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Shakour ZT, Farag MA. Diverse host-associated fungal systems as a dynamic source of novel bioactive anthraquinones in drug discovery: Current status and future perspectives. J Adv Res 2021; 39:257-273. [PMID: 35660073 PMCID: PMC9263761 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2021.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Diversity and distribution of host-living fungi producing AQs in the terrestrial ecosystem are assembled. AQs biosynthesis and their SAR are elucidated to guide the approaches in novel drugs design and development. Several examples of true endophytic fungi producing AQs like their different host plants have been reported as interesting alternative sources of drugs. The review recapitulates the novel AQs with rare chemical skeleton that could open future venues for investigation of their biological activities. Lichens are assembled as unique source of several bioactive classes of AQs.
Background Despite, a large number of bioactive anthraquinones (AQs) isolated from host-living fungi, only plant-derived AQs were introduced in the global consumer markets. Host-living fungi represents renewable and extendible resources of diversified metabolites to be exploited for bioactives production. Unique classes of AQs from fungi include halogenated and steroidal AQs, and absent from planta are of potential to explore for biological activity against urging diseases such as cancer and multidrug-resistant pathogens. The structural diversity of fungal AQs, monomers, dimers, trimers, halogenated, etc… results in a vast range of pharmacological activities. Aim of review The current study capitalizes on uncovering the diversity and distribution of host-living fungal systems producing AQs in different terrestrial ecosystems ranging from plant endophytes, lichens, animals and insects. Furthermore, the potential bioactivities of fungal derived AQs i.e., antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral (anti-HIV), anticancer, antioxidant, diuretic and laxative activities are assembled in relation to their structure activity relationship (SAR). Analyzing for structure–activity relationship among fungal AQs may facilitate bioengineering of more potential analogues. Withal, elucidation of AQs biosynthetic pathways in fungi is discussed from different fungal hosts to open up new possibilities for potential biotechnological applications. Such comprehensive review unravels terrestrial host-living fungal systems as a treasure trove in drug discovery, in addition to future perspectives and trends for their exploitation in pharmaceutical industries. Key Scientific Concepts of Review Such comprehensive review unravels terrestrialhost-living fungal systems as a treasure trove in drug discovery, in addition to future perspectives and trends for their exploitation in pharmaceutical industries.
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Hussain H, Al-Harrasi A, Green IR, Abbas G, Ahmed I. Recent Advances in the Chemistry and Biology of Natural Dimeric Quinones. STUDIES IN NATURAL PRODUCTS CHEMISTRY 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63462-7.00010-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Park SY, Jeong MH, Wang HY, Kim JA, Yu NH, Kim S, Cheong YH, Kang S, Lee YH, Hur JS. Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of the lichen fungus, Umbilicaria muehlenbergii. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83896. [PMID: 24386304 PMCID: PMC3875497 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Transformation-mediated mutagenesis in both targeted and random manners has been widely applied to decipher gene function in diverse fungi. However, a transformation system has not yet been established for lichen fungi, severely limiting our ability to study their biology and mechanism underpinning symbiosis via gene manipulation. Here, we report the first successful transformation of the lichen fungus, Umbilicaria muehlenbergii, via the use of Agrobacterium tumefaciens. We generated a total of 918 transformants employing a binary vector that carries the hygromycin B phosphotransferase gene as a selection marker and the enhanced green fluorescent protein gene for labeling transformants. Randomly selected transformants appeared mitotically stable, based on their maintenance of hygromycin B resistance after five generations of growth without selection. Genomic Southern blot showed that 88% of 784 transformants contained a single T-DNA insert in their genome. A number of putative mutants affected in colony color, size, and/or morphology were found among these transformants, supporting the utility of Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation (ATMT) for random insertional mutagenesis of U. muehlenbergii. This ATMT approach potentially offers a systematic gene functional study with genome sequences of U. muehlenbergii that is currently underway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sook-Young Park
- Korean Lichen Research Institute, Sunchon National University, Sunchon, Korea
- Dept. of Agricultural Biotechnology, Fungal Bioinformatics Laboratory, Center for Fungal Genetic Resources, and Center for Fungal Pathogenesis, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min-Hye Jeong
- Korean Lichen Research Institute, Sunchon National University, Sunchon, Korea
- Dept. of Biology, Sunchon National University, Sunchon, Korea
| | - Hai-Ying Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Jung A. Kim
- Korean Lichen Research Institute, Sunchon National University, Sunchon, Korea
| | - Nan-Hee Yu
- Korean Lichen Research Institute, Sunchon National University, Sunchon, Korea
- Dept. of Biology, Sunchon National University, Sunchon, Korea
| | - Sungbeom Kim
- Dept. of Agricultural Biotechnology, Fungal Bioinformatics Laboratory, Center for Fungal Genetic Resources, and Center for Fungal Pathogenesis, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong Hwa Cheong
- Korean Lichen Research Institute, Sunchon National University, Sunchon, Korea
| | - Seogchan Kang
- Dept. of Plant Pathology & Environmental Microbiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Yong-Hwan Lee
- Dept. of Agricultural Biotechnology, Fungal Bioinformatics Laboratory, Center for Fungal Genetic Resources, and Center for Fungal Pathogenesis, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail: (JSH); (Y-HL)
| | - Jae-Seoun Hur
- Korean Lichen Research Institute, Sunchon National University, Sunchon, Korea
- * E-mail: (JSH); (Y-HL)
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Türkez H, Aydin E, Aslan A. An antidote for imazalil-induced genotoxicity in vitro: the lichen, Dermatocarpon intestiniforme (Körber) Hasse. ACTA BIOLOGICA HUNGARICA 2012; 63:354-61. [PMID: 22963916 DOI: 10.1556/abiol.63.2012.3.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Imazalil (IMA), a commonly used fungicide in both agricultural and clinical domains, is suspected to produce serious toxic effects in vertebrates. In recent years, a number of studies have suggested that lichens might be easily accessible sources of natural drugs that could be used as a possible food supplement. Extensive research is being performed to explore the importance of lichen species, which are known to contain a variety of pharmacological active compounds. In this context, the antigenotoxic effect of aqueous Dermatocarpon intestiniforme (Körber) Hasse. extract (DIE) was studied against the genotoxic damage induced by IMA on cultured human lymphocytes (n = 6) using chromosomal aberration (CA) and micronucleus (MN) as cytogenetic endpoints. Human peripheral lymphocytes were treated in vitro with varying concentrations of DIE (0, 25, 50 and 100 μg/ml), tested in combination with IMA (336 μg/ml). DIE alone were not genotoxic and when combined with IMA treatment, it reduced the frequency of CAs and the rate of MNs. A clear dose-dependent decrease in the genotoxic damage of IMA was observed, suggesting a genoprotective role of DIE. The results of the present study suggest that this plant extract per se does not have a genotoxic potential, but can alleviate the genotoxicity of IMA on cultured human lymphocytes. In conclusion our findings may have an important application for the protection of cultured human lymphocyte from the genetic damage and side effects induced by medical and agricultural chemicals hazardous for people.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Türkez
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Erzurum Technical University, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey
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Turkez H, Aydin E, Aslan A. Role of aqueous Bryoria capillaris (Ach.) extract as a genoprotective agent on imazalil-induced genotoxicity in vitro. Toxicol Ind Health 2012; 30:33-9. [DOI: 10.1177/0748233712448119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, a number of studies have suggested that lichens might be the easily accessible sources of natural drugs that could be used as a possible food supplement. Extensive research is being carried out to explore the importance of lichen species, which are known to contain a variety of pharmacological active compounds. On the other hand, imazalil (IMA), a commonly used fungicide in both agricultural and clinical domains, is suspected to produce very serious toxic effects in vertebrates. In this context, the antigenotoxic effect of aqueous Bryoria capillaris (Ach.) extract (BCE) was studied against the genotoxic damage induced by IMA on cultured human lymphocytes using chromosomal aberrations (CA) and micronucleus (MN) as cytogenetic parameters. Human peripheral lymphocytes were treated in vitro with varying concentrations of BCE (5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 µg/mL), tested in combination with IMA (336 µg/mL). BCE alone was not genotoxic, and when combined with IMA treatment, it reduced the frequency of CAs and the rates of MN. A clear dose-dependent decrease in the genotoxic damage of IMA was observed, suggesting a genoprotective role of BCE. The results of the present study suggest that this plant extract per se do not have genotoxic potential, but can modulate the genotoxicity of IMA on peripheral human lymphocytes in vitro. In conclusion, our findings may have an important application in the protection of cultured human lymphocyte from the genetic damage and side effects induced by agricultural and medical chemicals that are hazardous to people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Turkez
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Erzurum Technical University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Elanur Aydin
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Ali Aslan
- Department of Biology, Kazim Karabekir Education Faculty, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
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Abstract
CONTEXT Lichens are composite organisms consisting of a symbiotic association of a fungus (the mycobiont) with a photosynthetic partner (the phytobiont), usually either a green alga or cyanobacterium. The morphology, physiology and biochemistry of lichens are very different from those of the isolated fungus and alga in culture. Lichens occur in some of the most extreme environments on the Earth and may be useful to scientists in many commercial applications. OBJECTIVE Over the past 2 decades, there has been a renewed and growing interest in lichens as a source of novel, pharmacologically active biomolecules. This review summarizes the past and current research and development trends in the characterization and use of lichens and their bioactive compounds in traditional medicine and other biopharmaceutical applications of commercial interest. METHODS The present review contains 10 illustrations and 188 references compiled from major databases including Science Direct, Chemical Abstracts, PubMed and Directory of Open Access Journals. RESULTS Lichen morphology, symbiosis, diversity and bioactivities including enzyme inhibitory, antimicrobial, antifungal, antiviral, anticancer, anti-insecticidal and antioxidant actions were reviewed and summarized. Recent progress in lichens and lichen-forming fungi was discussed with emphasis on their potential to accelerate commercialization of lichen-based products. CONCLUSIONS Lichens are an untapped source of biological activities of industrial importance and their potential is yet to be fully explored and utilized. Lichen-derived bioactive compounds hold great promise for biopharmaceutical applications as antimicrobial, antioxidant and cytotoxic agents and in the development of new formulations or technologies for the benefit of human life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasudeo P Zambare
- Center for Bioprocessing Research and Development, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, SD 57701-3995, USA
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Turkez H, Aydin E, Aslan A. Xanthoria elegans (Link) (lichen) extract counteracts DNA damage and oxidative stress of mitomycin C in human lymphocytes. Cytotechnology 2012; 64:679-86. [PMID: 22447390 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-012-9447-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Several lichen species have been used for medicinal purposes throughout the ages, and they are reported to be effective in the treatment of different disorders including ulcer and cancer. It is revealed that lichens may be easily accessible sources of natural drugs and possible food supplements after their safety evaluations. The main objective in this study was to evaluate the roles of aqueous extracts of Xanthoria elegans (at 25, 50 and 100 μg/ml) upon mitomycin C (MMC; at 10(-7) M) induced genotoxic and oxidative damages in cultured human lymphocytes. X. elegans were collected from the Erzurum and Artvin provinces (in Turkey) during August 2010. After the application of MMC and X. elegans extract (XEE), separate and together, human whole blood cultures were assessed by four genotoxicity end-points including chromosomal aberration, micronucleus, sister chromatid exchange (SCE) and 8-oxo-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OH-dG) assays. In addition, biochemical parameters [total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and total oxidative stress (TOS)] were examined to determine oxidative effects. According to our results, the frequencies of cytogenetic endpoints and 8-OH-dG levels were significantly increased by MMC compared with controls in human peripheral lymphocytes. MMC caused oxidative stress by altering TAC and TOS levels. On the contrary, XEE led to increases of TAC level without changing TOS level. XEE had no genotoxic effect. Furthermore, our findings revealed that MMC induced increases in the mean frequencies of four genotoxic indices were diminished by XEE in dose dependent manner, indicating its protective role towards cells from MMC exerted injury. In conclusion, the results obtained in the present study indicate for the first time that XEE is a potential source of natural antigenotoxicants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Turkez
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Erzurum Technical University, Erzurum, Turkey
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Türkez H, Aydın E, Şişman T, Aslan A. Role of Peltigera rufescens (Weis) Humb. (a lichen) on imazalil-induced genotoxicity: analysis of micronucleus and chromosome aberrations in vitro. Toxicol Ind Health 2011; 28:492-8. [DOI: 10.1177/0748233711414615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Imazalil (IMA), a commonly used fungicide in both agricultural and clinical domains, is suspected to produce very serious toxic effects on vertebrates. On the other hand, in recent years, a number of studies have suggested that lichens might be easily accessible sources of natural drugs that could be used as a possible food supplement. Extensive research is being carried out to explore the importance of lichen species, which are known to contain a variety of pharmacological active compounds. In this context, the anti-genotoxic effects of aqueous Peltigera rufescens (Weis) Humb. extracts (PREs) were studied against the genotoxic damage induced by IMA on cultured human lymphocytes using chromosomal aberrations (CAs) and micronucleus (MN) as cytogenetic parameters. Human peripheral lymphocytes were treated in vitro with varying concentrations of PREs (0, 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 mg/L), tested in combination with IMA (336 mg/L). PREs alone were not genotoxic and when combined with IMA treatment, reduced the frequency of CAs and the rates of MNs. A clear dose-dependent decrease in the genotoxic damage of IMA was observed, suggesting a genoprotective role of P. rufescens extract. The results of the present study indicate that this plant extract per se do not have genotoxic potential but can minimize the genotoxicity of IMA on human lymphocytes in vitro. In conclusion our findings may have an important application for the protection of human lymphocyte from the genetic damage and side effects induced by agricultural and medical chemicals hazardous in people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Türkez
- Department of Biology, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Elanur Aydın
- Department of Biology, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Turgay Şişman
- Department of Biology, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Ali Aslan
- Department of Biology, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
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Sugimoto K, Enomoto M, Kuwahara S. Synthesis of lupinacidins A and B via sequential cycloaddition–double elimination. Tetrahedron Lett 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2010.06.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Rezanka T, Rezanka P, Sigler K. Glycosides of benzodioxole-indole alkaloids from Narcissus having axial chirality. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2010; 71:301-306. [PMID: 19919872 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2009.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2009] [Revised: 10/07/2009] [Accepted: 10/19/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Glycosides of benzodioxole-indole alkaloid 6-hydroxy-galanthindole (7-(6'-(hydroxymethyl)benzo[d][1',3']dioxol-5'-yl)-1-methyl-1H-indol-6-ol) having axial chirality were isolated from Narcissus cultivar 'Dutch Master'. The structure, including absolute configuration, was determined by means of extensive spectroscopic data such as UV, IR, CD, MS, 1D and 2D NMR spectra, and computational chiroptical methods. The aglycone has a structure containing two aromatic moieties with substituents hindering rotation about the biaryl axis and is connected to a saccharide moiety linked at C-6 and made up of one, two, or three sugars (glucose, alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->6)-beta-D-glucopyranose, and trisaccharide ([beta-D-xylopyranosyl(1-->2)]-[alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->6)]-beta-D-glucopyranose).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás Rezanka
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídenská 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic.
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Rezanka T, Rezanka P, Sigler K. Glycosides of arylnaphthalene lignans from Acanthus mollis having axial chirality. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2009; 70:1049-1054. [PMID: 19559451 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2009.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2009] [Revised: 05/15/2009] [Accepted: 05/15/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Glycosides of arylnaphthalene lignans having axial chirality were isolated from Acanthus mollis. Owing to the axial chirality, their structure, including absolute configuration, was determined by means of extensive spectroscopic data such as UV, IR, MS, 1D and 2D NMR spectra, and computational chiroptical methods. A compound, 2',4-dihydroxyretrohelioxanthin (2'-hydroxy-justirumalin), has a structure containing two aromatic moieties with substituents hindering rotation about the biaryl axis. The aglycone was connected to a saccharide moiety linked at C-4 or C-2' and made up of one or four sugars (rhamnose or quinovose, and tetrasaccharide 4-O-beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1'''''-6'')-O-[beta-D-rhamnopyranosyl-(1''''-3'')]-O-beta-D-apiofuranosyl-(1''''-2'')-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside and quinovose). Two mono- and one tetraglycoside gave positive results in the sea urchin eggs test (Paracentrotus lividus) of cytotoxicity and in a crown gall tumor on potato disks test (Agrobacterium tumefaciens).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás Rezanka
- Institute of Microbiology, Vídenská 1083, Prague 142 20, Czech Republic.
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Rezanka T, Rezanka P, Sigler K. A biaryl xanthone derivative having axial chirality from Penicillium vinaceum. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2008; 71:820-823. [PMID: 18355033 DOI: 10.1021/np800020p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A new xanthone derivative having axial chirality was isolated from Penicillium vinaceum. Owing to the axial chirality, its structure, including absolute configuration, was determined by means of extensive spectroscopic data, such as UV, IR, MS, and 1D and 2D NMR spectra, and computational chiroptical methods. The new compound, (a R)-2'-methoxyvinaxanthone, has a structure containing two aromatic moieties with substituents hindering rotation about the biaryl axis. The compound gave positive results in a sea urchin egg test ( Paracentrotus lividus) and a crown gall tumor on potato disks test (Agrobacterium tumefaciens).
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Rezanka T, Sigler K. Hirtusneanoside, an unsymmetrical dimeric tetrahydroxanthone from the lichen Usnea hirta. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2007; 70:1487-91. [PMID: 17822296 DOI: 10.1021/np070079m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Hirtusneanoside, a new O-deoxyglycoside of a dimeric tetrahydroxanthone, was isolated from the lichen Usnea hirta. Its structure, including the absolute configuration, was determined by means of extensive spectroscopic data (UV, IR, MS, CD, 1D and 2D NMR) and chemical degradation. Hirtusneanoside has a unique structure comprising L-rhamnopyranoside of a tetrahydroxanthone dimer and showed growth inhibitory activities against Gram-positive bacteria.
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