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Naseem S, Khan S, Hussain S, Mirza MU, Ashraf M, Shafiq Z, Trant JF. Synthesis, biological evaluation, and molecular docking study of xanthene-linked thiosemicarbazones as cholinesterase inhibitors. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023:1-15. [PMID: 37948312 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2274981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
This study delineates the design and synthesis of a series of xanthene-based thiosemicarbazones that show low μM inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), crucial enzymes associated with, among others, Alzheimer's Disease (AD) pathology. Despite FDA-approved AChE inhibitors being frontline treatments for AD, there remains a need for agents exhibiting improved efficacy and selectivity. Our synthesized series demonstrate meaningful inhibition against AChE (IC50 ranging from 4.2 to 62 μM). These compounds exhibit comparatively lower potency against BChE (IC50 values between 64 and 315 μM), showcasing a pronounced AChE selectivity compared to physostigmine. The selectivity index for the compounds between the two targets does vary between 0.02 and 0.75 highlighting that even minor structural differences can have drastic effects on protein interactions. Molecular docking insights further substantiated these observations, revealing the importance of the xanthene scaffold for AChE-binding and the aryl R2 moiety for BChE interactions. Notably, some compounds demonstrated dual enzyme targeting, emphasizing their interactions could be exploited for developing monotherapies against cholinesterase-associated neurodegenerative afflictions like AD. Collectively, these findings suggest that xanthene-based thiosemicarbazones are a promising and highly accessible scaffold that deserve further investigative exploration in the cholinesterase inhibitor therapeutic landscape.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saira Naseem
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Samra Khan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Canada
| | - Safdar Hussain
- Department of Chemistry, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | | | - Muhammad Ashraf
- Department of Chemistry, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Zahid Shafiq
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, Universitat Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - John F Trant
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Canada
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Strzyga-Łach P, Chrzanowska A, Kiernozek-Kalińska E, Żyżyńska-Granica B, Podsadni K, Podsadni P, Bielenica A. Proapoptotic effects of halogenated bis-phenylthiourea derivatives in cancer cells. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2023; 356:e2300105. [PMID: 37401845 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202300105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
New halogenated thiourea derivatives were synthesized via the reaction of substituted phenylisothiocyanates with aromatic amines. Their cytotoxic activity was examined in in vitro studies against solid tumors (SW480, SW620, PC3), a hematological malignance (K-562), and normal keratinocytes (HaCaT). Most of the compounds were more effective against SW480 (1a, 3a, 3b, 5j), K-562 (2b, 3a, 4a), or PC3 (5d) cells than cisplatin, with favorable selectivity. Their anticancer mechanisms were studied by Annexin V-fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate apoptosis, caspase-3/caspase-7 assessment, cell cycle analysis, interleukin-6 (IL-6) release inhibition, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation assay. Thioureas 1a, 2b, 3a, and 4a were the most potent activators of early apoptosis in K-562 cells, and substances 1a, 3b, 5j triggered late-apoptosis or necrosis in SW480 cells. This proapoptotic effect was proved by the significant increase of caspase-3/caspase-7 activation. Cell cycle analysis revealed that derivatives 1a, 3a, 5j increased the number of SW480 and K-562 cells in the sub-G1 and/or G0/G1 phases, and one evoked cycle arrest at the G2 phase. The most potent thioureas inhibited IL-6 cytokine secretion from PC3 cells and both colon cancer cell lines. Apoptosis-inducing compounds also increased ROS production in all tumor cell cultures, which may enhance their anticancer properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Strzyga-Łach
- Chair and Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Alicja Chrzanowska
- Chair and Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | | | - Katarzyna Podsadni
- Chair and Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Podsadni
- Department of Drug Technology and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Bielenica
- Chair and Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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Liu C, Ye D, Yang H, Chen X, Su Z, Li X, Ding M, Liu Y. RAS-targeted cancer therapy: Advances in drugging specific mutations. MedComm (Beijing) 2023; 4:e285. [PMID: 37250144 PMCID: PMC10225044 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Rat sarcoma (RAS), as a frequently mutated oncogene, has been studied as an attractive target for treating RAS-driven cancers for over four decades. However, it is until the recent success of kirsten-RAS (KRAS)G12C inhibitor that RAS gets rid of the title "undruggable". It is worth noting that the therapeutic effect of KRASG12C inhibitors on different RAS allelic mutations or even different cancers with KRASG12C varies significantly. Thus, deep understanding of the characteristics of each allelic RAS mutation will be a prerequisite for developing new RAS inhibitors. In this review, the structural and biochemical features of different RAS mutations are summarized and compared. Besides, the pathological characteristics and treatment responses of different cancers carrying RAS mutations are listed based on clinical reports. In addition, the development of RAS inhibitors, either direct or indirect, that target the downstream components in RAS pathway is summarized as well. Hopefully, this review will broaden our knowledge on RAS-targeting strategies and trigger more intensive studies on exploiting new RAS allele-specific inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cen Liu
- Beijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijingChina
| | - Danyang Ye
- Beijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijingChina
| | - Hongliu Yang
- Beijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijingChina
| | - Xu Chen
- Beijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijingChina
| | - Zhijun Su
- Beijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijingChina
| | - Xia Li
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Mei Ding
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yonggang Liu
- Beijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijingChina
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Kozyra P, Krasowska D, Pitucha M. New Potential Agents for Malignant Melanoma Treatment-Most Recent Studies 2020-2022. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:6084. [PMID: 35682764 PMCID: PMC9180979 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignant melanoma (MM) is the most lethal skin cancer. Despite a 4% reduction in mortality over the past few years, an increasing number of new diagnosed cases appear each year. Long-term therapy and the development of resistance to the drugs used drive the search for more and more new agents with anti-melanoma activity. This review focuses on the most recent synthesized anti-melanoma agents from 2020-2022. For selected agents, apart from the analysis of biological activity, the structure-activity relationship (SAR) is also discussed. To the best of our knowledge, the following literature review delivers the latest achievements in the field of new anti-melanoma agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Kozyra
- Independent Radiopharmacy Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Danuta Krasowska
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Pediatric Dermatology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-081 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Monika Pitucha
- Independent Radiopharmacy Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
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Ren S, Wang X, Song J, Jin G. Discovery of novel ibrutinib analogues to treat malignant melanoma. Bioorg Chem 2021; 117:105419. [PMID: 34689082 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel ibrutinib analogues was synthesized, and their proliferation inhibitory activities against various B lymphoma cell lines (DaudiB and Raji) and solid tumor cells (B16, CT26, HepG2 and 4T1) were evaluated. The most potent compound, YL7, exhibited strong antiproliferative activity in all cell lines, and its IC50 value in B16 cells was almost 9-fold better than that of ibrutinib. Mechanism of action studies showed that YL7 inhibited proliferation and migration and induced G1 cell cycle arrest, apoptosis and autophagy in B16 cells. Further assessment of in vivo antitumor efficacies demonstrated that YL7 significantly inhibited the growth of B16 melanoma. These preliminary studies suggest that it is reasonable to modify the structure of ibrutinib for antimelanoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumei Ren
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nation-Regional Engineering Lab for Synthetic Biology of Medicine, International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, Guangdong, China; Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nation-Regional Engineering Lab for Synthetic Biology of Medicine, International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, Guangdong, China
| | - Jun Song
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Guangyi Jin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nation-Regional Engineering Lab for Synthetic Biology of Medicine, International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, Guangdong, China.
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Orysyk SI, Baranets S, Borovyk PV, Palchykovska LG, Zborovskii YL, Orysyk VV, Likhanov AF, Platonov MO, Kovalskyy DB, Shyryna TV, Danylenko Y, Hurmach VV, Pekhnyo VI, Vovk MV. Mononuclear π-complexes of Pd(II) and Pt(II) with 1-allyl-3-(2-hydroxyethyl)thiourea: Synthesis, structure, molecular docking, DNA binding ability and genotoxic activity. Polyhedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2021.115477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Strzyga-Łach P, Chrzanowska A, Podsadni K, Bielenica A. Investigation of the Mechanisms of Cytotoxic Activity of 1,3-Disubstituted Thiourea Derivatives. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14111097. [PMID: 34832881 PMCID: PMC8623398 DOI: 10.3390/ph14111097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Substituted thiourea derivatives possess confirmed cytotoxic activity towards cancer but also normal cells. To develop new selective antitumor agents, a series of 3-(trifluoromethyl)phenylthiourea analogs were synthesized, and their cytotoxicity was evaluated in vitro against the cell line panel. Compounds 1-5, 8, and 9 were highly cytotoxic against human colon (SW480, SW620) and prostate (PC3) cancer cells, and leukemia K-562 cell lines (IC50 ≤ 10 µM), with favorable selectivity over normal HaCaT cells. The derivatives exerted better growth inhibitory profiles towards selected tumor cells than the reference cisplatin. Compounds incorporating 3,4-dichloro- (2) and 4-CF3-phenyl (8) substituents displayed the highest activity (IC50 from 1.5 to 8.9 µM). The mechanisms of cytotoxic action of the most effective thioureas 1-3, 8, and 9 were studied, including the trypan blue exclusion test of cell viability, interleukin-6, and apoptosis assessments. Compounds reduced all cancerous cell numbers (especially SW480 and SW620) by 20-93%. Derivatives 2 and 8 diminished the viability of SW620 cells by 45-58%. Thioureas 1, 2, and 8 exerted strong pro-apoptotic activity. Compound 2 induced late apoptosis in both colon cancer cell lines (95-99%) and in K-562 cells (73%). All derivatives acted as inhibitors of IL-6 levels in both SW480 and SW620 cells, decreasing its secretion by 23-63%.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Anna Bielenica
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +(48)-022-572-06-93; Fax: +(48)-022-572-06-79
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Liang T, Sun X, Li W, Hou G, Gao F. 1,2,3-Triazole-Containing Compounds as Anti-Lung Cancer Agents: Current Developments, Mechanisms of Action, and Structure-Activity Relationship. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:661173. [PMID: 34177578 PMCID: PMC8226129 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.661173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the most common malignancy and leads to around one-quarter of all cancer deaths. Great advances have been achieved in the treatment of lung cancer with novel anticancer agents and improved technology. However, morbidity and mortality rates remain extremely high, calling for an urgent need to develop novel anti-lung cancer agents. 1,2,3-Triazole could be readily interact with diverse enzymes and receptors in organisms through weak interaction. 1,2,3-Triazole can not only be acted as a linker to tether different pharmacophores but also serve as a pharmacophore. This review aims to summarize the recent advances in 1,2,3-triazole-containing compounds with anti-lung cancer potential, and their structure-activity relationship (SAR) together with mechanisms of action is also discussed to pave the way for the further rational development of novel anti-lung cancer candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Liang
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Biomedical Isotope Research Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiangyang Sun
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Wenhong Li
- Department of Oncology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Guihua Hou
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Biomedical Isotope Research Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Feng Gao
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Biomedical Isotope Research Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Naseem S, Ashraf M, Khan S, Rafiq M, Kashif M, Rahman J, Rauf MK, Halim SA, Uddin J, Khan A, Al-Harrasi A, Shafiq Z. Exploring biologically active hybrid pharmacophore N-substituted hydrazine-carbothioamides for urease inhibition: In vitro and in silico approach. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 182:534-544. [PMID: 33839183 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Urease is potential target for various human's health complications, such as peptic ulcer, gastric cancer and kidney stone formation. The present study was based on synthesis of new hybrid pharmacophore N-substituted hydrazine-carbothioamides as potential urease inhibitors. Presented method gave excellent yield in range of 85-95% for hydrazine-carbothioamides derivatives (3a-s) after reaction of mono- and disubstituted hydrazides (1a-k) and substituted isothiocyanates (2a-d). All newly derivatives were characterized by advanced spectroscopic techniques (FTIR, 1HNMR, 13CNMR, EMS) and were assessed for their urease inhibition potential. All analogs except for 3k, 3l and 3m demonstrated strong inhibitory potential for urease with IC50 values of 8.45 ± 0.14 to 25.72 ± 0.23 μM as compared to standard thiourea (IC50 21.26 ± 0.35 μM). The structure-activity relationship and mode of interaction was established by molecular docking studies. It was revealed that the N-substituted hydrazine-carbothioamides interacted with nickel atoms present in the active site of urease and supported the correlations with the experimental findings. Therefore, the afforded hydrazine-carbothioamides derivatives are interesting hits for urease inhibition studies with future prospects of modification and optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saira Naseem
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ashraf
- Institute of Chemistry, The Islamia University Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
| | - Samra Khan
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan; Department of Chemistry, The Women University, Multan 60000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Rafiq
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guanzhou 510640, China
| | - Muhammad Kashif
- Department of Chemistry, Emerson University Multan, Bosan Road, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Jameel Rahman
- Institute of Chemistry, The Islamia University Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Khawar Rauf
- Department of Chemistry, Govt. Post-Graduate Gordon College Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Sobia Ahsan Halim
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, PO Box 33, 616 Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa, Oman
| | - Jalal Uddin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ajmal Khan
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, PO Box 33, 616 Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa, Oman.
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, PO Box 33, 616 Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa, Oman.
| | - Zahid Shafiq
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan.
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Harrell Stewart DR, Schmidt ML, Donninger H, Clark GJ. The RASSF1A Tumor Suppressor Binds the RasGAP DAB2IP and Modulates RAS Activation in Lung Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12123807. [PMID: 33348649 PMCID: PMC7766191 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12123807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The RASSF1A tumor suppressor can serve as a pro-apoptotic effector of the K-RAS oncoprotein. It is frequently inactivated epigenetically in lung cancer, and genetic inactivation of RASSF1A in transgenic mice enhances the ability of mutant K-RAS to promote tumorigenesis. Here we show that RASSF1A complexes with and stabilizes the protein DAB2IP. DAB2IP is a tumor suppressor itself and acts, in part, as a negative regulator (GAP) for RAS. Thus, loss of RASSF1A results in the reduced expression of DAB2IP, which promotes the activation of wild type RAS. Therefore, RASSF1A negative cells are likely to show enhanced RAS activity. This may be the first example of a RAS effector being able to back-regulate RAS activity. Abstract Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Lung cancer is commonly driven by mutations in the RAS oncogenes, the most frequently activated oncogene family in human disease. RAS-induced tumorigenesis is inhibited by the tumor suppressor RASSF1A, which induces apoptosis in response to hyperactivation of RAS. RASSF1A expression is suppressed in cancer at high rates, primarily owing to promoter hypermethylation. Recent reports have shown that loss of RASSF1A expression uncouples RAS from apoptotic signaling in vivo, thereby enhancing tumor aggressiveness. Moreover, a concomitant upregulation of RAS mitogenic signaling upon RASSF1A loss has been observed, suggesting RASSF1A may directly regulate RAS activation. Here, we present the first mechanistic evidence for control of RAS activation by RASSF1A. We present a novel interaction between RASSF1A and the Ras GTPase Activating Protein (RasGAP) DAB2IP, an important negative regulator of RAS. Using shRNA-mediated knockdown and stable overexpression approaches, we demonstrate that RASSF1A upregulates DAB2IP protein levels in NSCLC cells. Suppression of RASSF1A and subsequent downregulation of DAB2IP enhances GTP loading onto RAS, thus increasing RAS mitogenic signaling in both mutant- and wildtype-RAS cells. Moreover, co-suppression of RASSF1A and DAB2IP significantly enhances in vitro and in vivo growth of wildtype-RAS cells. Tumors expressing wildtype RAS, therefore, may still suffer from hyperactive RAS signaling when RASSF1A is downregulated. This may render them susceptible to the targeted RAS inhibitors currently in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desmond R. Harrell Stewart
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; (D.R.H.S.); (M.L.S.)
| | - M. Lee Schmidt
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; (D.R.H.S.); (M.L.S.)
| | - Howard Donninger
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA;
| | - Geoffrey J. Clark
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; (D.R.H.S.); (M.L.S.)
- Correspondence:
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Akhter S, Ullah S, Yousuf S, Atia-Tul-Wahab, Siddiqui H, Choudhary MI. Synthesis, crystal structure and Hirshfeld Surface analysis of benzamide derivatives of thiourea as potent inhibitors of α-glucosidase in-vitro. Bioorg Chem 2020; 107:104531. [PMID: 33339666 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Benzamide based structural analogues 1-15 were synthesized, and evaluated for α-glucosidase inhibition activity in vitro for the first time. Compounds 1-9 were found to be known, while compounds 10-15 were found to be new. However, to the best of our knowledge we are reporting α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of these bezamide derivatives of thiourea for the first time. Compounds 1, 3, 6-8, 10-14 were found to be potent inhibitors of α-glucosidase within IC50 range of 20.44-333.41 µM, in comparison to the standard inhibitor, acarbose (IC50 = 875.75 ± 2.08 µM). Mode of the enzyme inhibition was determined on the basis of kinetic studies which demonstrated that compounds 8, and 10 were non-competitive and competitive inhibitors of α-glucosidase enzyme, respectively. These compounds were also evaluated for their DPPH radical scavenging activity, and cytotoxicity against 3T3 mouse fibroblast cell lines. All synthesized compounds showed a significant to moderate DPPH radical scavenging activity and appeared to be non-cytotoxic except compound 9 which showed cytotoxicity against 3T3 normal mouse fibroblast cell lines. A single crystal X-ray and Hirshfeld Surface analysis of a representative compound is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidra Akhter
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Saeed Ullah
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Sammer Yousuf
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Atia-Tul-Wahab
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Hina Siddiqui
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan.
| | - M Iqbal Choudhary
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan; Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21452, Saudi Arabia.
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