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Ashraf MA, Raza MA, Amjad MN. Extinction of influenza B Yamagata: Its impact on public health and vaccine implications. J Biomed Res 2024; 38:1-4. [PMID: 39164195 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.38.20240158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Awais Ashraf
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institutional Center for Shared Technologies and Facilities, Pathogen Discovery and Big Data Platform, Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
| | - Muhammad Asif Raza
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institutional Center for Shared Technologies and Facilities, Pathogen Discovery and Big Data Platform, Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
| | - Muhammad Nabeel Amjad
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institutional Center for Shared Technologies and Facilities, Pathogen Discovery and Big Data Platform, Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
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Yi Y, Zhang H, An Y, Chen Z. A Live Attenuated H1N1 Influenza Vaccine Based on the Mutated M Gene. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:725. [PMID: 39066364 PMCID: PMC11281364 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12070725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Revised: 06/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The influenza vaccines currently approved for clinical use mainly include inactivated influenza virus vaccines and live attenuated influenza vaccines (LAIVs). LAIVs have multiple advantages, such as ease of use and strong immunogenicity, and can provide cross-protection. In this study, the M gene of the PR8 virus was mutated as follows (G11T, C79G, G82C, C85G, and C1016A), and a live attenuated influenza virus containing the mutated M gene was rescued and obtained using reverse genetic technology as a vaccine candidate. The replication ability of the rescued virus was significantly weakened in both MDCK cells and mice with attenuated virulence. Studies on immunogenicity found that 1000 TCID50 of mutated PR8 (mPR8) can prime strong humoral and cellular immune responses. Single-dose immunization of 1000 TCID50 mPR8 was not only able to counter the challenge of the homologous PR8 virus but also provided cross-protection against the heterologous H9N2 virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinglei Yi
- Shanghai Institute of Biological Products, Shanghai 200052, China;
| | - Hongbo Zhang
- Department of Basic Research, Ab & B Bio-Tech Co., Ltd. JS, Taizhou 225300, China;
| | - Youcai An
- Department of Basic Research, Ab & B Bio-Tech Co., Ltd. JS, Taizhou 225300, China;
| | - Ze Chen
- Department of Basic Research, Ab & B Bio-Tech Co., Ltd. JS, Taizhou 225300, China;
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Wong PF, Isakova-Sivak I, Stepanova E, Krutikova E, Bazhenova E, Rekstin A, Rudenko L. Development of Cross-Reactive Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine Candidates against Both Lineages of Influenza B Virus. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:95. [PMID: 38250908 PMCID: PMC10821225 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12010095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Influenza viruses continue to cause a significant social and economic burden globally. Vaccination is recognized as the most effective measure to control influenza. Live attenuated influenza vaccines (LAIVs) are an effective means of preventing influenza, especially among children. A reverse genetics (RG) system is required to rapidly update the antigenic composition of vaccines, as well as to design LAIVs with a broader spectrum of protection. Such a system has been developed for the Russian LAIVs only for type A strains, but not for influenza B viruses (IBV). METHODS All genes of the B/USSR/60/69 master donor virus (B60) were cloned into RG plasmids, and the engineered B60, as well as a panel of IBV LAIV reassortants were rescued from plasmid DNAs encoding all viral genes. The engineered viruses were evaluated in vitro and in a mouse model. RESULTS The B60 RG system was successfully developed, which made it possible to rescue LAIV reassortants with the desired antigenic composition, including hybrid strains with hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes belonging to the viruses from different IBV lineages. The LAIV candidate carrying the HA of the B/Victoria-lineage virus and NA from the B/Yamagata-lineage virus demonstrated optimal characteristics in terms of safety, immunogenicity and cross-protection, prompting its further assessment as a broadly protective component of trivalent LAIV. CONCLUSIONS The new RG system for B60 MDV allowed the rapid generation of type B LAIV reassortants with desired genome compositions. The generation of hybrid LAIV reassortants with HA and NA genes belonging to the opposite IBV lineages is a promising approach for the development of IBV vaccines with broad cross-protection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Irina Isakova-Sivak
- Department of Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197022 St. Petersburg, Russia; (P.-F.W.); (E.S.); (E.K.); (E.B.); (A.R.); (L.R.)
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4
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Choy RKM, Bourgeois AL, Ockenhouse CF, Walker RI, Sheets RL, Flores J. Controlled Human Infection Models To Accelerate Vaccine Development. Clin Microbiol Rev 2022; 35:e0000821. [PMID: 35862754 PMCID: PMC9491212 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00008-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The timelines for developing vaccines against infectious diseases are lengthy, and often vaccines that reach the stage of large phase 3 field trials fail to provide the desired level of protective efficacy. The application of controlled human challenge models of infection and disease at the appropriate stages of development could accelerate development of candidate vaccines and, in fact, has done so successfully in some limited cases. Human challenge models could potentially be used to gather critical information on pathogenesis, inform strain selection for vaccines, explore cross-protective immunity, identify immune correlates of protection and mechanisms of protection induced by infection or evoked by candidate vaccines, guide decisions on appropriate trial endpoints, and evaluate vaccine efficacy. We prepared this report to motivate fellow scientists to exploit the potential capacity of controlled human challenge experiments to advance vaccine development. In this review, we considered available challenge models for 17 infectious diseases in the context of the public health importance of each disease, the diversity and pathogenesis of the causative organisms, the vaccine candidates under development, and each model's capacity to evaluate them and identify correlates of protective immunity. Our broad assessment indicated that human challenge models have not yet reached their full potential to support the development of vaccines against infectious diseases. On the basis of our review, however, we believe that describing an ideal challenge model is possible, as is further developing existing and future challenge models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert K. M. Choy
- PATH, Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - A. Louis Bourgeois
- PATH, Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Richard I. Walker
- PATH, Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Jorge Flores
- PATH, Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access, Seattle, Washington, USA
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5
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Development of a T Cell-Based COVID-19 Vaccine Using a Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine Viral Vector. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10071142. [PMID: 35891306 PMCID: PMC9318028 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10071142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic emerged in 2020 and has caused an unprecedented burden to all countries in the world. SARS-CoV-2 continues to circulate and antigenically evolve, enabling multiple reinfections. To address the issue of the virus antigenic variability, T cell-based vaccines are being developed, which are directed to more conserved viral epitopes. We used live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) virus vector to generate recombinant influenza viruses expressing various T-cell epitopes of SARS-CoV-2 from either neuraminidase (NA) or non-structural (NS1) genes, via the P2A self-cleavage site. Intranasal immunization of human leukocyte antigen-A*0201 (HLA-A2.1) transgenic mice with these recombinant viruses did not result in significant SARS-CoV-2-specific T-cell responses, due to the immunodominance of NP366 influenza T-cell epitope. However, side-by-side stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of COVID-19 convalescents with recombinant viruses and LAIV vector demonstrated activation of memory T cells in samples stimulated with LAIV/SARS-CoV-2, but not LAIV alone. Hamsters immunized with a selected LAIV/SARS-CoV-2 prototype were protected against challenge with influenza virus and a high dose of SARS-CoV-2 of Wuhan and Delta lineages, which was confirmed by reduced weight loss, milder clinical symptoms and less pronounced histopathological signs of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the lungs, compared to LAIV- and mock-immunized animals. Overall, LAIV is a promising platform for the development of a bivalent vaccine against influenza and SARS-CoV-2.
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Isakova-Sivak I, Rudenko L. The future of haemagglutinin stalk-based universal influenza vaccines. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2022; 22:926-928. [PMID: 35461523 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(22)00056-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Irina Isakova-Sivak
- Department of Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, St Petersburg 197376, Russia.
| | - Larisa Rudenko
- Department of Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, St Petersburg 197376, Russia
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Becker T, Elbahesh H, Reperant LA, Rimmelzwaan GF, Osterhaus ADME. Influenza Vaccines: Successes and Continuing Challenges. J Infect Dis 2021; 224:S405-S419. [PMID: 34590139 PMCID: PMC8482026 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiab269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza vaccines have been available for over 80 years. They have contributed to significant reductions in influenza morbidity and mortality. However, there have been limitations in their effectiveness, in part due to the continuous antigenic evolution of seasonal influenza viruses, but also due to the predominant use of embryonated chicken eggs for their production. The latter furthermore limits their worldwide production timelines and scale. Therefore today, alternative approaches for their design and production are increasingly pursued, with already licensed quadrivalent seasonal influenza vaccines produced in cell cultures, including based on a baculovirus expression system. Next-generation influenza vaccines aim at inducing broader and longer-lasting immune responses to overcome seasonal influenza virus antigenic drift and to timely address the emergence of a new pandemic influenza virus. Tailored approaches target mechanisms to improve vaccine-induced immune responses in individuals with a weakened immune system, in particular older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Becker
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Husni Elbahesh
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Guus F Rimmelzwaan
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Albert D M E Osterhaus
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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Abstract
Live attenuated, cold-adapted influenza vaccines exhibit several desirable characteristics, including the induction of systemic, mucosal, and cell-mediated immunity resulting in breadth of protection, ease of administration, and yield. Seasonal live attenuated influenza vaccines (LAIVs) were developed in the United States and Russia and have been used in several countries. In the last decade, following the incorporation of the 2009 pandemic H1N1 strain, the performance of both LAIVs has been variable and the U.S.-backbone LAIV was less effective than the corresponding inactivated influenza vaccines. The cause appears to be reduced replicative fitness of some H1N1pdm09 viruses, indicating a need for careful selection of strains included in multivalent LAIV formulations. Assays are now being implemented to select optimal strains. An improved understanding of the determinants of replicative fitness of vaccine strains and of vaccine effectiveness of LAIVs is needed for public health systems to take full advantage of these valuable vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanta Subbarao
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
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Mezhenskaya D, Isakova-Sivak I, Kotomina T, Matyushenko V, Kim MC, Bhatnagar N, Kim KH, Kang SM, Rudenko L. A Strategy to Elicit M2e-Specific Antibodies Using a Recombinant H7N9 Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine Expressing Multiple M2e Tandem Repeats. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9020133. [PMID: 33535408 PMCID: PMC7912525 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9020133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses remain a serious public health problem. Vaccination is the most effective way to prevent the disease; however, seasonal influenza vaccines demonstrate low or no effectiveness against antigenically drifted and newly emerged influenza viruses. Different strategies of eliciting immune responses against conserved parts of various influenza virus proteins are being developed worldwide. We constructed a universal live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) candidate with enhanced breadth of protection by modifying H7N9 LAIV by incorporating four epitopes of M2 protein extracellular part into its hemagglutinin molecule. The new recombinant H7N9+4M2e vaccine induced anti-M2e antibody responses and demonstrated increased protection against heterosubtypic challenge viruses in direct and serum passive protection studies, compared to the classical H7N9 LAIV. The results of our study suggest that the H7N9+4M2e warrants further investigation in pre-clinical and phase 1 clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Mezhenskaya
- Department of Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (D.M.); (T.K.); (V.M.); (L.R.)
| | - Irina Isakova-Sivak
- Department of Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (D.M.); (T.K.); (V.M.); (L.R.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Tatiana Kotomina
- Department of Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (D.M.); (T.K.); (V.M.); (L.R.)
| | - Victoria Matyushenko
- Department of Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (D.M.); (T.K.); (V.M.); (L.R.)
| | - Min-Chul Kim
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA; (M.-C.K.); (N.B.); (K.-H.K.); (S.-M.K.)
| | - Noopur Bhatnagar
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA; (M.-C.K.); (N.B.); (K.-H.K.); (S.-M.K.)
| | - Ki-Hye Kim
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA; (M.-C.K.); (N.B.); (K.-H.K.); (S.-M.K.)
| | - Sang-Moo Kang
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA; (M.-C.K.); (N.B.); (K.-H.K.); (S.-M.K.)
| | - Larisa Rudenko
- Department of Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (D.M.); (T.K.); (V.M.); (L.R.)
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10
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Stepanova E, Krutikova E, Wong PF, Matyushenko V, Bazhenova E, Isakova-Sivak I, Rudenko L. Safety, Immunogenicity, and Protective Efficacy of a Chimeric A/B Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine in a Mouse Model. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9020259. [PMID: 33513862 PMCID: PMC7910998 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9020259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A and B viruses cause significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Current influenza vaccines are composed of three or four strains: A/H1N1, A/H3N2, and B (Victoria and Yamagata lineages). It is of great interest if immunization against both type A and B influenza viruses can be combined in a single vaccine strain, thus reducing the cost of vaccine production and the possibility of strain interference within the multicomponent vaccine. In the current study, we developed an experimental live cold-adapted influenza intertype reassortant (influenza A and B) vaccine on the live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) A/Leningrad/134/17/57 backbone. Hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) functional domains were inherited from the influenza B/Brisbane/60/2008 strain, whereas their packaging signals were substituted with appropriate fragments of influenza A virus genes. The recombinant A/B virus efficiently replicated in eggs and Madin–Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cells under optimal conditions, temperature-sensitive phenotype was maintained, and its antigenic properties matched the influenza B parental virus. The chimeric vaccine was attenuated in mice: after intranasal immunization, viral replication was seen only in nasal turbinates but not in the lungs. Immunological studies demonstrated the induction of IgG antibody responses against the influenza A and B virus, whereas hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) and neutralizing antibodies were detected only against the influenza B virus, resulting in significant protection of immunized animals against influenza B virus challenge. IFNγ-secreting CD8 effector memory T cells (CD44+CD62L−) were detected in mouse splenocytes after stimulation with the specific influenza A peptide (NP366); however, the T-cell response was not sufficient to protect animals against infection with a high-dose mouse-adapted A/California/07/2009 (H1N1pdm09) virus, most probably due to the mismatch of key T-cell epitopes of the H1N1 virus and the LAIV backbone. Overall, generation of the chimeric A/B LAIV virus on a licensed LAIV backbone demonstrated prospects for the development of safe and efficacious vaccine candidates that afford combined protection against both type A and type B influenza viruses; however, further optimization of the T-cell epitope content within the LAIV backbone may be required.
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Moro PL, Woo EJ, Marquez P, Cano M. Monitoring the safety of high-dose, trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine in the vaccine adverse event reporting system (VAERS), 2011 - 2019. Vaccine 2020; 38:5923-5926. [PMID: 32709434 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND On 12/23/2009 a new high-dose trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV3-HD) was licensed for adults aged ≥65 years. We assessed the post-licensure safety data for IIV3-HD in the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) during 2011-2019. METHODS We searched VAERS for reports after IIV3-HD during 1/1/2011-06/30/2019 in persons aged ≥65 years. Medical records were reviewed for all death reports and for certain pre-specified conditions (e.g. Guillain Barré Syndrome [GBS], anaphylaxis). We also reviewed certain groups who received IIV3-HD erroneously (e.g. pregnant women, children). Empirical Bayesian data mining was used to identify disproportional reporting. RESULTS VAERS received 12,320 reports after IIV3-HD;723 reports (5.9%) were serious. The most common adverse events (AEs) among serious reports were pyrexia (30.2%), asthenia (28.9%), and dyspnea (24.9%), and among non-serious reports were injection site erythema (16.8%), pain in extremity (15.8%), and injection site pain (14.2%). Among 55 death reports, the most common causes of death were diseases of the circulatory system (n = 23;41.8%). Based on medical record review, there were 61 reports of GBS and 13 of anaphylaxis. There were 13 reports of pregnant-women who inadvertently received IIV3-HD; three reports described arm pain or local reactions, and 10 did not report any AE. Among 59 reports of children who erroneously received IIV3-HD, 31 experienced an AE (most commonly injection site or constitutional reactions) and the remaining 28 reports did not describe any AE. CONCLUSIONS Post-licensure safety data of IIV3-HD during 9 influenza seasons revealed no new or unexpected safety concerns among individuals ≥65 years. Inadvertent administration of IIV3-HD to children or pregnant women was observed, although with no serious AEs reported. Training and education of providers in vaccine recommendations and groups for whom the vaccine is indicated may help in preventing these vaccine administration errors. This review provides baseline information for future monitoring of the quadrivalent-high-dose influenza vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro L Moro
- Immunization Safety Office, Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States.
| | - Emily Jane Woo
- Division of Epidemiology, Office of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Paige Marquez
- Immunization Safety Office, Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Maria Cano
- Immunization Safety Office, Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
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Matyushenko V, Kotomina T, Kudryavtsev I, Mezhenskaya D, Prokopenko P, Matushkina A, Sivak K, Muzhikyan A, Rudenko L, Isakova-Sivak I. Conserved T-cell epitopes of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) delivered by recombinant live attenuated influenza vaccine viruses efficiently induce RSV-specific lung-localized memory T cells and augment influenza-specific resident memory T-cell responses. Antiviral Res 2020; 182:104864. [PMID: 32585323 PMCID: PMC7313889 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) can cause recurrent infection in people because it does not stimulate a long-lived immunological memory. There is an urgent need to develop a safe and efficacious vaccine against RSV that would induce immunological memory without causing immunopathology following natural RSV infection. We have previously generated two recombinant live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) viruses that encode immunodominant T-cell epitopes of RSV M2 protein in the neuraminidase or NS1 genes. These chimeric vaccines afforded protection against influenza and RSV infection in mice, without causing pulmonary eosinophilia or inflammatory RSV disease. The current study assessed the formation of influenza-specific and RSV-specific CD4 and CD8 T-cell responses in the lungs of mice, with special attention to the lung tissue-resident memory T cell subsets (TRM). The RSV epitopes did not affect influenza-specific CD4 effector memory T cell (Tem) levels in the lungs. The majority of these cells formed by LAIV or LAIV-RSV viruses had CD69+CD103- phenotype. Both LAIV+NA/RSV and LAIV+NS/RSV recombinant viruses induced significant levels of RSV M282 epitope-specific lung-localized CD8 Tem cells expressing both CD69 and CD103 TRM markers. Surprisingly, the CD69+CD103+ influenza-specific CD8 Tem responses were augmented by the addition of RSV epitopes, possibly as a result of the local microenvironment formed by the RSV-specific memory T cells differentiating to TRM in the lungs of mice immunized with LAIV-RSV chimeric viruses. This study provides evidence that LAIV vector-based vaccination can induce robust lung-localized T-cell immunity to the inserted T-cell epitope of a foreign pathogen, without altering the immunogenicity of the viral vector itself. Two LAIV-RSV vaccine viruses induced RSV M282-specific effector memory CD8 T cells producing both IFNγ and TNFα cytokines. The inserted RSV epitopes did not affect influenza-specific CD4 Tem levels in the lungs of immunized mice. LAIV-RSV viruses induced RSV M282-specific lung-localized CD8 Tem cells expressing both CD69 and CD103 TRM markers. The magnitude of RSV M282-specific CD8 Tem responses correlates with protection against RSV-induced lung pathology. The addition of RSV epitopes into the LAIV strain augmented CD69+CD103+ influenza-specific CD8 Tem responses in the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Matyushenko
- Department of Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Tatiana Kotomina
- Department of Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Igor Kudryavtsev
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Daria Mezhenskaya
- Department of Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Polina Prokopenko
- Department of Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anastasia Matushkina
- Department of Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Konstantin Sivak
- Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Arman Muzhikyan
- Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Larisa Rudenko
- Department of Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Irina Isakova-Sivak
- Department of Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg, Russia.
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