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Park S, Jung B, Kim E, Yoon H, Hahn TW. Evaluation of Salmonella Typhimurium Lacking fruR, ssrAB, or hfq as a Prophylactic Vaccine against Salmonella Lethal Infection. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10091413. [PMID: 36146494 PMCID: PMC9506222 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10091413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) is one of the primary causes of foodborne gastroenteritis; occasionally, it causes invasive infection in humans. Because of its broad host range, covering diverse livestock species, foods of animal origin pose a critical threat of NTS contamination. However, there is currently no licensed vaccine against NTS infection. FruR, also known as Cra (catabolite repressor/activator), was initially identified as the transcriptional repressor of the fructose (fru) operon, and then found to activate or repress the transcription of many different genes associated with carbon and energy metabolism. In view of its role as a global regulator, we constructed a live attenuated vaccine candidate, ΔfruR, and evaluated its prophylactic effect against NTS infection in mice. A Salmonella Typhimurium mutant strain lacking fruR was defective in survival inside macrophages and exhibited attenuated virulence in infected mice. Immunization with the ΔfruR mutant stimulated the production of antibodies, including the IgG, IgM, and IgG subclasses, and afforded a protection of 100% to mice against the challenge of lethal infection with a virulent Salmonella strain. The prophylactic effect obtained after ΔfruR immunization was also validated by the absence of signs of hepatosplenomegaly, as these mice had comparable liver and spleen weights in comparison with healthy mice. These results suggest that the ΔfruR mutant strain can be further exploited as a promising vaccine candidate against Salmonella lethal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyeon Park
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Bogyo Jung
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Eunsuk Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Hyunjin Yoon
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
- Correspondence: (H.Y.); (T.-W.H.)
| | - Tae-Wook Hahn
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
- Correspondence: (H.Y.); (T.-W.H.)
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Fiorino F, Pettini E, Koeberling O, Ciabattini A, Pozzi G, Martin LB, Medaglini D. Long-Term Anti-Bacterial Immunity against Systemic Infection by Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Elicited by a GMMA-Based Vaccine. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9050495. [PMID: 34065899 PMCID: PMC8150838 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9050495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella Typhimurium (STm) represents the most prevalent cause of invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella (iNTS) disease, and currently no licensed vaccine is available. In this work we characterized the long-term anti-bacterial immunity elicited by a STm vaccine based on Generalized Modules of Membrane Antigens (GMMA) delivering O:4,5 antigen, using a murine model of systemic infection. Subcutaneous immunization of mice with STmGMMA/Alhydrogel elicited rapid, high, and persistent antigen-specific serum IgG and IgM responses. The serum was bactericidal in vitro. O:4,5-specific IgG were also detected in fecal samples after immunization and positively correlated with IgG observed in intestinal washes. Long-lived plasma cells and O:4,5-specific memory B cells were detected in spleen and bone marrow. After systemic STm challenge, a significant reduction of bacterial load in blood, spleen, and liver, as well as a reduction of circulating neutrophils and G-CSF glycoprotein was observed in STmGMMA/Alhydrogel immunized mice compared to untreated animals. Taken together, these data support the development of a GMMA-based vaccine for prevention of iNTS disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Fiorino
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (F.F.); (E.P.); (A.C.); (G.P.)
| | - Elena Pettini
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (F.F.); (E.P.); (A.C.); (G.P.)
| | - Oliver Koeberling
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health S.r.l., 53100 Siena, Italy;
| | - Annalisa Ciabattini
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (F.F.); (E.P.); (A.C.); (G.P.)
| | - Gianni Pozzi
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (F.F.); (E.P.); (A.C.); (G.P.)
| | - Laura B. Martin
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health S.r.l., 53100 Siena, Italy;
- Correspondence: (L.B.M.); (D.M.); Tel.: +39-577-245362 (L.B.M.); +39-577-233307 (D.M.)
| | - Donata Medaglini
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (F.F.); (E.P.); (A.C.); (G.P.)
- Correspondence: (L.B.M.); (D.M.); Tel.: +39-577-245362 (L.B.M.); +39-577-233307 (D.M.)
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Rossi O, Vlazaki M, Kanvatirth P, Restif O, Mastroeni P. Within-host spatiotemporal dynamic of systemic salmonellosis: Ways to track infection, reaction to vaccination and antimicrobial treatment. J Microbiol Methods 2020; 176:106008. [PMID: 32707153 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2020.106008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
During the last two decades our understanding of the complex in vivo host-pathogen interactions has increased due to technical improvements and new research tools. The rapid advancement of molecular biology, flow cytometry and microscopy techniques, combined with mathematical modelling, have empowered in-depth studies of systemic bacterial infections across scales from single molecules, to cells, to organs and systems to reach the whole organism level. By tracking subpopulations of bacteria in vivo using molecular or fluorescent tags, it has been possible to reconstruct the spread of infection within and between organs, allowing unprecedented quantification of the effects of antimicrobial treatment and vaccination. This review illustrates recent advances in the study of heterogeneous traits of the infection process and illustrate approaches to investigate the reciprocal interactions between antimicrobial treatments, bacterial growth/death as well as inter- and intra-organ spread. We also discuss how vaccines impact the in vivo behaviour of bacteria and how these findings can guide vaccine design and rational antimicrobial treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Rossi
- University of Cambridge, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Madingley Road, CB3 0ES Cambridge, UK.
| | - Myrto Vlazaki
- University of Cambridge, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Madingley Road, CB3 0ES Cambridge, UK
| | - Panchali Kanvatirth
- University of Cambridge, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Madingley Road, CB3 0ES Cambridge, UK
| | - Olivier Restif
- University of Cambridge, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Madingley Road, CB3 0ES Cambridge, UK
| | - Pietro Mastroeni
- University of Cambridge, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Madingley Road, CB3 0ES Cambridge, UK.
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Piccini G, Montomoli E. Pathogenic signature of invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella in Africa: implications for vaccine development. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2020; 16:2056-2071. [PMID: 32692622 PMCID: PMC7553687 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2020.1785791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella (iNTS) infections are a leading cause of bacteremia in Sub-Saharan Africa (sSA), thereby representing a major public health threat. Salmonella Typhimurium clade ST313 and Salmonella Enteriditis lineages associated with Western and Central/Eastern Africa are among the iNTS serovars which are of the greatest concern due to their case-fatality rate, especially in children and in the immunocompromised population. Identification of pathogen-associated features and host susceptibility factors that increase the risk for invasive non-typhoidal salmonellosis would be instrumental for the design of targeted prevention strategies, which are urgently needed given the increasing spread of multidrug-resistant iNTS in Africa. This review summarizes current knowledge of bacterial traits and host immune responses associated with iNTS infections in sSA, then discusses how this knowledge can guide vaccine development while providing a summary of vaccine candidates in preclinical and early clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emanuele Montomoli
- VisMederi srl , Siena, Italy.,Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena , Siena, Italy
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Albert MJ, Bulach D, Alfouzan W, Izumiya H, Carter G, Alobaid K, Alatar F, Sheikh AR, Poirel L. Non-typhoidal Salmonella blood stream infection in Kuwait: Clinical and microbiological characteristics. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007293. [PMID: 30986214 PMCID: PMC6483562 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) bacteremia is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. It is considered to be an emerging and neglected tropical disease in Africa. We studied this in two tertiary hospitals–Al Farwaniya and Al Amiri–in Kuwait, a subtropical country, from April 2013-May 2016. NTS bacteremia was present in 30 of 53,860 (0.75%) and 31 of 290,36 (1.33%) blood cultures in the two hospitals respectively. In Al Farwaniya hospital, one-third of the patients were from some tropical developing countries of Asia. About 66% of all patients (40/61) had diarrhea, and of these, 65% had the corresponding blood serovar isolated from stool culture. A few patients had Salmonella cultured from urine. Patients were either young or old. Most of the patients had co-morbidities affecting the immune system. Two patients each died in both hospitals. The number of different serovars cultured in each hospital was 13, and most infections were due to S. Enteritidis (all sequence type [ST]) 11) and S. Typhimurium (all ST19) except in a subgroup of expatriate patients from tropical developing countries in Al Farwaniya hospital. About a quarter of the isolates were multidrug-resistant. Most patients were treated with a cephalosporin with or without other antibiotics. S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium isolates were typed by pulsed field-gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and a selected number of isolates were whole-genome sequenced. Up to four different clades were present by PFGE in either species. Whole-genome sequenced isolates showed antibiotic-resistance genes that showed phenotypic correlation, and in some cases, phenotypes showed absence of specific genes. Whole-genome sequenced isolates showed presence of genes that contributed to blood-stream infection. Phylogeny by core genome analysis showed a close relationship with S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis from other parts of the world. The uniqueness of our study included the finding of a low prevalence of infection, mortality and multidrug-resistance, a relatively high prevalence of gastrointestinal infection in patients, and the characterization of selected isolates of S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis serovars by whole-genome sequencing that shed light on phylogeny, virulence and resistance. Similarities with studies from developing countries especially Africa included infection in patients with co-morbidities affecting the immune system, predominance of S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis serovars and presence of drug-resistance in isolates. Salmonella organisms are classified into typhoidal Salmonella (causing enteric fever) and non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) (causing infections other than enteric fever). Apart from causing other infections, NTS causes blood-stream infection (bacteremia and septicemia). NTS blood stream infection (NTS-BI) is considered to be an emerging and neglected tropical disease in Africa. It causes a very high morbidity and mortality in Africa. The individuals affected in Africa are children, malnourished people, patients with malaria or HIV etc. These conditions affect the immune system and make them vulnerable to infection with NTS. In these patients, diarrheal disease due to NTS is rare. The majority of infections are due to two types of NTS: Typhimurium and Enteritidis. There is a very high prevalence of multidrug-resistance in NTS making the infection difficult to treat. NTS-BI is also present in other parts of the world including developed countries albeit at a lower prevalence. Kuwait is a high-income, subtropical country in transition (from a developing to developed country), located in the Middle East. We studied NTS-BI in Al Farwaniya and Al Amiri hospitals in Kuwait during April 2013 to May 2016. Out of nearly 30,000 to more than 50,000 blood cultures done in these hospitals, NTS was present in 0. 75 to 1.33% of blood cultures, representing a very small proportion of blood cultures, unlike in Africa. This showed that 31 patients in Al Farwaniya hospital and 30 patients in Al Amari hospital had NTS-BI. Most of these patients had underlying illnesses such as diabetes, lung infection, cancer etc. that affect the immune system, as in Africa. Many patients also had diarrheal disease caused by the same NTS that caused blood stream infection, unlike in Africa. Only two patients in each hospital died, a low mortality, unlike in Africa. The majority of the isolates belonged to Typhimurium and Enteritidis as in Africa. Even though resistance to drugs was a problem, about quarter of the isolates only were multidrug-resistant, a lower prevalence compared to in Africa. In Kuwait, we performed a detailed genetic study of a selected number of Typhimurium and Enteritidis isolates by a modern technique called whole genome sequencing. This revealed genetic determinants encoding drug-resistance and virulence causing blood-stream infection. This type of study was not performed in African isolates. Thus, our study revealed similarities and differences with studies of NTS-BI in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. John Albert
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Jabriya, Kuwait
- * E-mail:
| | - Dieter Bulach
- Microbiological Diagnostic Unit, Public Health Laboratory, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Wadha Alfouzan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Jabriya, Kuwait
- Microbiology Unit, Department of Laboratories, Al Farwaniya Hospital, Sabah Al-Nasser, Kuwait
| | | | - Glen Carter
- Microbiological Diagnostic Unit, Public Health Laboratory, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Khaled Alobaid
- Department of Microbiology, Al Amiri Hospital, Sharq, Kuwait
| | - Fatemah Alatar
- Microbiology Unit, Muabarak Al Kabeer Hospital, Jabriya, Kuwait, and
| | | | - Laurent Poirel
- Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Switzerland
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Balasubramanian R, Im J, Lee JS, Jeon HJ, Mogeni OD, Kim JH, Rakotozandrindrainy R, Baker S, Marks F. The global burden and epidemiology of invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella infections. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2018; 15:1421-1426. [PMID: 30081708 PMCID: PMC6663144 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2018.1504717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella (iNTS) disease has emerged as a major public health concern. Yet, understanding of the global burden is incomplete, limited particularly by the breadth of blood culture-based surveillance systems that are able to accurately diagnose the etiology of bacteremia. The accessibility of whole genome sequencing has allowed for genetic characterization of pathogens, shedding light on its evolutionary history and sounding alerts for its future progression. iNTS disease is observed to be a particular threat in sub-Saharan Africa, with a case fatality rate greatly exceeding that of typhoid fever, and commonly affecting infants, young children and immunocompromised adults. While iNTS disease might also be a threat in Asia and Latin America, its burden is not well characterized, primarily owing to the lack of comprehensive reporting in these regions. Drug-resistant Salmonella enterica (S. enterica) serovars (e.g. Typhimurium sequence type 313 (ST313)) have emerged as a potential consequence of sustained antibiotic pressure. Genetic analyses have identified distinguished iNTS disease-causing strains that are particularly virulent in certain human host populations. Effective treatment strategies, including vaccination, are necessary; iNTS vaccines targeting the most common S. enterica serovars, Typhimurium, Enteritidis and Dublin, are currently in early developmental stages. Funding and political support is needed to promote vaccine development and implementation programs to ultimately reduce the threat of iNTS disease in high risk areas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Justin Im
- b International Vaccine Institute , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Seok Lee
- b International Vaccine Institute , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Hyon Jin Jeon
- b International Vaccine Institute , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Ondari D Mogeni
- b International Vaccine Institute , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Jerome H Kim
- b International Vaccine Institute , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | | | - Stephen Baker
- d The Department of Medicine , University of Cambridge , Cambridge , United Kingdom.,e Oxford University Clinical Research Unit , Ho Chi Minh City , Vietnam
| | - Florian Marks
- b International Vaccine Institute , Seoul , Republic of Korea.,d The Department of Medicine , University of Cambridge , Cambridge , United Kingdom
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Immunological bases of increased susceptibility to invasive nontyphoidal Salmonella infection in children with malaria and anaemia. Microbes Infect 2017; 20:589-598. [PMID: 29248635 PMCID: PMC6250906 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2017.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Malaria and anaemia are key underlying factors for iNTS disease in African children. Knowledge of clinical and epidemiological risk-factors for iNTS disease has not been paralleled by an in-depth knowledge of the immunobiology of the disease. Herein, we review human and animal studies on mechanisms of increased susceptibility to iNTS in children.
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Haselbeck AH, Panzner U, Im J, Baker S, Meyer CG, Marks F. Current perspectives on invasive nontyphoidal Salmonella disease. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2017; 30:498-503. [PMID: 28731899 PMCID: PMC7680934 DOI: 10.1097/qco.0000000000000398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We searched PubMed for scientific literature published in the past 2 years for relevant information regarding the burden of invasive nontyphoidal Salmonella disease and host factors associated with nontyphoidal Salmonella infection and discuss current knowledge on vaccine development. The following search terms were used: Salmonella, non typhoidal/nontyphoidal, NTS, disease, bloodstream infection, invasive, sepsis/septicaemia/septicemia, bacteraemia/bacteremia, gastroenteritis, incidence, prevalence, morbidity, mortality, case fatality, host/risk factor, vaccination, and prevention/control. RECENT FINDINGS Estimates of the global invasive nontyphoidal Salmonella disease burden have been recently updated; additional data from Africa, Asia, and Latin America are now available. New data bridge various knowledge gaps, particularly with respect to host risk factors and the geographical distribution of iNTS serovars. It has also been observed that Salmonella Typhimurium sequence type 313 is emergent in several African countries. Available data suggest that genetic variation in the sequence type 313 strain has led to increased pathogenicity and human host adaptation. A bivalent efficacious vaccine, targeting Salmonella serovars Typhimurium and Enteritidis, would significantly lower the disease burden in high-risk populations. SUMMARY The mobilization of surveillance networks, especially in Asia and Latin America, may provide missing data regarding the invasive nontyphoidal Salmonella disease burden and their corresponding antimicrobial susceptibility profiles. Efforts and resources should be directed toward invasive nontyphoidal Salmonella disease vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea H. Haselbeck
- International Vaccine Institute, Epidemiology Unit, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ursula Panzner
- International Vaccine Institute, Epidemiology Unit, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Justin Im
- International Vaccine Institute, Epidemiology Unit, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Stephen Baker
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases,Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City,Vietnam
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge,United Kingdom
| | - Christian G. Meyer
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Eberhard-Karls University T€ubingen, T€ubingen, Germany and
- Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam
| | - Florian Marks
- International Vaccine Institute, Epidemiology Unit, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge,United Kingdom
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Karunakaran KP, Yu H, Jiang X, Chan Q, Goldberg MF, Jenkins MK, Foster LJ, Brunham RC. Identification of MHC-Bound Peptides from Dendritic Cells Infected with Salmonella enterica Strain SL1344: Implications for a Nontyphoidal Salmonella Vaccine. J Proteome Res 2016; 16:298-306. [PMID: 27802388 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Worldwide Salmonella enterica infections result in substantial morbidity and mortality and are the major cause of infant bacteremia in Sub-Saharan Africa. Diseases caused by Salmonella are treatable with antibiotics, but successful antibiotic treatment has become difficult due to antimicrobial resistance and collateral effects on the microbiome. An effective vaccine together with public health efforts may be a better strategy to control these infections. Protective immunity against Salmonella depends primarily on CD4 T-cell-mediated immune responses; therefore, identifying relevant T-cell antigens is necessary for Salmonella vaccine development. We previously used a dendritic-cell-based immunoproteomics approach in our laboratory to identify T-cell antigens. The testing of these antigens as vaccine candidates against Chlamydia infection in mice yielded positive results. We applied this technology in the present study by infecting murine bone-marrow-derived dendritic cells from C57BL/6 mice with Salmonella enterica strain SL1344, followed by immunoaffinity isolation of MHC class I and II molecules and elution of bound peptides. The sequences of the peptides were identified using tandem mass spectrometry. We identified 87 MHC class-II- and 23 MHC class-I-binding Salmonella-derived peptides. Four of the 12 highest scoring class-II-binding Salmonella peptides stimulated IFN-γ production by CD4+ T cells from the spleens of mice with persistent Salmonella infection. We conclude that antigens identified by MHC immunoproteomics will be useful for Salmonella immunobiology studies and are potential Salmonella vaccine candidates. Data have been deposited to the ProteomeXchange Consortium via the PRIDE partner repository with the data set identifier PXD004451.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karuna P Karunakaran
- Vaccine Research Laboratory, University of British Columbia Centre for Disease Control , Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4R4, Canada
| | - Hong Yu
- Vaccine Research Laboratory, University of British Columbia Centre for Disease Control , Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4R4, Canada
| | - Xiaozhou Jiang
- Vaccine Research Laboratory, University of British Columbia Centre for Disease Control , Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4R4, Canada
| | - Queenie Chan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Centre for High-Throughput Biology, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Michael F Goldberg
- Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Marc K Jenkins
- Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Leonard J Foster
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Centre for High-Throughput Biology, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Robert C Brunham
- Vaccine Research Laboratory, University of British Columbia Centre for Disease Control , Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4R4, Canada
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