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Li Y, Wang X, Xu R, Wang T, Zhang D, Qian W. Establishment of RT-RPA-Cas12a assay for rapid and sensitive detection of human rhinovirus B. BMC Microbiol 2023; 23:333. [PMID: 37951882 PMCID: PMC10640725 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-023-03096-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Human rhinovirus B (HRV-B) is a major human viral pathogen that can be responsible for various kinds of infections. Due to the health risks associated with HRV-B, it is therefore crucial to explore a rapid, specific, and sensitive method for surveillance. Herein, we exploited a novel detection method for HRV-B by combining reverse-transcription recombinase polymerase amplification (RT-RPA) of nucleic acids isothermal amplification and the trans-cleavage activity of Cas12a. Our RT-RPA-Cas12a-based fluorescent assay can be completed within 35-45 min and obtain a lower detection threshold to 0.5 copies/µL of target RNA. Meanwhile, crRNA sequences without a specific protospacer adjacent motif can effectively activate the trans-cleavage activity of Cas12a. Moreover, our RT-RPA-Cas12a-based fluorescent method was examined using 30 clinical samples, and exhibited high accuracy with positive and negative predictive agreement of 90% and 100%, respectively. Taken together, a novel promising, rapid and effective RT-RPA-Cas12a-based detection method was explored and shows promising potential for on-site HRV-B infection in resource-limited settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongdong Li
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Virus Research, Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningbo, 315010, P. R. China
| | - Xuefei Wang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, P. R. China
| | - Rong Xu
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Virus Research, Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningbo, 315010, P. R. China
| | - Ting Wang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, P. R. China
| | - Dandan Zhang
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Virus Research, Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningbo, 315010, P. R. China.
| | - Weidong Qian
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, P. R. China.
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Lv P, Zhang X, Song M, Hao G, Wang F, Sun S. Oral administration of recombinant Bacillus subtilis expressing a multi-epitope protein induces strong immune responses against Salmonella Enteritidis. Vet Microbiol 2023; 276:109632. [PMID: 36521295 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2022.109632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The S. Enteritidis causes serious economic losses to the poultry industry every year. Vaccines that induce a mucosal immune response may be successful against an S. Enteritidis infection because mucosa plays an important role in preventing S. Enteritidis from entering the body. In order to develop novel and potent oral vaccines based on Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) to control the spread of S. Enteritidis in the poultry industry, we constructed a B. subtilis that can secrete a multi-epitope protein (OmpC-FliC-SopF-SseB-IL-18). Oral immunization of chickens was performed, and serum antibodies, mucosal antibodies, specific cellular immunity and serum cytokines were detected. Immunizing chicks with S. Enteritidis was evaluated. The results showed high levels of specific IgG in addition to high levels of specific secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) in chickens who received oral administrations of recombinant B. subtilis. Additionally, recombinant B. subtilis may significantly increase the levels of IL-2 and T cell-mediated immunity. Recombinant B. subtilis effectively protected chickens against S. Enteritidis and reduced pathological damage to the spleen and jejunum. Our study's outcomes indicate that the expression of the multi-epitope protein OmpC-FliC-SopF-SseB-IL-18 by B. subtilis could generate a mucosal vaccine candidate for animals to defend against S. Enteritidis in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penghao Lv
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Xuesong Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Mengze Song
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Guijuan Hao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Fangkun Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China.
| | - Shuhong Sun
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China.
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Montesinos-Guevara C, Buitrago-Garcia D, Felix ML, Guerra CV, Hidalgo R, Martinez-Zapata MJ, Simancas-Racines D. Vaccines for the common cold. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2022; 12:CD002190. [PMID: 36515550 PMCID: PMC9749450 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd002190.pub6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The common cold is a spontaneously remitting infection of the upper respiratory tract, characterised by a runny nose, nasal congestion, sneezing, cough, malaise, sore throat, and fever (usually < 37.8 ºC). Whilst the common cold is generally not harmful, it is a cause of economic burden due to school and work absenteeism. In the United States, economic loss due to the common cold is estimated at more than USD 40 billion per year, including an estimate of 70 million workdays missed by employees, 189 million school days missed by children, and 126 million workdays missed by parents caring for children with a cold. Additionally, data from Europe show that the total cost per episode may be up to EUR 1102. There is also a large expenditure due to inappropriate antimicrobial prescription. Vaccine development for the common cold has been difficult due to antigenic variability of the common cold viruses; even bacteria can act as infective agents. Uncertainty remains regarding the efficacy and safety of interventions for preventing the common cold in healthy people, thus we performed an update of this Cochrane Review, which was first published in 2011 and updated in 2013 and 2017. OBJECTIVES To assess the clinical effectiveness and safety of vaccines for preventing the common cold in healthy people. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (April 2022), MEDLINE (1948 to April 2022), Embase (1974 to April 2022), CINAHL (1981 to April 2022), and LILACS (1982 to April 2022). We also searched three trials registers for ongoing studies, and four websites for additional trials (April 2022). We did not impose any language or date restrictions. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of any virus vaccine compared with placebo to prevent the common cold in healthy people. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We used Cochrane's Screen4Me workflow to assess the initial search results. Four review authors independently performed title and abstract screening to identify potentially relevant studies. We retrieved the full-text articles for those studies deemed potentially relevant, and the review authors independently screened the full-text reports for inclusion in the review, recording reasons for exclusion of the excluded studies. Any disagreements were resolved by discussion or by consulting a third review author when needed. Two review authors independently collected data on a data extraction form, resolving any disagreements by consensus or by involving a third review author. We double-checked data transferred into Review Manager 5 software. Three review authors independently assessed risk of bias using RoB 1 tool as outlined in the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. We carried out statistical analysis using Review Manager 5. We did not conduct a meta-analysis, and we did not assess publication bias. We used GRADEpro GDT software to assess the certainty of the evidence and to create a summary of findings table. MAIN RESULTS: We did not identify any new RCTs for inclusion in this update. This review includes one RCT conducted in 1965 with an overall high risk of bias. The RCT included 2307 healthy young men in a military facility, all of whom were included in the analyses, and compared the effect of three adenovirus vaccines (live, inactivated type 4, and inactivated type 4 and 7) against a placebo (injection of physiological saline or gelatin capsule). There were 13 (1.14%) events in 1139 participants in the vaccine group, and 14 (1.19%) events in 1168 participants in the placebo group. Overall, we do not know if there is a difference between the adenovirus vaccine and placebo in reducing the incidence of the common cold (risk ratio 0.95, 95% confidence interval 0.45 to 2.02; very low-certainty evidence). Furthermore, no difference in adverse events when comparing live vaccine preparation with placebo was reported. We downgraded the certainty of the evidence to very low due to unclear risk of bias, indirectness because the population of this study was only young men, and imprecision because confidence intervals were wide and the number of events was low. The included study did not assess vaccine-related or all-cause mortality. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: This Cochrane Review was based on one study with very low-certainty evidence, which showed that there may be no difference between the adenovirus vaccine and placebo in reducing the incidence of the common cold. We identified a need for well-designed, adequately powered RCTs to investigate vaccines for the common cold in healthy people. Future trials on interventions for preventing the common cold should assess a variety of virus vaccines for this condition, and should measure such outcomes as common cold incidence, vaccine safety, and mortality (all-cause and related to the vaccine).
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Montesinos-Guevara
- Cochrane Ecuador, Centro de Investigación en Salud Pública y Epidemiología Clínica (CISPEC), Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Universidad UTE, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Diana Buitrago-Garcia
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), Graduate School of Health Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Maria L Felix
- Departamento de Neonatología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Universidad UTE, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Claudia V Guerra
- Cochrane Ecuador, Centro de Investigación en Salud Pública y Epidemiología Clínica (CISPEC), Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Universidad UTE, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Ricardo Hidalgo
- Cochrane Ecuador, Centro de Investigación en Salud Pública y Epidemiología Clínica (CISPEC), Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Universidad UTE, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Maria José Martinez-Zapata
- Cochrane Ecuador, Centro de Investigación en Salud Pública y Epidemiología Clínica (CISPEC), Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Universidad UTE, Quito, Ecuador
- Iberoamerican Cochrane Centre, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Simancas-Racines
- Cochrane Ecuador, Centro de Investigación en Salud Pública y Epidemiología Clínica (CISPEC), Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Universidad UTE, Quito, Ecuador
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Ai J, Zhu Y, Duan Y, Zhang M, Lu G, Sun Y, Jin R, Shang Y, Li C, Xu B, Chen X, Xie Z. A multicenter study on molecular epidemiology of rhinovirus isolated from children with community acquired pneumonia in China during 2017-2019. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2022; 106:105384. [PMID: 36396029 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2022.105384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Rhinoviruses (RVs) are a major pathogen of community acquired pneumonia in children. To investigate the prevalence and genetic characteristics of RVs in China, we performed a molecular epidemiological study during 2017-2019 in community acquired pneumonia (CAP) in pediatric patients. In this multicenter study, 109 RV-A, 20 RV-B and 80 RV-C were identified. Among them, RV-A12, RV-A101, RV-A78, RV-A49, RV-A22, RV-B52, RV-C2, RV-C53 and RV-C5 were the common genotypes in the study. A total of 23 complete genome of RVs including 4 RV-A, 1 RV-B and 18 RV-C were obtained. Furthermore, in the RV-C isolates, one RV-C5 and five RV-C53 genotypes were found, which have a limited number in the GenBank. Phylogenetic analysis of the complete genome showed that most of the RVs isolated in the study have high nucleotide sequence identities (>95%) compared with the corresponding reference sequence in the GenBank. In RV-A9, RV-A28, RV-A61 and RV-B52, amino acid mutations were found in the potential neutralizing immunogenic (Nim) sites (Nim-1a and Nim-1b) of the VP1. In RV-B52, one of RV-C2 and RV-C5 isolates, amino acid mutations were found in the P1a peptide of the VP1. However, no recombination events were found in the study. In conclusion, RV-A was the predominant specie of RVs followed by RV-C in the study. The complete genomes of one RV-C5 and five RV-C53 genotypes were obtained which have a limited number sequence in the GenBank. High nucleotide sequence identities (>95%) were found among the complete genome obtained in the study and the corresponding reference sequence in the GenBank. Amino acid mutations were found in the potential Nim-1a, Nim-1b sites and P1a peptide region of the VP1 in parts of RVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhong Ai
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infection Diseases, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Research Unit of Critical Infection in Children, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU016, Laboratory of Infection and Virology, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing 100045, China
| | - Yun Zhu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infection Diseases, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Research Unit of Critical Infection in Children, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU016, Laboratory of Infection and Virology, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing 100045, China
| | - Yali Duan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infection Diseases, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Research Unit of Critical Infection in Children, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU016, Laboratory of Infection and Virology, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing 100045, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infection Diseases, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Research Unit of Critical Infection in Children, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU016, Laboratory of Infection and Virology, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing 100045, China
| | - Gen Lu
- Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Yun Sun
- Yinchuan Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Yinchuan 750001, China
| | - Rong Jin
- Guiyang Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Guiyang 550003, China
| | - Yunxiao Shang
- Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Changchong Li
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Baoping Xu
- Department of Respiratory Diseases I, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing 100045, China
| | - Xiangpeng Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infection Diseases, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Research Unit of Critical Infection in Children, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU016, Laboratory of Infection and Virology, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing 100045, China.
| | - Zhengde Xie
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infection Diseases, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Research Unit of Critical Infection in Children, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU016, Laboratory of Infection and Virology, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing 100045, China.
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Ng KT, Ng LJ, Oong XY, Chook JB, Chan KG, Takebe Y, Kamarulzaman A, Tee KK. Application of a VP4/VP2-inferred transmission clusters in estimating the impact of interventions on rhinovirus transmission. Virol J 2022; 19:36. [PMID: 35246187 PMCID: PMC8894564 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-022-01762-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the clinical burden attributable to rhinovirus (RV) infections, the RV transmission dynamics and the impact of interventions on viral transmission remain elusive. METHODS A total of 3,935 nasopharyngeal specimens were examined, from which the VP4/VP2 gene was sequenced and genotyped. RV transmission clusters were reconstructed using the genetic threshold of 0.005 substitutions/site, estimated from the global VP4/VP2 sequences. A transmission cluster is characterized by the presence of at least two individuals (represent by nodes), whose viral sequences are genetically linked (represent by undirected edges) at the estimated genetic distance threshold supported by bootstrap value of ≥ 90%. To assess the impact of facemask, pleconaril and social distancing on RV transmission clusters, trials were simulated for interventions with varying efficacy and were evaluated based on the reduction in the number of infected patients (nodes) and the reduction in the number of nodes-connecting edges. The putative impact of intervention strategies on RV transmission clusters was evaluated through 10,000 simulations. RESULTS A substantial clustering of 168 RV transmission clusters of varying sizes were observed. This suggests that RV disease burden observed in the population was largely due to multiple sub-epidemics, predominantly driven by RV-A, followed by RV-C and -B. No misclassification of RV species and types were observed, suggesting the specificity and sensitivity of the analysis. Through 10,000 simulations, it was shown that social distancing may be effective in decelerating RV transmission, by removing more than 95% of nodes and edges within the RV transmission clusters. However, facemask removed less than 8% and 66% of nodes and edges, respectively, conferring moderate advantage in limiting RV transmission. CONCLUSION Here, we presented a network-based approach of which the degree of RV spread that fuel disease transmission in the region was mapped for the first time. The utilization of RV transmission clusters in assessing the putative impact of interventions on disease transmission at the population level was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Tien Ng
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Infectious Diseases Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Liang Jie Ng
- Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Multimedia University, Melaka, Malaysia
| | - Xiang Yong Oong
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jack Bee Chook
- School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Kok Gan Chan
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yutaka Takebe
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Adeeba Kamarulzaman
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kok Keng Tee
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. .,School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
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Mwita Morobe J, Kamau E, Murunga N, Gatua W, Luka MM, Lewa C, Cheruiyot R, Mutunga M, Odundo C, James Nokes D, Agoti CN. Trends and Intensity of Rhinovirus Invasions in Kilifi, Coastal Kenya, Over a 12-Year Period, 2007-2018. Open Forum Infect Dis 2021; 8:ofab571. [PMID: 34988244 PMCID: PMC8694214 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofab571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rhinoviruses (RVs) are ubiquitous pathogens and the principal etiological agents of common cold. Despite the high frequency of RV infections, data describing their long-term epidemiological patterns in a defined population remain limited. Methods Here, we analyzed 1070 VP4/VP2 genomic region sequences sampled at Kilifi County Hospital on the Kenya coast. The samples were collected between 2007 and 2018 from hospitalized pediatric patients (<60 months of age) with acute respiratory illness. Results Of 7231 children enrolled, RV was detected in 1497 (20.7%) and VP4/VP2 sequences were recovered from 1070 samples (71.5%). A total of 144 different RV types were identified (67 Rhinovirus A, 18 Rhinovirus B, and 59 Rhinovirus C) and at any month, several types co-circulated with alternating predominance. Within types, multiple genetically divergent variants were observed. Ongoing RV infections through time appeared to be a combination of (1) persistent types (observed up to 7 consecutive months), (2) reintroduced genetically distinct variants, and (3) new invasions (average of 8 new types annually). Conclusions Sustained RV presence in the Kilifi community is mainly due to frequent invasion by new types and variants rather than continuous transmission of locally established types/variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Mwita Morobe
- Epidemiology and Demography Department, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research, Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Everlyn Kamau
- Epidemiology and Demography Department, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research, Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, Kilifi, Kenya.,Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nickson Murunga
- Epidemiology and Demography Department, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research, Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Winfred Gatua
- Epidemiology and Demography Department, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research, Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Martha M Luka
- Epidemiology and Demography Department, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research, Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Clement Lewa
- Epidemiology and Demography Department, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research, Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Robinson Cheruiyot
- Epidemiology and Demography Department, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research, Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Martin Mutunga
- Epidemiology and Demography Department, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research, Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Calleb Odundo
- Epidemiology and Demography Department, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research, Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - D James Nokes
- Epidemiology and Demography Department, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research, Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, Kilifi, Kenya.,School of Life Sciences and Zeeman Institute for Systems Biology and Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Charles N Agoti
- Epidemiology and Demography Department, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research, Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, Kilifi, Kenya.,Department of Public Health, Pwani University, Kilifi, Kenya
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Gomez-Perosanz M, Fiyouzi T, Fernandez-Arquero M, Sidney J, Sette A, Reinherz EL, Lafuente EM, Reche PA. Characterization of Conserved and Promiscuous Human Rhinovirus CD4 T Cell Epitopes. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092294. [PMID: 34571943 PMCID: PMC8471592 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Human rhinovirus (RV) is the most common cause of upper respiratory infections and exacerbations of asthma. In this work, we selected 14 peptides (6 from RV A and 8 from RV C) encompassing potential CD4 T cell epitopes. Peptides were selected for being highly conserved in RV A and C serotypes and predicted to bind to multiple human leukocyte antigen class II (HLA II) molecules. We found positive T cell recall responses by interferon gamma (IFNγ)-ELISPOT assays to eight peptides, validating seven of them (three from RV A and four from RV C) as CD4 T cell epitopes through intracellular cytokine staining assays. Additionally, we verified their promiscuous binding to multiple HLA II molecules by quantitative binding assays. According to their experimental HLA II binding profile, the combination of all these seven epitopes could be recognized by >95% of the world population. We actually determined IFNγ responses to a pool encompassing these CD4 T cell epitopes by intracellular cytokine staining, finding positive responses in 29 out of 30 donors. The CD4 T cell epitopes identified in this study could be key to monitor RV infections and to develop peptide-based vaccines against most RV A and C serotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Gomez-Perosanz
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.G.-P.); (T.F.); (E.M.L.)
| | - Tara Fiyouzi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.G.-P.); (T.F.); (E.M.L.)
| | | | - John Sidney
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (J.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (J.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Ellis L. Reinherz
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA;
| | - Esther M. Lafuente
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.G.-P.); (T.F.); (E.M.L.)
| | - Pedro A. Reche
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.G.-P.); (T.F.); (E.M.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-913947229
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Stambas J, Lu C, Tripp RA. Innate and adaptive immune responses in respiratory virus infection: implications for the clinic. Expert Rev Respir Med 2020; 14:1141-1147. [PMID: 32762572 DOI: 10.1080/17476348.2020.1807945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The innate immune response is the first line of defense and consists of physical, chemical and cellular defenses. The adaptive immune response is the second line of defense and is pathogen-specific. Innate immunity occurs immediately while adaptive immunity develops upon pathogen exposure, and is long-lasting, highly specific, and sustained by memory T cells. Respiratory virus infection typically induces effective immunity but over-exuberant responses are associated with pathophysiology. Cytokines expressed in response to viral infection can enhance biological responses, activate, and trigger signaling pathways leading to adaptive immunity Vaccines induce immunity, specifically B and T cell responses. Vaccination is generally efficacious, but for many viruses, our understanding of vaccination strategies and immunity is incomplete or in its infancy. Studies that examine innate and adaptive immune responses to respiratory virus infection will aid vaccine development and may reduce the burden of respiratory viral disease. AREAS COVERED A literature search was performed using PubMed. The search covered: innate, adaptive, respiratory virus, vaccine development, B cell, and T cell. EXPERT OPINION Immunity rests on two pillars, i.e. the innate and adaptive immune system, which function together on different tasks to maintain homeostasis. a better understanding of immunity is necessary for disease prevention and intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Stambas
- School of Medicine, Deakin University , Melbourne, Australia
| | - Chunni Lu
- School of Medicine, Deakin University , Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ralph A Tripp
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia , Athens, GA, USA
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Behzadi MA, Choi A, Duehr J, Feyznezhad R, Upadhyay C, Schotsaert M, Palese P, Nachbagauer R. A cross-reactive mouse monoclonal antibody against rhinovirus mediates phagocytosis in vitro. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9750. [PMID: 32546721 PMCID: PMC7297972 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66600-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhinoviruses (RVs) are the main cause of the common cold worldwide. To date, more than 160 types of the virus have been recognized, categorized into three major species - A, B, and C. There are currently no approved vaccines available to prevent infection with RVs. To elicit antibodies against conserved regions located on capsid proteins of RV A viruses, mice were sequentially vaccinated with DNA plasmids encoding capsid proteins of different RV A types. After a final boost with whole virus, antibody-expressing hybridomas were generated. After isotyping, 11 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) expressing an IgG subtype Fc-domain were selected for further expansion and purification. Three mAbs showed cross-reactivity against multiple strains of RV A viruses by ELISA, including strains A1A, A1B, A15, A16 and A49. Other mAbs had strain-specific binding patterns, with the majority of mAbs showing reactivity to RV-A15, the strain used for the final vaccination. We found that the RV-A15-specific mAbs, but not the cross-reactive mAbs, had neutralizing activity against RV-A15. An antibody dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP) assay revealed substantial ADCP activity for one of the cross-reactive mAbs. Epitope mapping of the neutralizing mAbs via escape mutant virus generation revealed a shared binding epitope on VP1 of RV-A15 for several neutralizing mAbs. The epitope of the ADCP-active, non-neutralizing mAb was determined by microarray analysis of peptides generated from the VP1 capsid protein. VP1-specific, cross-reactive antibodies, especially those with ADCP activity, could contribute to protection against RV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Amin Behzadi
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Angela Choi
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - James Duehr
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Roya Feyznezhad
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chitra Upadhyay
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael Schotsaert
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Peter Palese
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Raffael Nachbagauer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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Jartti T, Bønnelykke K, Elenius V, Feleszko W. Role of viruses in asthma. Semin Immunopathol 2020; 42:61-74. [PMID: 31989228 PMCID: PMC7066101 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-020-00781-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory viral infections are the most important triggers of asthma exacerbations. Rhinovirus (RV), the common cold virus, is clearly the most prevalent pathogen constantly circulating in the community. This virus also stands out from other viral factors due to its large diversity (about 170 genotypes), very effective replication, a tendency to create Th2-biased inflammatory environment and association with specific risk genes in people predisposed to asthma development (CDHR3). Decreased interferon responses, disrupted airway epithelial barrier, environmental exposures (including biased airway microbiome), and nutritional deficiencies (low in vitamin D and fish oil) increase risk to RV and other virus infections. It is intensively debated whether viral illnesses actually cause asthma. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading causative agent of bronchiolitis, whereas RV starts to dominate after 1 year of age. Breathing difficulty induced by either of these viruses is associated with later asthma, but the risk is higher for those who suffer from severe RV-induced wheezing. The asthma development associated with these viruses has unique mechanisms, but in general, RV is a risk factor for later atopic asthma, whereas RSV is more likely associated with later non-atopic asthma. Treatments that inhibit inflammation (corticosteroids, omalizumab) effectively decrease RV-induced wheezing and asthma exacerbations. The anti-RSV monoclonal antibody, palivizumab, decreases the risk of severe RSV illness and subsequent recurrent wheeze. A better understanding of personal and environmental risk factors and inflammatory mechanisms leading to asthma is crucial in developing new strategies for the prevention and treatment of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuomas Jartti
- Department of Paediatrics, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Klaus Bønnelykke
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Varpu Elenius
- Department of Paediatrics, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Wojciech Feleszko
- Department of Pediatric Pneumonology and Allergy, The Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
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