Mn2+, and Mo6+, and Ca2+ at 5 microM-1.25 mM, had no effect on bovine liver GR. Cadmium (Cd2+), nickel (Ni2+), and zinc (Zn2+) showed inhibitory effects on this enzyme. The obtained IC50 values of Cd2+, Ni2+, and Zn2+ were 0.08, 0.8, and 1 mM, respectively. Cd2+ inhibition was non-competitive with respect to both GSSG (Ki(GSSG) 0.221 +/- 0.02 mM) and NADPH (Ki(NADPH) 0.113 +/- 0.008 mM). Ni2+ inhibition was non-competitive with respect to GSSG (Ki(GSSG) 0.313 +/- 0.01 mM) and uncompetitive with respect to NADPH (Ki(NADPH) 0.932 +/- 0.03 mM). The effect of Zn2+ on GR activity was consistent with a non-competitive inhibition pattern when the varied substrates were GSSG (Ki(GSSG) 0.320 +/- 0.018 mM) and NADPH (Ki(NADPH) 0.761 +/- 0.04 mM), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berivan Tandogan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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Li D, Yang MS, Lin T, Zheng W, Qu JY. Study of cadmium-induced cytotoxicity using two-photon excitation endogenous fluorescence microscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2009; 14:054028. [PMID: 19895130 DOI: 10.1117/1.3250293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate that using time-resolved two-photon excitation endogenous fluorescence microscopy, the cadmium (Cd)-induced cellular toxic level can be assessed by the free-to protein-bound reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (free/bound NADH) ratio in a living cell. NADH fluorescence excited at 730 nm is captured at different times following exposure to cadmium at a variety of concentrations. The temporal characteristics of NADH fluorescence from mitochondrial and nuclear compartments are analyzed, respectively. The results show that cadmium induces a significant increase of the free/bound NADH ratio in mitochondria and nucleus, caused by the inhibition effect on the electron transport chain (ETC) and the stimulating effect on the glycolysis pathway, respectively. It is found that induction of metallothionein (MT) in cells occurs after 4 h of exposure to a sublethal concentration of Cd and reaches a peak at 6 h. More importantly, the increase in MT level can effectively suppress the elevation of the free/bound NADH ratio caused by a subsequent exposure to a higher concentration of Cd, indicating that MT plays a key role in protecting cells from Cd-induced toxicity. Our findings show that the free/bound NADH ratio can potentially be used as a sensitive indicator of toxic and carcinogenic actions induced by Cd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Li
- Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
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Yi L, Li H, Sun L, Liu L, Zhang C, Xi Z. A Highly Sensitive Fluorescence Probe for Fast Thiol-Quantification Assay of Glutathione Reductase. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200805693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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A Highly Sensitive Fluorescence Probe for Fast Thiol-Quantification Assay of Glutathione Reductase. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:4034-7. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200805693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 318] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Schmidt K, Wolfe DM, Stiller B, Pearce DA. Cd2+, Mn2+, Ni2+ and Se2+ toxicity to Saccharomyces cerevisiae lacking YPK9p the orthologue of human ATP13A2. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 383:198-202. [PMID: 19345671 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.03.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2009] [Accepted: 03/28/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The Saccharomyces cerevisiae gene YPK9 encodes a putative integral membrane protein which is 58% similar and 38% identical in amino acid sequence to the human lysosomal P(5B) ATPase ATP13A2. Mutations in ATP13A2 have been found in patients with Kufor-Rakeb syndrome, a form of juvenile Parkinsonism. We report that Ypk9p localizes to the yeast vacuole and that deletion of YPK9 confers sensitivity for growth for cadmium, manganese, nickel or selenium. These results suggest that Ypk9p may play a role in sequestration of divalent heavy metal ions. Further studies on the function of Ypk9p/ATP13A2 may help to define the molecular basis of Kufor-Rakeb syndrome and provide a potential link to environmental factors such as heavy metals contributing to some forms of Parkinsonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karyn Schmidt
- Center for Neural Development and Disease, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14620, USA
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Current awareness on yeast. Yeast 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/yea.1458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Yang MS, Li D, Lin T, Zheng JJ, Zheng W, Qu JY. Increase in intracellular free/bound NAD[P]H as a cause of Cd-induced oxidative stress in the HepG(2) cells. Toxicology 2008; 247:6-10. [PMID: 18336984 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2008.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2007] [Revised: 01/23/2008] [Accepted: 01/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The present study shows the use of confocal autofluorescence spectroscopy coupled with the time-resolved fluorescence decay analysis to measure changes in FAD/NAD[P]H and free/bound NAD[P]H in HepG(2) cells at 0.5, 1.5, 3 and 4.5h after exposure to cadmium chloride (Cd). These changes were compared to changes in GSSG/GSH and production of reactive oxygen radicals (ROS) production. The results demonstrated that both FAD/NAD[P]H and GSSG/GSH increased significantly upon exposure to Cd. The change in GSSG/GSH occurred as early as 1.5h after treatment while the change in FAD/NAD[P]H did not occur until 3h after exposure. Production of ROS was also increased at 1.5h. The ratio of free/bound NAD[P]H was studied. It was demonstrated that free/bound NAD[P]H increased significantly as early as 0.5h and remained elevated until 4.5h after treatment with Cd. The present study provides novel data to show that changes in NAD[P]H metabolism precedes the increase in ROS production and cellular oxidative stress (increase GSSG/GSH, FAD/NAD[P]H). It is suggested that Cd causes a release of NAD[P]H, an important cofactor for electron transfer, from its normal protein binding sites. This may result in a disruption of the activity of the enzyme and proteins, and may lead to the subsequent toxic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Yang
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
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