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Löser R, Kuchar M, Wodtke R, Neuber C, Belter B, Kopka K, Santhanam L, Pietzsch J. Lysyl Oxidases as Targets for Cancer Therapy and Diagnostic Imaging. ChemMedChem 2023; 18:e202300331. [PMID: 37565736 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202300331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
The understanding of the contribution of the tumour microenvironment to cancer progression and metastasis, in particular the interplay between tumour cells, fibroblasts and the extracellular matrix has grown tremendously over the last years. Lysyl oxidases are increasingly recognised as key players in this context, in addition to their function as drivers of fibrotic diseases. These insights have considerably stimulated drug discovery efforts towards lysyl oxidases as targets over the last decade. This review article summarises the biochemical and structural properties of theses enzymes. Their involvement in tumour progression and metastasis is highlighted from a biochemical point of view, taking into consideration both the extracellular and intracellular action of lysyl oxidases. More recently reported inhibitor compounds are discussed with an emphasis on their discovery, structure-activity relationships and the results of their biological characterisation. Molecular probes developed for imaging of lysyl oxidase activity are reviewed from the perspective of their detection principles, performance and biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reik Löser
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, School of Science, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstraße 4, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Manuela Kuchar
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Robert Wodtke
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christin Neuber
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Birgit Belter
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Klaus Kopka
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, School of Science, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstraße 4, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Lakshmi Santhanam
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine and Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Jens Pietzsch
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, School of Science, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstraße 4, 01069, Dresden, Germany
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2
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Jakobsche CE, Xu M, MacArthur NS, Duong CM, Islam S, McElwee JP. Challenges and Strategies for Synthesizing Glutamyl Hydrazide Containing Peptides. Synlett 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1751397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
AbstractHerein, we detail several specific challenges that hinder the effective synthesis of glutamyl hydrazide containing peptides, and we describe a synthetic strategy to work around these challenges. Glutamyl hydrazide is an unnatural amino acid residue that bears an acyl hydrazide functional group on its side chain. This family of compounds has the potential to provide potent and selective inhibitor molecules for several families of enzymes. During peptide synthesis, however, these side chains—even in protected form—can derail the synthesis by initiating undesired side reactions. Avoiding these side reactions is critical for enabling effective access to this family of compounds.
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3
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Romero AH, Aguilera E, Gotopo L, Charris J, Rodríguez N, Oviedo H, Dávila B, Cabrera G, Cerecetto H. Synthesis and Antitrypanosomal and Mechanistic Studies of a Series of 2-Arylquinazolin-4-hydrazines: A Hydrazine Moiety as a Selective, Safe, and Specific Pharmacophore to Design Antitrypanosomal Agents Targeting NO Release. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:47225-47238. [PMID: 36570252 PMCID: PMC9773939 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c06455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) represents a valuable target to design antitrypanosomal agents by its high toxicity against trypanosomatids and minimal side effects on host macrophages. The progress of NO-donors as antitrypanosomal has been restricted by the high toxicity of their agents, which usually is based on NO-heterocycles and metallic NO-complexes. Herein, we carried out the design of a new class of NO-donors based on the susceptibility of the hydrazine moiety connected to an electron-deficient ring to be reduced to the amine moiety with release of NO. Then, a series of novel 2-arylquinazolin-4-hydrazine, with the potential ability to disrupt the parasite folate metabolism, were synthesized. Their in vitro evaluation against Leishmania and Trypanosoma cruzi parasites and mechanistic aspects were investigated. The compounds displayed significant leishmanicidal activity, identifying three potential candidates, that is, 3b, 3c, and 3f, for further assays by their good antiamastigote activities against Leishmania braziliensis, low toxicity, non-mutagenicity, and good ADME profile. Against T. cruzi parasites, derivatives 3b, 3c, and 3e displayed interesting levels of activities and selectivities. Mechanistic studies revealed that the 2-arylquinazolin-4-hydrazines act as either antifolate or NO-donor agents. NMR, fluorescence, and theoretical studies supported the fact that the quinazolin-hydrazine decomposed easily in an oxidative environment via cleavage of the N-N bond to release the corresponding heterocyclic-amine and NO. Generation of NO from axenic parasites was confirmed by the Griess test. All the evidence showed the potential of hydrazine connected to the electron-deficient ring to design effective and safe NO-donors against trypanosomatids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel H. Romero
- Grupo
de Química Orgánica Medicinal, Instituto de Química
Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la Republica, Iguá 4225, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay
- Laboratorio
de Ingeniería Genética, Instituto de Biomedicina, Facultad
de Medicina, Universidad Central de Venezuela, San Luis, Caracas 1073, Venezuela
| | - Elena Aguilera
- Grupo
de Química Orgánica Medicinal, Instituto de Química
Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la Republica, Iguá 4225, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay
| | - Lourdes Gotopo
- Laboratorio
de Síntesis de Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Los Chaguaramos, Caracas 1041-A, Venezuela
| | - Jaime Charris
- Laboratorio
de Síntesis de Medicamentos, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Los Chaguaramos, Caracas 1041-A, Venezuela
| | - Noris Rodríguez
- Laboratorio
de Ingeniería Genética, Instituto de Biomedicina, Facultad
de Medicina, Universidad Central de Venezuela, San Luis, Caracas 1073, Venezuela
| | - Henry Oviedo
- Laboratorio
de Ingeniería Genética, Instituto de Biomedicina, Facultad
de Medicina, Universidad Central de Venezuela, San Luis, Caracas 1073, Venezuela
| | - Belén Dávila
- Grupo
de Química Orgánica Medicinal, Instituto de Química
Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la Republica, Iguá 4225, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay
| | - Gustavo Cabrera
- Laboratorio
de Síntesis de Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Los Chaguaramos, Caracas 1041-A, Venezuela
| | - Hugo Cerecetto
- Grupo
de Química Orgánica Medicinal, Instituto de Química
Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la Republica, Iguá 4225, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay
- Área
de Radiofarmacia, Centro de Investigaciones Nucleares, Facultad de
Ciencias, Universidad de la Republica, Mataojo 2055, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay
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Yun H, Im HJ, Choe C, Roh S. Effect of LOXL2 on metastasis through remodeling of the cell surface matrix in non-small cell lung cancer cells. Gene 2022; 830:146504. [PMID: 35483499 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the prominent cause of cancer-associated death primarily because of distant metastatic disease. The metastatic potential of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is associated with tumor cell aggregation. However, the systemic mechanotransduction mechanism by which tumor cells dynamically aggregate and disseminate is poorly understood, especially in NSCLC. In this study, we examine whether the cell surface matrix plays an important role in metastasis. We used poly-2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-based 3D spheroid formation methods to mimic in vivo metastatic lesions. Supra-structural analysis of human NSCLC A549 cells stained with ruthenium red for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that glycocalyx surrounding the cell surface in 2D culture decreases in 3D culture. Comprehensive gene expression analysis revealed that the genes associated with cell adhesion were distinctly enriched in A549 cell spheroids. Of these, downregulation of the tumor metastatic microenvironment facilitator LOXL2, a copper-dependent enzyme catalyzing posttranslational oxidative deamination of peptidyl lysine, was of special interest. Knockdown of LOXL2 thickened the cell surface matrix in 2D culture and impaired compact aggregate formation in 3D culture. Moreover, A549 cell spheroids with endogenous overexpression of LOXL2 increased their dissemination on basement extracellular matrix Matrigel. Overall, these data imply that cell detachment-downregulated LOXL2 contributes to cell surface matrix remodeling, leading to collective dissemination of free-floating aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heesu Yun
- Cellular Reprogramming and Embryo Biotechnology Lab, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Jeong Im
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA; Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center (JBVAMC), Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Chungyoul Choe
- Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University, School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sangho Roh
- Cellular Reprogramming and Embryo Biotechnology Lab, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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5
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Wang H, Poe A, Pak L, Nandakumar K, Jandu S, Steppan J, Löser R, Santhanam L. An in situ activity assay for lysyl oxidases. Commun Biol 2021; 4:840. [PMID: 34226627 PMCID: PMC8257687 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02354-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The lysyl oxidase family of enzymes (LOXs) catalyze oxidative deamination of lysine side chains on collagen and elastin to initialize cross-linking that is essential for the formation of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Elevated expression of LOXs is highly associated with diverse disease processes. To date, the inability to detect total LOX catalytic function in situ has limited the ability to fully elucidate the role of LOXs in pathobiological mechanisms. Using LOXL2 as a representative member of the LOX family, we developed an in situ activity assay by utilizing the strong reaction between hydrazide and aldehyde to label the LOX-catalyzed allysine (-CHO) residues with biotin-hydrazide. The biotinylated ECM proteins are then labeled via biotin-streptavidin interaction and detected by fluorescence microscopy. This assay detects the total LOX activity in situ for both overexpressed and endogenous LOXs in cells and tissue samples and can be used for studies of LOXs as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huilei Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alan Poe
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lydia Pak
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kavitha Nandakumar
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sandeep Jandu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jochen Steppan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Reik Löser
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany
| | - Lakshmi Santhanam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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6
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Burke AA, Barrows L, Solares MJ, Wall AD, Jakobsche CE. Bifunctional Molecular Probes for Activity-Based Visualization of Quinone-Dependent Amine Oxidases. Chemistry 2018; 24:17681-17685. [PMID: 30221409 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201804247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The design, synthesis, and evaluation of two bifunctional molecular probes that can be used to visualize quinone-dependent amine oxidase enzymes in an activity-dependent manner are described. These probes use alkylhydrazines to irreversibly bind the target enzymes, which can then be visualized with either Western blotting or in-gel fluorescence. The results show that the Western blotting readout, which utilizes commercially available anti-nitrophenyl antibodies to detect a simple dinitrophenyl antigen, provides a stronger readout than the fluorescein-based fluorescence readout. This visualization strategy can be used to measure the potency of enzyme inhibitors by selectively visualizing the active enzyme that remains after treatment with an inhibitor. Looking forward, this probe molecule and visualization strategy will enable activity-based protein-profiling experiments, such as determining inhibitor selectivity values within full proteome mixtures, for this family of amine oxidase enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley A Burke
- Clark University, Carlson School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Worcester, MA, 01610, USA
| | - Luke Barrows
- Clark University, Carlson School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Worcester, MA, 01610, USA
| | - Maria J Solares
- Clark University, Carlson School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Worcester, MA, 01610, USA
| | - Alexander D Wall
- Clark University, Carlson School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Worcester, MA, 01610, USA
| | - Charles E Jakobsche
- Clark University, Carlson School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Worcester, MA, 01610, USA
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7
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Tu Y, Kreinbring CA, Hill M, Liu C, Petsko GA, McCune CD, Berkowitz DB, Liu D, Ringe D. Crystal Structures of Cystathionine β-Synthase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae: One Enzymatic Step at a Time. Biochemistry 2018; 57:3134-3145. [PMID: 29630349 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) is a key regulator of sulfur amino acid metabolism, taking homocysteine from the methionine cycle to the biosynthesis of cysteine via the trans-sulfuration pathway. CBS is also a predominant source of H2S biogenesis. Roles for CBS have been reported for neuronal death pursuant to cerebral ischemia, promoting ovarian tumor growth, and maintaining drug-resistant phenotype by controlling redox behavior and regulating mitochondrial bioenergetics. The trans-sulfuration pathway is well-conserved in eukaryotes, but the analogous enzymes have different enzymatic behavior in different organisms. CBSs from the higher organisms contain a heme in an N-terminal domain. Though the presence of the heme, whose functions in CBSs have yet to be elucidated, is biochemically interesting, it hampers UV-vis absorption spectroscopy investigations of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) species. CBS from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yCBS) naturally lacks the heme-containing N-terminal domain, which makes it an ideal model for spectroscopic studies of the enzymological reaction catalyzed and allows structural studies of the basic yCBS catalytic core (yCBS-cc). Here we present the crystal structure of yCBS-cc, solved to 1.5 Å. Crystal structures of yCBS-cc in complex with enzymatic reaction intermediates have been captured, providing a structural basis for residues involved in catalysis. Finally, the structure of the yCBS-cc cofactor complex generated by incubation with an inhibitor shows apparent off-pathway chemistry not normally seen with CBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yupeng Tu
- Department of Biochemistry , Brandeis University , Waltham , Massachusetts 02454 , United States
| | - Cheryl A Kreinbring
- Department of Biochemistry , Brandeis University , Waltham , Massachusetts 02454 , United States
| | - Megan Hill
- Department of Biology , Brandeis University , Waltham , Massachusetts 02454 , United States
| | - Cynthia Liu
- Department of Biochemistry , Brandeis University , Waltham , Massachusetts 02454 , United States
| | - Gregory A Petsko
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience , Weill Cornell Medical College , New York , New York 10021 , United States
| | - Christopher D McCune
- Department of Biochemistry , University of Nebraska , Lincoln , Nebraska 68588 , United States
| | - David B Berkowitz
- Department of Biochemistry , University of Nebraska , Lincoln , Nebraska 68588 , United States
| | - Dali Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Loyola University Chicago , Chicago , Illinois 60660 , United States
| | - Dagmar Ringe
- Department of Biochemistry , Brandeis University , Waltham , Massachusetts 02454 , United States.,Department of Chemistry , Brandeis University , Waltham , Massachusetts 02454 , United States.,Rosenstiel Basic Medical Sciences Research Center , Brandeis University , Waltham , Massachusetts 02454 , United States
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