1
|
Li L, Jin G, Lai X, Jing R, Zhu H. A reassessment of trends and rural-urban/regional differences in the total fertility rate in China, 2000-2020: analyses of the 2020 national census data. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8601. [PMID: 38615138 PMCID: PMC11016060 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59177-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024] Open
Abstract
The decline in the total fertility rate (TFR) is a key driver of population change and has important implications for population health and social development. However, China's TFR has been a considerable controversy due to a lack of high-quality data. Therefore, this study used the 2020 national population census of China (NPCC) data and reverse survival method to reassess temporal trends in the TFRs and to reexamine rural-urban differences and regional variations in TFRs from 2000 to 2020 in China. Overall, there were significant gaps between the estimated and reported TFRs before 2020, and the estimated TFRs based on the 2020 NPCC data remained higher than the reported TFRs from government statistics. Although TFRs rebounded shortly in the years after the two-child policy, they have shown a wavelike decline since 2010. Additionally, the estimated TFRs fluctuated below 1.5 children per woman in urban areas compared to above 1.8 in rural areas, but the rural-urban differences continued to decrease. Regarding geographic regional variations, the estimated TFRs in all regions displayed a declining trend during 2010-2020, especially in rural areas. Large decreases of over 25% in TFRs occurred in the north, east, central, and northwest regions. In addition to changing the birth policy, the government and society should adopt comprehensive strategies, including reducing the costs of marriage, childbearing, and child education, as well as promoting work-family balance, to encourage and increase fertility levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Long Li
- Center for Population and Development Studies, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China
| | - Guangzhao Jin
- Center for Population and Development Studies, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China
| | - Xiaozhen Lai
- China Center for Health Development Studies, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Rize Jing
- School of Public Administration and Policy, Renmin University of China, No. 59, Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100872, China.
| | - He Zhu
- China Center for Health Development Studies, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
- China Center for Health Development Studies, Peking University, No. 38, Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhu Y, Beam M, Ming Y, Egbert N, Smith TC. A Social Cognitive Theory Approach to Understanding Parental Attitudes and Intentions to Vaccinate Children during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:1876. [PMID: 36366384 PMCID: PMC9697026 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10111876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The distribution of the COVID-19 vaccine represents a path towards global health after a worldwide pandemic. Yet, the U.S. response to the vaccination rollout has been politically polarized. The aim of this paper is to contribute to the understanding of the contextual factors that influence parents' attitudes towards health officials and their intention to vaccinate children, focusing on communication behaviors, personal factors, and geographic locations. We use Bandura's triadic reciprocal determinism (TRD) model which posits reciprocal influence between personal factors, environmental factors, and behaviors. We found that personal factors (having younger children and identifying as Republican partisans), and the behavioral factor of conservative news use were significantly related to more negative attitudes towards health officials and lower vaccination intentions. Conversely, Democrats and liberal news use were significantly related to warmer attitudes and greater vaccination intentions. The environmental factor of geographic location across four states with different partisan dynamics was not significantly related to attitudes and behavioral intentions. Results from a post-hoc analysis show that news media use and partisanship were the strongest correlates of parents' attitudes towards health officials. This evidence points to the politicization of the COVID-19 vaccine being a key consideration regarding vaccine uptake.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhu
- College of Communication and Information, Kent State University, 318 University Library, 1125 Risman Drive, Kent, OH 44242, USA
| | - Michael Beam
- School of Emerging Media & Technology, Kent State University, 550 Hilltop Drive, Kent, OH 44242, USA
| | - Yue Ming
- College of Communication and Information, Kent State University, 318 University Library, 1125 Risman Drive, Kent, OH 44242, USA
| | - Nichole Egbert
- School of Communication Studies, Kent State University, P.O. Box 5190, Kent, OH 44242, USA
| | - Tara C. Smith
- College of Public Health, Kent State University, 800 Hilltop Drive, Kent, OH 44242, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zheng M, Qin C, Qian X, Yao Y, Liu J, Yuan Z, Ma L, Fan J, Tao R, Zhou F, Chen W, Zhu Z, Liu M, Yang G. Knowledge and vaccination acceptance toward the human monkeypox among men who have sex with men in China. Front Public Health 2022; 10:997637. [PMID: 36388271 PMCID: PMC9640956 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.997637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background MSM individuals are at high risk of monkeypox infection, and judicious use of vaccines can control the outbreak. Therefore, we conducted a national cross-sectional survey to assess the vaccination willingness, associated factors, and related knowledges of monkeypox among MSM individuals in China. Methods This anonymous cross-sectional study was conducted in China from July 1 to July 3, 2022, and electronic questionnaires were sent online to MSM individuals of specific institutions. Men, aged 18 or older, who had anal sex in the past year were recruited. Multivariable logistic regression models and univariable logistic regression models were performed in different groups of participants, including all eligible respondents, people with or without self-reported HIV infection, and people who had sex with at least one male sexual partner in last month. Results A total of 2,618 male respondents, including 2,134 homosexuals and 484 bisexuals, were enrolled in our final analysis. Most of the respondents had a certain understanding of the source of infection, transmission route, and preventive measures, but lacked knowledge of the susceptible population, clinical manifestations, vaccination, and treatment. In total, 90.2% of all respondents were willing to receive the vaccines against monkeypox. Among people with self-reported HIV infection, the vaccination acceptance rate was 91.7%, while it was 89.7% in the rest. The main influencing factors were knowledge about monkeypox (moderate: aOR = 1.47, 95% CI: 1.04-2.08; high: aOR = 2.03, 95% CI: 1.23-3.34), knowledge about prevention measures (moderate: aOR = 3.52, 95% CI: 2.51-4.94; high: aOR = 5.32, 95% CI: 2.98-9.47), concerns about their susceptibility to monkeypox infection (aOR = 4.37, 95% CI: 3.29-5.80), and possible contact with people and animals in epidemic areas (aOR = 0.42, 95% CI: 0.25-0.70). For self-reported HIV-infected individuals, education (bachelor degree: aOR = 0.40, 95% CI: 0.18-0.89) and poor condom use (sometimes: aOR = 2.18, 95% CI: 1.06-4.47) may also affect the vaccination. Conclusions There was still a lack of knowledge about the human monkeypox among MSM individuals in China. The vaccination acceptance rate of this high-risk population was high, and it was closely related to the knowledge factors, fear of infection, and possible contact with people or animals in affected areas. Targeted publicity and education of the high-risk groups, vaccination pre-arranged planning should be formulated to cope with the further development of this infectious disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Zheng
- Guizhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guiyang, China,The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health and Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Chenyuan Qin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohan Qian
- Guizhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guiyang, China
| | - Yongming Yao
- Guizhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guiyang, China
| | - Jue Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China,Institute for Global Health and Development, Peking University, Beijing, China,National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi Yuan
- Guizhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guiyang, China
| | - Lin Ma
- Guizhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guiyang, China
| | - Jiacheng Fan
- Guizhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guiyang, China
| | - Rui Tao
- Guizhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guiyang, China
| | - Feng Zhou
- Guizhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guiyang, China,The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health and Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Wenyan Chen
- Guizhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guiyang, China,The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health and Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Zhilin Zhu
- Guizhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guiyang, China,The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health and Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Min Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Guanghong Yang
| | - Guanghong Yang
- Guizhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guiyang, China,The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health and Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China,Min Liu
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
The Association between Risk Perception and Hesitancy toward the Booster Dose of COVID-19 Vaccine among People Aged 60 Years and Older in China. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10071112. [PMID: 35891277 PMCID: PMC9317690 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10071112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Given the prevalence of the omicron variant and decreased immunity provided by vaccines, it is imperative to enhance resistance to COVID-19 in the old population. We planned to explore the hesitancy rate toward the booster dose of the COVID-19 vaccine and the association between risk perception and the abovementioned rate among people aged 60 and older. Methods: This national cross-sectional study was conducted in mainland China from 25 May to 8 June 2022, targeting people who were 60 years old or above. Four dimensions were extracted from the Health Belief Model (HBM) to assess participants’ perceived risk levels, including perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived barriers, and perceived benefit. An independent Chi-square test was used to compare the vaccine hesitancy rates among different groups stratified by characteristics. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression models were performed to explore the associations between risk perception and hesitancy rate. Results: Of 3321 participants, 17.2% (95% CI: 15.9–18.5%) were hesitant about booster shots of COVID-19 vaccines. Believing that they were ineligible for vaccination due to certain illnesses (38.3%), concern about vaccine safety (32.0%), believing the booster shots were unnecessary (33.1%), and their limitation on movements (28.0%) were the main reasons for vaccine hesitation. Adjusted by all the selected covariates, people with low perception level of susceptibility (aOR = 1.39, 95% CI: 1.00–1.92) and benefit (low: aOR = 3.31, 95% CI: 2.01–5.45; moderate: aOR = 2.23, 95% CI: 1.75–2.85) were less likely to receiving the booster dose, and the same results were found in people with higher perceived barriers (moderate: aOR = 2.67, 95% CI: 2.13–3.35; high: aOR = 2.04, 95% CI: 1.14–3.67). Our estimates were stable in all four models. Conclusions: In total, 17.2% of the people aged 60 years and older in China were hesitant about booster dose of COVID-19 vaccines, and it was closely associated with a lower level of perceived susceptibility and benefit, as well as a higher level of perceived barriers. Concerns about contraindications, vaccine safety, and limited movements were the main reasons for vaccine hesitancy. Targeted public health measure is a priority to improve the understanding of the elderly on their own susceptibility and vulnerability and clear the obstacles to vaccination.
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhang Q, Shi Y, English AS. COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake in the Context of the First Delta Outbreak in China During the Early Summer of 2021: The Role of Geographical Distance and Vaccine Talk. Risk Manag Healthc Policy 2022; 15:1203-1214. [PMID: 35711278 PMCID: PMC9196912 DOI: 10.2147/rmhp.s361024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Vaccination is essential to control the prevalence of COVID-19. However, vaccine hesitancy has been a major issue globally. Some studies have suggested that community outbreaks might boost vaccine uptake. Consistent with that idea, vaccination rates increased dramatically during the first outbreak of the COVID-19 Delta variant in Guangdong, China, in June 2021. Based on the risk perception attitude theory, this study attempted to explore the joint effect of geographical distance to the outbreak and the frequency of talking about the COVID-19 vaccine (vaccine talk) on people’s COVID-19 vaccine uptake. Methods An anonymous self-report online questionnaire was completed by citizens living in Guangdong Province, China, from June 6 to 11, 2021, during the Delta variant outbreak in that region. The relationship between COVID-19 vaccine uptake, geographical distance to the epicenter of the outbreak, and vaccine talk was analyzed using logistic regression analysis. Results Data from 350 respondents were included in the final analysis. Results showed a negative association between geographical distance and COVID-19 vaccine uptake. Furthermore, the relationship was moderated by vaccine talk. Specifically, when individuals infrequently discussed vaccine talk with others, close distance to the epicenter of the outbreak served as a motivator for getting vaccinated, whereas for people who frequently discussed the vaccine, geographical distance might have played less of a role in motivating them to get vaccinated. Conclusion This research highlights the joint effect of geographical distance to the outbreak of COVID-19 and vaccine talk in COVID-19 vaccine uptake. While the findings may only be a starting point for launching a public health awareness campaign, encouraging people to engage in more conversations about vaccines may be a promising solution for future health emergencies, especially among people far from the outbreak.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qionghan Zhang
- School of Business Administration, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanwei Shi
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Alexander Scott English
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Jing R, Fang H, Wang H, Wang J. The Role of General Attitudes and Perceptions Towards Vaccination on the Newly-Developed Vaccine: Results From a Survey on COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptance in China. Front Psychol 2022; 13:841189. [PMID: 35712143 PMCID: PMC9194573 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.841189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Vaccination has been considered one of the most effective public health interventions. In the context of the global epidemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), it remains unclear what role general vaccination attitudes and perceptions have on the acceptance of COVID-19 vaccine. Objective This study aims to explore the impact of general attitudes and perceptions toward vaccination on the acceptance of a newly developed vaccine, taking COVID-19 vaccines as an example. Method A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 2,013 Chinese adult participants. Generalized order logistic regression and path analysis models were used to analyze impacts of general attitudes and perceptions toward vaccination on the acceptance of the COVID-19 vaccine. Results The prevalence of hesitancy to vaccination in general is 49.9% among the Chinese adult population. General perceptions of vaccination were associated with corresponding perceptions of the COVID-19 vaccine. A “no hesitancy” attitude toward vaccination is a significant determinant (aOR = 1.77, 95% CI = 1.36–2.31) of future COVID-19 vaccination compared to vaccine refusers, and perceptions of COVID-19 vaccine remain a significant determinant for the acceptance of the COVID-19 vaccine. Path analysis indicates that perceptions of the importance and safety of vaccination have a positive overall effect on the acceptance of the COVID-19 vaccine, and that general perceptions of vaccination as a whole on each measure indirectly influence the acceptance of the COVID-19 vaccine. Conclusion General attitudes and perceptions toward vaccination were associated with those of the COVID-19 vaccine and future vaccination intention. To prepare for possible emergence of diseases in the future, routine health campaigns should be launched by relevant government departments and vaccination authorities to enhance the overall awareness and knowledge of vaccination among the public and to ensure optimal vaccination experience. In addition, targeted knowledge dissemination and mass mobilizations should be urged for newly developed vaccines when some specific infectious diseases emerge, such as COVID-19 at present.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rize Jing
- School of Public Administration and Policy, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Hai Fang
- School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
- China Center for Health Development Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention Joint Center for Vaccine Economics, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Hufeng Wang
- School of Public Administration and Policy, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Hufeng Wang,
| | - Jiahao Wang
- School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
- China Center for Health Development Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Jiahao Wang,
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Qin C, Wang R, Tao L, Liu M, Liu J. Association Between Risk Perception and Acceptance for a Booster Dose of COVID-19 Vaccine to Children Among Child Caregivers in China. Front Public Health 2022; 10:834572. [PMID: 35372197 PMCID: PMC8965812 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.834572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background At present, the widespread variants and the weakened immunity provided by vaccines over time have further emphasized the importance of vaccination, boosters, and prevention efforts against COVID-19. Here, this study intends to investigate the acceptability of a booster dose of COVID-19 vaccine among child caregivers, aiming to explore the association between risk perception and child vaccine acceptance. Methods This anonymous, national, cross-sectional survey was conducted for one week from November 12, 2021 in mainland China. The risk perception among child caregivers was assessed based on the Health Belief Model (HBM) and the individuals was equally divided into three levels according to the total preset scores of each perception dimension. Pearson χ2 test was used to compare the differences among participants stratified by sociodemographic characteristics, health status, knowledge factors and risk perception. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were performed to explore the associations between risk perception and the acceptance of a booster dose of COVID-19 vaccine. Results A total of 88.46% of 1,724 participants were willing to accept the booster dose of the COVID-19 vaccine for their children. People who lived in central China (91.93%), had a high school or polytechnic school level education (93.98%), and had a history of COVID-19 vaccination (88.80%) were more likely to accept a booster dose of the COVID-19 vaccine for their children. The complicated vaccination process (24.5%) and uncertainty about the safety (16.5%) and efficacy (21.3%) of vaccines were the three main reasons for vaccine hesitancy among child caregivers. The acceptance of the booster dose of the COVID-19 vaccine was closely related to a higher level of perceived susceptibility (moderate: aOR = 1.56, 95% CI: 1.07–2.29, P = 0.022; high: aOR = 1.75, 95% CI: 1.06–2.89, P = 0.029) and high perceived benefit (high: aOR = 7.22, 95% CI: 2.63–19.79, P < 0.001). The results were stable in the sensitivity analysis. Conclusions 88.46% of child caregivers were willing to have a booster dose of COVID-19 vaccine to children, and the acceptance was closely associated with a higher level of perceived susceptibility and perceived benefit. The complicated vaccination process, uncertainty about the safety and effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines were the main reasons for their hesitancy. Therefore, targeted public health measures to increase perceived susceptibility and benefit are still needed to meet the requirements of higher-level immunization coverage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenyuan Qin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ruitong Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Liyuan Tao
- Research Center of Clinical Epidemiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Min Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jue Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Institute for Global Health and Development, Peking University, Beijing, China.,National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Deng YM, Wu HW, Liao HE. Utilization Intention of Community Pharmacy Service under the Dual Threats of Air Pollution and COVID-19 Epidemic: Moderating Effects of Knowledge and Attitude toward COVID-19. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19063744. [PMID: 35329431 PMCID: PMC8954536 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19063744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The utilization of pharmacy services in response to the threat of COVID-19 infection remains unclear in areas suffering from air pollution, and little is known regarding the effects of knowledge and attitude (KA) toward COVID-19 on this preventive behavior. This study aimed to explore how the residents perceived and reacted to the new threats of the epidemic and how KA may affect the correlation. Based on the health belief model (HBM), this research took the pharmacy service utilization (PSU) as an example to explain the preventive behavior. The samples were 375 respondents recruited from five districts near the industrial parks. T-test, ANOVA, and regression analyses of SPSS 22.0 were used to analyze the data. Test results show that self-efficacy was the strongest predictor, followed by the net perceived benefit. KA moderated the association of perceived threat and PSU intention. The levels of air pollution of a district may not be a good predictor for the preventive behavior against COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yueen-Mei Deng
- Department of Healthcare Management, Asia University, No.500, Lioufeng Rd., Taichung 41354, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (Y.-M.D.); (H.-E.L.); Tel.: +886-919-038978 (Y.-M.D.)
| | - Hong-Wei Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Tajen University, No.2, Wexin Rd., Yampu 906, Taiwan;
| | - Hung-En Liao
- Department of Healthcare Management, Asia University, No.500, Lioufeng Rd., Taichung 41354, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (Y.-M.D.); (H.-E.L.); Tel.: +886-919-038978 (Y.-M.D.)
| |
Collapse
|