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Demir-Yazıcı K, Trawally M, Bua S, Öztürk-Civelek D, Akdemir A, Supuran CT, Güzel-Akdemir Ö. Novel 2-(hydrazinocarbonyl)-3-phenyl-1H-indole-5-sulfonamide based thiosemicarbazides as potent and selective inhibitors of tumor-associated human carbonic anhydrase IX and XII: Synthesis, cytotoxicity, and molecular modelling studies. Bioorg Chem 2024; 144:107096. [PMID: 38290186 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
In the pursuit of discovering new selective carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) inhibitors, a small collection of novel thiosemicarbazides (5a-5t) were designed and synthesized starting from 2-(hydrazinocarbonyl)-3-phenyl-1H-indole-5-sulfonamide which was evaluated as a potent inhibitor of different CA isoforms in a previous study. The newly synthesized compounds were examined against four human carbonic anhydrases (hCA), namely transmembrane tumor-related hCA IX/XII and cytosolic widespread off-targets hCA I/II. In enzyme inhibition assays, all nineteen compounds display up to ∼340-fold selectivity for hCA IX/XII over off-target isoforms hCA I/II. Four compounds have enzyme inhibition values (Ki) lower than 10 nM against tumor-associated isoforms hCA IX/XII including two compounds in the subnanomolar range (5r and 5s; hCA XII; Ki: 0.69 and 0.87 nM). The potential binding interactions of the most potent compounds against hCA IX and XII, compounds 5s and 5r, respectively, were investigated using ensemble docking and molecular dynamics studies. Cell viability assays using human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line HT-29 and healthy skin fibroblasts CCD-86Sk show that compound 5e selectively inhibits HT-29 cancer cell proliferation (IC50: 53.32 ± 7.74 µM for HT-29; IC50: 74.64 ± 14.15 µM for CCD-986Sk). Finally, Western blot assays show that compounds 5e and 5r significantly reduce the expression of hCA XII in HT-29 cells. Moreover, 5e shows better cytotoxic activity in hypoxia compared to normoxic conditions. Altogether, the newly designed compounds show stronger inhibition of the tumor-associated hCA IX and XII isoforms and several tested compounds show selective cytotoxicity as well as downregulation of hCA XII expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kübra Demir-Yazıcı
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, 34116 Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Graduate Studies in Health Sciences, Istanbul University, 34126 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Muhammed Trawally
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, 34116 Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Graduate Studies in Health Sciences, Istanbul University, 34126 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Silvia Bua
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Dilek Öztürk-Civelek
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bezmialem Vakif University, 34093 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Atilla Akdemir
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istinye University, 34408 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Özlen Güzel-Akdemir
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, 34116 Istanbul, Turkey.
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2
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Colquhoun JM, Farokhyfar M, Anderson AC, Bethel CR, Bonomo RA, Clarke AJ, Rather PN. Collateral Changes in Cell Physiology Associated with ADC-7 β-Lactamase Expression in Acinetobacter baumannii. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0464622. [PMID: 37074187 PMCID: PMC10269689 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04646-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The ADC (AmpC) β-lactamase is universally present in the Acinetobacter baumannii chromosome, suggesting it may have a yet-to-be-identified cellular function. Using peptidoglycan composition analysis, we show that overexpressing the ADC-7 β-lactamase in A. baumannii drives changes consistent with altered l,d-transpeptidase activity. Based on this, we tested whether cells overexpressing ADC-7 would exhibit new vulnerabilities. As proof of principle, a screen of transposon insertions revealed that an insertion in the distal 3' end of canB, encoding carbonic anhydrase, resulted in a significant loss of viability when the adc-7 gene was overexpressed. A canB deletion mutant exhibited a more pronounced loss of viability than the transposon insertion, and this became amplified when cells overexpressed ADC-7. Interestingly, overexpression of the OXA-23 or TEM-1 β-lactamases also led to a pronounced loss of viability in cells with reduced carbonic anhydrase activity. In addition, we demonstrate that reduced CanB activity led to increased sensitivity to peptidoglycan synthesis inhibitors and to the carbonic anhydrase inhibitor ethoxzolamide. Furthermore, this strain exhibited a synergistic interaction with the peptidoglycan inhibitor fosfomycin and ethoxzolamide. Our results highlight the impact of ADC-7 overexpression on cell physiology and reveal that the essential carbonic anhydrase CanB may represent a novel target for antimicrobial agents that would exhibit increased potency against β-lactamase-overexpressing A. baumannii. IMPORTANCE Acinetobacter baumannii has become resistant to all classes of antibiotics, with β-lactam resistance responsible for the majority of treatment failures. New classes of antimicrobials are needed to treat this high-priority pathogen. This study had uncovered a new genetic vulnerability in β-lactamase-expressing A. baumannii, where reduced carbonic anhydrase activity becomes lethal. Inhibitors of carbonic anhydrase could represent a new method for treating A. baumannii infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M. Colquhoun
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Emory Antibiotic Resistance Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Alexander C. Anderson
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christopher R. Bethel
- Research Service, Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Robert A. Bonomo
- Research Service, Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Proteomics and Bioinformatics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- CWRU-Cleveland VAMC Center for Antimicrobial Resistance and Epidemiology (Case VA CARES), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Anthony J. Clarke
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Philip N. Rather
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Emory Antibiotic Resistance Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Research Service, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia, USA
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3
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Angeli A, Urbański LJ, Capasso C, Parkkila S, Supuran CT. Activation studies with amino acids and amines of a β-carbonic anhydrase from Mammaliicoccus (Staphylococcus) sciuri previously annotated as Staphylococcus aureus (SauBCA) carbonic anhydrase. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2022; 37:2786-2792. [PMID: 36210544 PMCID: PMC9553136 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2022.2131780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A β-carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) previously annotated to be present in the genome of Staphylococcus aureus, SauBCA, has been shown to belong to another pathogenic bacterium, Mammaliicoccus (Staphylococcus) sciuri. This enzyme, MscCA, has been investigated for its activation with a series of natural and synthetic amino acid and amines, comparing the results with those obtained for the ortholog enzyme from Escherichia coli, EcoCAβ. The best MscCA activators were D-His, L- and D-DOPA, 4-(2-aminoethyl)-morpholine and L-Asn, which showed KAs of 0.12 - 0.89 µM. The least efficient activators were D-Tyr and L-Gln (KAs of 13.9 - 28.6 µM). The enzyme was also also inhibited by anions and sulphonamides, as described earlier. Endogenous CA activators may play a role in bacterial virulence and colonisation of the host which makes this research topic of great interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Angeli
- Dipartimento Neurofarba, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
| | - Linda J Urbański
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Clemente Capasso
- Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Sciences, Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, Napoli, Italy
| | - Seppo Parkkila
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland,Fimlab Ltd, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland,CONTACT Seppo Parkkila Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland; Fimlab Ltd, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Claudiu T. Supuran
- Dipartimento Neurofarba, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy,Claudiu T. Supuran Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
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4
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Giovannuzzi S, Hewitt CS, Nocentini A, Capasso C, Costantino G, Flaherty DP, Supuran CT. Inhibition studies of bacterial α-carbonic anhydrases with phenols. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2022; 37:666-671. [PMID: 35139743 PMCID: PMC8843131 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2022.2038592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The α-class carbonic anhydrases (CAs, EC 4.2.1.1) from the bacterial pathogens Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NgCAα) and Vibrio cholerae (VchCAα) were investigated for their inhibition by a panel of phenols and phenolic acids. Mono-, di- and tri-substituted phenols incorporating additional hydroxyl/hydroxymethyl, amino, acetamido, carboxyl, halogeno and carboxyethenyl moieties were included in the study. The best NgCAα inhibitrs were phenol, 3-aminophenol, 4-hydroxy-benzylalcohol, 3-amino-4-chlorophenol and paracetamol, with KI values of 0.6–1.7 µM. The most effective VchCAα inhibitrs were phenol, 3-amino-4-chlorophenol and 4-hydroxy-benzyl-alcohol, with KI values of 0.7–1.2 µM. Small changes in the phenol scaffold led to drastic effects on the bacterial CA inhibitory activity. This class of underinvestigated bacterial CA inhibitors may thus lead to effective compounds for fighting drug resistant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Giovannuzzi
- Neurofarba Department, Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Chad S Hewitt
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Alessio Nocentini
- Neurofarba Department, Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Clemente Capasso
- Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Sciences, CNR, Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, Napoli, Italy
| | - Gabriele Costantino
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, Parma, Italy
| | - Daniel P Flaherty
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Neurofarba Department, Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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5
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Giovannuzzi S, Hewitt CS, Nocentini A, Capasso C, Flaherty DP, Supuran CT. Coumarins effectively inhibit bacterial α-carbonic anhydrases. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2022; 37:333-338. [PMID: 34979838 PMCID: PMC8741243 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2021.2012174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Coumarins are known to act as prodrug inhibitors of mammalian α-carbonic anhydrases (CAs, EC 4.2.1.1) but they were not yet investigated for the inhibition of bacterial α-CAs. Here we demonstrate that such enzymes from the bacterial pathogens Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NgCAα) and Vibrio cholerae (VchCAα) are inhibited by a panel of simple coumarins incorporating hydroxyl, amino, ketone or carboxylic acid ester moieties in various positions of the ring system. The nature and the position of the substituents in the coumarin ring were the factors which strongly influenced inhibitory efficacy. NgCAα was inhibited with KIs in the range of 28.6-469.5 µM, whereas VchCAα with KIs in the range of 39.8-438.7 µM. The two human (h)CA isoforms included for comparison reason in the study, hCA I and II, were less prone to inhibition by these compounds, with KIs of 137-948.9 µM for hCA I and of 296.5-961.2 µM for hCA II, respectively. These findings are relevant for discovering coumarin bacterial CA inhibitors with selectivity for the bacterial over human isoform, with potential applications as novel antibacterial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Giovannuzzi
- Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, Neurofarba Department, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Chad S Hewitt
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Alessio Nocentini
- Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, Neurofarba Department, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Clemente Capasso
- Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Sciences, CNR, Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, Napoli, Italy
| | - Daniel P Flaherty
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, Neurofarba Department, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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6
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Amine- and Amino Acid-Based Compounds as Carbonic Anhydrase Activators. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26237331. [PMID: 34885917 PMCID: PMC8659172 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
After being rather neglected as a research field in the past, carbonic anhydrase activators (CAAs) were undoubtedly demonstrated to be useful in diverse pharmaceutical and industrial applications. They also improved the knowledge of the requirements to selectively interact with a CA isoform over the others and confirmed the catalytic mechanism of this class of compounds. Amino acid and amine derivatives were the most explored in in vitro, in vivo and crystallographic studies as CAAs. Most of them were able to activate human or non-human CA isoforms in the nanomolar range, being proposed as therapeutic and industrial tools. Some isoforms are better activated by amino acids than amines derivatives and the stereochemistry may exert a role. Finally, non-human CAs have been very recently tested for activation studies, paving the way to innovative industrial and environmental applications.
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7
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Supuran CT, Nocentini A, Yakubova E, Savchuk N, Kalinin S, Krasavin M. Biochemical profiling of anti-HIV prodrug Elsulfavirine (Elpida ®) and its active form VM1500A against a panel of twelve human carbonic anhydrase isoforms. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2021; 36:1056-1060. [PMID: 34000969 PMCID: PMC8143618 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2021.1927007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor VM1500A is approved for the treatment of HIV/AIDS in its N-acyl sulphonamide prodrug form elsulfavirine (Elpida®). Biochemical profiling against twelve human carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) isoforms showed that while elsulfavirine was a weak inhibitor of all isoforms, VM1500A potently and selectively inhibited human (h) hCA VII isoform, a proven target for the therapy of neuropathic pain. The latter is a common neurologic complication of HIV infection and we hypothesise that by using Elpida® in patients may help alleviate this debilitating symptom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudiu T Supuran
- Neurofarba Department, Section of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Alessio Nocentini
- Neurofarba Department, Section of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Nikolay Savchuk
- Viriom Inc, San Diego, CA, USA.,ChemDiv Inc, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Stanislav Kalinin
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Mikhail Krasavin
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
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8
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Angeli A, Prete SD, Ghobril C, Hitce J, Clavaud C, Marrat X, Donald WA, Capasso C, Supuran CT. Activation studies of the β-carbonic anhydrases from Malassezia restricta with amines and amino acids. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2020; 35:824-830. [PMID: 32216477 PMCID: PMC7170391 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2020.1743284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The β-carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) from the genome of the opportunistic pathogen Malassezia restricta (MreCA), which was recently cloned and characterised, herein has been investigated for enzymatic activation by a panel of amines and amino acids. Of the 24 compounds tested in this study, the most effective MreCA activators were L-adrenaline (KA of 15 nM), 2-aminoethyl-piperazine/morpholine (KAs of 0.25-0.33 µM), histamine, L-4-amino-phenylalanine, D-Phe, L-/D-DOPA, and L-/D-Trp (KAs of 0.32 - 0.90 µM). The least effective activators were L-/D-Tyr, L-Asp, L-/D-Glu, and L-His, with activation constants ranging between 4.04 and 12.8 µM. As MreCA is involved in dandruff and seborrhoeic dermatitis, these results are of interest to identify modulators of the activity of enzymes involved in the metabolic processes of such fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Angeli
- Dipartimento Neurofarba, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
| | - Sonia Del Prete
- Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Sciences, Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, CNR, Napoli, Italy
| | | | - Julien Hitce
- L’Oréal Research and Innovation, Aulnay-sous-Bois, France
| | - Cécile Clavaud
- L’Oréal Research and Innovation, Aulnay-sous-Bois, France
| | - Xavier Marrat
- L’Oréal Research and Innovation, Aulnay-sous-Bois, France
| | - William A. Donald
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Clemente Capasso
- Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Sciences, Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, CNR, Napoli, Italy
| | - Claudiu T. Supuran
- Dipartimento Neurofarba, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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9
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Nocentini A, Del Prete S, Mastrolorenzo MD, Donald WA, Capasso C, Supuran CT. Activation studies of the β-carbonic anhydrases from Escherichia coli with amino acids and amines. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2020; 35:1379-1386. [PMID: 32576029 PMCID: PMC7748406 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2020.1781845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A β-carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) from the widespread bacterium Escherichia coli (EcoCAβ), encoded by the CynT2 gene, has been investigated for its catalytic properties and enzymatic activation by a panel of amino acids and amines. EcoCAβ showed a significant catalytic activity for the hydration of CO2 to bicarbonate and a proton, with a kinetic constant kcat of 5.3 × 105 s- and a Michaelis-Menten constant KM of 12.9 mM. The most effective EcoCAβ activators were L- and D-DOPA, L-Tyr, 4-amino-Phe, serotonin and L-adrenaline, with KAs from 2.76 to 10.7 µM. L-His, 2-pyridyl-methylamine, L-Asn and L-Gln were relatively weak activators (KAs from 36.0 to 49.5 µM). D-His, L- and D-Phe, L- and D-Trp, D-Tyr, histamine, dopamine, 2-(aminoethyl)pyridine/piperazine/morpholine, L-Asp, L- and D-Glu have KAs from 11.3 to 23.7 µM. Endogenous CA activators may play a role in bacterial virulence and colonisation of the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Nocentini
- Università degli Studi di Firenze, Dipartimento Neurofarba, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Sonia Del Prete
- Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food sciences, CNR, Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, CNR, Napoli, Italy
| | - Margaret D. Mastrolorenzo
- Università degli Studi di Firenze, Dipartimento Neurofarba, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- San Diego (UCSD), University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - William A. Donald
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Clemente Capasso
- Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food sciences, CNR, Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, CNR, Napoli, Italy
| | - Claudiu T. Supuran
- Università degli Studi di Firenze, Dipartimento Neurofarba, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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10
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Angeli A, Etxebeste-Mitxeltorena M, Sanmartín C, Espuelas S, Moreno E, Azqueta A, Parkkila S, Carta F, Supuran CT. Tellurides Bearing Sulfonamides as Novel Inhibitors of Leishmanial Carbonic Anhydrase with Potent Antileishmanial Activity. J Med Chem 2020; 63:4306-4314. [PMID: 32223141 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We report for the first time a novel series of tellurides bearing sulfonamide as selective and potent inhibitors of the β-class carbonic anhydrase (CA; EC 4.2.1.1) enzyme expressed in Leishmania donovani protozoa. Such derivatives showed high activity against axenic amastigotes, and among them, compound 5g (4-(((3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)tellanyl)methyl)benzenesulfonamide) showed an IC50 of 0.02 μM being highly selective for the parasites over THP-1 cells with a selectivity index of 300. The in vitro and in vivo toxicity experiments showed compound 5g to possess a safe profile and thus paving the way for tellurium-containing compounds as novel drug entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Angeli
- NEUROFARBA Department, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy.,Centre of Advanced Research in Bionanoconjugates and Biopolymers Department, "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 700487 Iasi, Romania
| | - Mikel Etxebeste-Mitxeltorena
- School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Chemistry, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Carmen Sanmartín
- School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Chemistry, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Socorro Espuelas
- School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Chemistry, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Esther Moreno
- School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Chemistry, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Amaya Azqueta
- School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Chemistry, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Seppo Parkkila
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere and Fimlab Ltd, Tampere University Hospital, 33100 Tampere, Finland
| | - Fabrizio Carta
- NEUROFARBA Department, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- NEUROFARBA Department, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy
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11
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Akocak S, Supuran CT. Activation of α-, β-, γ- δ-, ζ- and η- class of carbonic anhydrases with amines and amino acids: a review. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2020; 34:1652-1659. [PMID: 31530034 PMCID: PMC6758604 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2019.1664501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Eight genetically distinct carbonic anhydrase (EC 4.2.1.1) enzyme families (α-, β-, γ- δ-, ζ-, η-, θ- and ι-CAs) were described to date. On the other hand, 16 mammalian α-CA isoforms are known to be involved in many diseases such as glaucoma, edema, epilepsy, obesity, hypoxic tumors, neuropathic pain, arthritis, neurodegeneration, etc. Although CA inhibitors were investigated for the management of a variety of such disorders, the activators just started to be investigated in detail for their in vivo effects. This review summarizes the activation profiles of α-, β, γ-, δ-, ζ- and η- CAs from various organisms (animals, fungi, protozoan, bacteria and archaea) with the most investigated classes of activators, the amines and the amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suleyman Akocak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Adiyaman University , Adiyaman , Turkey
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Dipartimento Neurofarba, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, Università degli Studi di Firenze , Sesto Fiorentino (Florence) , Italy
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Angeli A, Del Prete S, Pinteala M, Maier SS, Donald WA, Simionescu BC, Capasso C, Supuran CT. The first activation study of the β-carbonic anhydrases from the pathogenic bacteria Brucella suis and Francisella tularensis with amines and amino acids. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2019; 34:1178-1185. [PMID: 31282230 PMCID: PMC6691884 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2019.1630617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The activation of the β-class carbonic anhydrases (CAs, EC 4.2.1.1) from the bacteria Brucella suis and Francisella tularensis with amine and amino acids was investigated. BsuCA 1 was sensitive to activation with amino acids and amines, whereas FtuCA was not. The most effective BsuCA 1 activators were L-adrenaline and D-Tyr (KAs of 0.70–0.95 µM). L-His, L-/D-Phe, L-/D-DOPA, L-Trp, L-Tyr, 4-amino-L-Phe, dopamine, 2-pyridyl-methylamine, D-Glu and L-Gln showed activation constants in the range of 0.70–3.21 µM. FtuCA was sensitive to activation with L-Glu (KA of 9.13 µM). Most of the investigated compounds showed a weak activating effect against FtuCA (KAs of 30.5–78.3 µM). Many of the investigated amino acid and amines are present in high concentrations in many tissues in vertebrates, and their role in the pathogenicity of the two bacteria is poorly understood. Our study may bring insights in processes connected with invasion and pathogenic effects of intracellular bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Angeli
- a Neurofarba Department, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche , Università degli Studi di Firenze , Sesto Fiorentino , Italy
| | - Sonia Del Prete
- b Istituto di Bioscienze e Biorisorse , CNR , Napoli , Italy
| | - Mariana Pinteala
- c Centre of Advanced Research in Bionanoconjugates and Biopolymers Department , "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry , Iasi , Romania
| | - Stelian S Maier
- c Centre of Advanced Research in Bionanoconjugates and Biopolymers Department , "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry , Iasi , Romania.,d Polymers Research Center, Polymeric Release Systems Research Group , "Gheorghe Asachi" Technical University of Iasi , Iasi , Romania
| | - William A Donald
- e School of Chemistry , University of New South Wales , Sydney , Australia
| | - Bogdan C Simionescu
- c Centre of Advanced Research in Bionanoconjugates and Biopolymers Department , "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry , Iasi , Romania
| | | | - Claudiu T Supuran
- a Neurofarba Department, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche , Università degli Studi di Firenze , Sesto Fiorentino , Italy.,e School of Chemistry , University of New South Wales , Sydney , Australia
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Akocak S, Lolak N, Bua S, Nocentini A, Supuran CT. Activation of human α-carbonic anhydrase isoforms I, II, IV and VII with bis-histamine schiff bases and bis-spinaceamine substituted derivatives. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2019; 34:1193-1198. [PMID: 31237157 PMCID: PMC6598482 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2019.1630616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of histamine bis-Schiff bases and bis-spinaceamine derivatives were synthesised and investigated as activators of four human (h) carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) isoforms, the cytosolic hCA I, II and VII, and the membrane-associated hCA IV. All isoforms were effectively activated by the new derivatives, with activation constants in the range of 4.73–10.2 µM for hCA I, 6.15–42.1 µM for hCA II, 2.37–32.7 µM for hCA IV and 32 nM–18.7 µM for hCA VII, respectively. The nature of the spacer between the two histamine/spinaceamine units of these molecules was the main contributor to the diverse activating efficacy, with a very different fine tuning for the diverse isoforms. As CA activators recently emerged as interesting agents for enhancing cognition, in the management of CA deficiencies, or for therapy memory and artificial tissues engineering, our compounds may be considered as candidates for such applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suleyman Akocak
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy , Adiyaman University , Adiyaman , Turkey
| | - Nabih Lolak
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy , Adiyaman University , Adiyaman , Turkey
| | - Silvia Bua
- b Dipartimento Neurofarba, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche , Università degli Studi di Firenze , Sesto Fiorentino , Italy
| | - Alessio Nocentini
- b Dipartimento Neurofarba, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche , Università degli Studi di Firenze , Sesto Fiorentino , Italy
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- b Dipartimento Neurofarba, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche , Università degli Studi di Firenze , Sesto Fiorentino , Italy
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El-Gazzar MG, Nafie NH, Nocentini A, Ghorab MM, Heiba HI, Supuran CT. Carbonic anhydrase inhibition with a series of novel benzenesulfonamide-triazole conjugates. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2018; 33:1565-1574. [PMID: 30274535 PMCID: PMC6171417 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2018.1513927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the synthesis and characterisation of a novel series of triazole benzenesulfonamide derivatives, which incorporate the general pharmacophore associated with carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) inhibitors. The synthesised compounds were tested in vitro against four human carbonic anhydrase (hCA, EC 4.2.1.1) isozymes, hCA I, hCA II, hCA IV and hCA IX. The obtained results showed that the tumour-associated hCA IX was the most sensitive to inhibition with the synthesised derivatives, with the triazolo-pyridine benzenesulfonamides 14, 16 and 17 being the most effective inhibitors. Some selected compounds were chosen for a single dose anti-proliferative activity testing against a panel of 57 human tumour cell lines and show some anti-proliferative activity ex vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa G. El-Gazzar
- Department of Drug Radiation Research, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nessma H. Nafie
- Department of Drug Radiation Research, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Alessio Nocentini
- NEUROFARBA Department, Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences Section, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
| | - Mostafa M. Ghorab
- Department of Drug Radiation Research, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Helmi I. Heiba
- Department of Drug Radiation Research, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Claudiu T. Supuran
- NEUROFARBA Department, Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences Section, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
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Stefanucci A, Angeli A, Dimmito MP, Luisi G, Del Prete S, Capasso C, Donald WA, Mollica A, Supuran CT. Activation of β- and γ-carbonic anhydrases from pathogenic bacteria with tripeptides. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2018; 33:945-950. [PMID: 29747543 PMCID: PMC6009936 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2018.1468530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Six tripeptides incorporating acidic amino acid residues were prepared for investigation as activators of β- and γ-carbonic anhydrases (CAs, EC 4.2.1.1) from the pathogenic bacteria Vibrio cholerae, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and Burkholderia pseudomallei. The primary amino acid residues that are involved in the catalytic mechanisms of these CA classes are poorly understood, although glutamic acid residues near the active site appear to be involved. The tripeptides that contain Glu or Asp residues can effectively activate VchCAβ and VchCAγ (enzymes from V. cholerae), Rv3273 CA (mtCA3, a β-CA from M. tuberculosis) and BpsCAγ (γ-CA from B. pseudomallei) at 0.21-18.1 µM levels. The position of the acidic residues in the peptide sequences can significantly affect bioactivity. For three of the enzymes, tripeptides were identified that are more effective activators than both l-Glu and l-Asp. The tripeptides are also relatively selective because they do not activate prototypical α-CAs (human carbonic anhydrases I and II). Because the role of CA activators in the pathogenicity and life cycles of these infectious bacteria are poorly understood, this study provides new molecular probes to explore such processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azzurra Stefanucci
- Department of Pharmacy, “Gabriele d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Andrea Angeli
- Department of Neurofarba, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Marilisa Pia Dimmito
- Department of Pharmacy, “Gabriele d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Grazia Luisi
- Department of Pharmacy, “Gabriele d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Sonia Del Prete
- Department of Neurofarba, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
- Istituto di Bioscienze e Biorisorse, CNR, Napoli, Italy
| | | | - William A. Donald
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Adriano Mollica
- Department of Pharmacy, “Gabriele d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Claudiu T. Supuran
- Department of Neurofarba, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Abdoli M, Bozdag M, Angeli A, Supuran CT. Benzamide-4-Sulfonamides Are Effective Human Carbonic Anhydrase I, II, VII, and IX Inhibitors. Metabolites 2018; 8:metabo8020037. [PMID: 29857578 PMCID: PMC6027465 DOI: 10.3390/metabo8020037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of benzamides incorporating 4-sulfamoyl moieties were obtained by reacting 4-sulfamoyl benzoic acid with primary and secondary amines and amino acids. These sulfonamides were investigated as inhibitors of the metalloenzyme carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1). The human (h) isoforms hCA II, VII, and IX were inhibited in the low nanomolar or subnanomolar ranges, whereas hCA I was slightly less sensitive to inhibition (KIs of 5.3–334 nM). The β- and γ-class CAs from pathogenic bacteria and fungi, such as Vibrio cholerae and Malassezia globosa, were inhibited in the micromolar range by the sulfonamides reported in the paper. The benzamide-4-sulfonamides are a promising class of highly effective CA inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Abdoli
- Dipartimento Neurofarba, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via U. Schiff 6, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy.
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Lorestan University, Khorramabad 6813833946, Iran.
| | - Murat Bozdag
- Dipartimento Neurofarba, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via U. Schiff 6, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy.
| | - Andrea Angeli
- Dipartimento Neurofarba, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via U. Schiff 6, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy.
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Dipartimento Neurofarba, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via U. Schiff 6, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy.
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The zinc - but not cadmium - containing ζ-carbonic from the diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii is potently activated by amines and amino acids. Bioorg Chem 2018; 80:261-265. [PMID: 29966872 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2018.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The activation of the ζ-class carbonic anhydrase (CAs, EC 4.2.1.1) from the diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii (TweCAζ) incorporating both Zn(II) and Cd(II) at the active site, was investigated for the first time, using a panel of natural and non-natural amino acids and amines. CdTweCAζ was completely insensitive to activation, whereas all these compounds were effective activators of the zinc-containing enzyme ZnTweCAζ, with activation constants ranging between 92 nM and 37.9 µM. The most effective ZnTweCAζ activators were l-adrenaline, 1-(2-aminoethyl)-piperazine and 4-(2-aminoethyl)-morpholine, with KAs in the range of 92-150 nM. l-His, l- and d-Tyr and some pyridyl-alkylamines, had KAs in the range of 0.62-0.98 µM, whereas l-/d-DOPA, d-Trp, histamine, serotonin and l-Asn were the next most efficient activators, with KAs in the range of 1.27-3.19 µM. The least effective activators were l-Phe (KA of 15.4 µM) and l-Asp (KA of 37.9 µM). This in vitro study may be useful for a more complete understanding of the activation processes of various CA enzyme families, of which the ζ-class was scarcely investigated.
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Angeli A, Alasmary FAS, Del Prete S, Osman SM, AlOthman Z, Donald WA, Capasso C, Supuran CT. The first activation study of a δ-carbonic anhydrase: TweCAδ from the diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii is effectively activated by amines and amino acids. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2018. [PMID: 29536765 PMCID: PMC6009927 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2018.1447570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The activation of the δ-class carbonic anhydrase (CAs, EC 4.2.1.1) from the diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii (TweCAδ) was investigated using a panel of natural and non-natural amino acids and amines. The most effective activator of TweCAδ was d-Tyr (KA of 51 nM), whereas several other amino acids and amines, such as L-His, L-Trp, d-Trp, dopamine and serotonin were submicromolar activators (KAs from 0.51 to 0.93 µM). The most ineffective activator of TweCAδ was 4-amino-l-Phe (18.9 µM), whereas d-His, l-/d-Phe, l-/d-DOPA, l-Tyr, histamine, some pyridyl-alkylamines, l-adrenaline and aminoethyl-piperazine/morpholine were moderately potent activators (KAs from 1.34 to 8.16 µM). For any δ-CA, there are no data on the crystal structure, homology modelling and the amino acid residues that are responsible for proton transfer to the active site are currently unknown making it challenging to provide a detailed rational for these findings. However, these data provide further evidence that this class of underexplored CA deserves more attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Angeli
- a Department of Neurofarba, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche , Università degli Studi di Firenze , Florence , Italy
| | - Fatmah A S Alasmary
- b Department of Chemistry, College of Science , King Saud University , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia
| | - Sonia Del Prete
- a Department of Neurofarba, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche , Università degli Studi di Firenze , Florence , Italy.,c Istituto di Bioscienze e Biorisorse , CNR , Napoli , Italy
| | - Sameh M Osman
- b Department of Chemistry, College of Science , King Saud University , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia
| | - Zeid AlOthman
- b Department of Chemistry, College of Science , King Saud University , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia
| | - William A Donald
- d School of Chemistry , University of New South Wales , Sydney , Australia
| | | | - Claudiu T Supuran
- a Department of Neurofarba, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche , Università degli Studi di Firenze , Florence , Italy.,d School of Chemistry , University of New South Wales , Sydney , Australia
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