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Sur B, Lee B. Ginsenoside Rg3 modulates spatial memory and fear memory extinction by the HPA axis and BDNF-TrkB pathway in a rat post-traumatic stress disorder. J Nat Med 2022; 76:821-831. [PMID: 35982366 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-022-01636-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a serious mental disorder that can develop after exposure to extreme stress. Korean red ginseng, whose major active component is ginsenoside Rg3 (Rg3), is a widely used traditional antioxidant that has anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic and anxiolytics effects. This study investigated whether the administration of Rg3 ameliorated the memory deficit induced by a single prolonged stress (SPS) in rats. Male rats were dosed with Rg3 (25 or 50 mg/kg) once daily for 14 days after exposure to SPS. Rg3 administration improved fear memory and spatial memory might be involved in modulating the dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and monoamine imbalance in the medial prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. It also increased the reduction in the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and tropomyosin-related kinase B (TrkB) mRNAs expression, and the ratio of p-Akt/Akt in the hippocampus. Thus, Rg3 exerted memory-improving actions might be involved in regulating HPA axis and activating BDNF-TrkB pathway. Our findings suggest that Rg3 could be useful for preventing traumatic stress, such as PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bongjun Sur
- Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Bombi Lee
- Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea.
- Center for Converging Humanities, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea.
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Srivastava R, Choudhury PK, Dev SK, Rathore V. Neuroprotective effect of α-pinene self-emulsifying nanoformulation against 6-OHDA induced neurotoxicity on human SH-SY5Y cells and its in vivo validation for anti-Parkinson's effect. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2021; 35:e22902. [PMID: 34464010 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress (OS) is involved in the multifaceted pathogenic paradigm of neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson's disease (PD). Monoterpenes like α-pinene (ALP) is considered to be a therapeutically potent antioxidant agent able to attenuate and scavenge various reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species. The present study aimed to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo neuroprotective effect of α-pinene self-emulsifying nanoformulation (ALP-SENF) for PD. 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay was done to evaluate the neurotoxic dose of the ALP-SENF; however, the neuroprotective effect was assessed by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) induced neurotoxicity model on SH-SY5Y taking NAC (N-acetyl-l-cysteine) as standard. The in vivo anti-Parkinson's activity of the ALP-SENF was compared with that of the plain ALP suspension by using reserpine antagonism and haloperidol-induced Parkinsonism model in rats. Various behavioral tests and biochemical antioxidant enzymes were estimated. The in vitro results revealed that treatment with ALP-SENF at a concentration of 100 and 200 µM was found to show significant neuronal SH-SY5Y cell viability against 50 µM 6-OHDA. ALP-SENF treated animals have seen significant neurobehavioral improvement. Furthermore, the levels of antioxidative enzymes in biochemical test reveals a marked enhancement in the expression of antioxidant enzymes that significantly attenuated the OS induced neurodegeneration. Due to the mechanisms of their antioxidant action, it was probably due to the scavenging of free radicals and the expression of antioxidant enzymes. It also improved neurobehavioral changes induced by reserpine and haloperidol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajnish Srivastava
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, India
| | - Pratim K Choudhury
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, India
| | - Suresh K Dev
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, India
| | - Vaibhav Rathore
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, India
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Antimania-Like Effect of Panax ginseng Regulating the Glutamatergic Neurotransmission in REM-Sleep Deprivation Rats. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:3636874. [PMID: 33123570 PMCID: PMC7586145 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3636874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown the therapeutic properties of ginseng and ginsenosides on hyperactive and impulsive behaviors in several psychiatric diseases. Herein, we investigated the effect of Panax ginseng Meyer (PG) on hyperactive/impulsive behaviors in a manic-like animal model, sleep deprivation (SD) rats. Male rats were sleep-deprived for 48 h, and PG (200 mg/kg) was administered for 4 days, from 2 days prior to the start of SD to the end date of SD. The elevated plus maze (EPM) test showed that PG alleviated the increased frequency of entries into and spent time within open arms by SD. In order to investigate the molecular mechanism on this effect of PG, we assessed differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the prefrontal cortex of PG-treated SD rats using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and performed gene-enrichment analysis for DEGs. The gene-enrichment analysis showed that PG most prominently affected the glutamatergic synapse pathway. Among the glutamatergic synapse pathway genes, particularly, PG enhanced the expressions of glutamate transporter Slc1a3 and Slc1a2 reduced in SD rats. Moreover, we found that PG could inhibit the SD-induced phosphorylation of the NR2A subunit of the NMDA receptor. These results suggested that PG might have a therapeutic effect against the manic-like behaviors, regulating the glutamatergic neurotransmission.
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Park KC, Jin H, Zheng R, Kim S, Lee SE, Kim BH, Yim SV. Cognition enhancing effect of panax ginseng in Korean volunteers with mild cognitive impairment: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Transl Clin Pharmacol 2019; 27:92-97. [PMID: 32055589 PMCID: PMC6989239 DOI: 10.12793/tcp.2019.27.3.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the cognition-enhancing effect of Panax ginseng. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted to address the cognition-enhancing effects of Panax ginseng. A total of 90 Korean volunteers with mild cognitive impairment participated in this study. All subjects were allocated randomly into ‘Ginseng’ group or ‘Placebo’ group. All subjects were administered 3g of Panax ginseng powder or starch (placebo) for 6 months. The Korean version of the Mini-Mental Status Examination (K-MMSE), Korean version of Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (K-IADL), and Seoul Neuropsychological Screening Battery (SNSB) were used to assess the changes in cognitive function at the end of the 6 month study period. The subjects of the ‘Ginseng’ group improved significantly on the Rey Complex Figure Test (RCFT) immediate recall (P = 0.0405 and P = 0.0342 in per-protocol (PP) and intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis, respectively) and on the RCFT 20-min delayed recall (P = 0.0396 and P = 0.0355 in PP and ITT analysis, respectively) compared with ‘placebo’ group throughout the 6 months of Panax ginseng administration. There were no serious adverse events. These results suggest that Panax ginseng has a cognition-enhancing effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Key-Chung Park
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Hui Jin
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Renhua Zheng
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Sehyun Kim
- Graduate School, Dankook University, Gyeonggi-do 16890, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Eun Lee
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Eumseong 27709, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo-Hyung Kim
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.,East-West Medical Research Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Vin Yim
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
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An HM, Tan YL, Shi J, Wang Z, Lv MH, Soares JC, Zhou D, Yang F, Zhang XY. Ginkgo biloba leaf extract and alpha-tocopherol attenuate haloperidol-induced orofacial dyskinesia in rats: Possible implication of antiapoptotic mechanisms by preventing Bcl-2 decrease and Bax elevation. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 23:1653-1660. [PMID: 27823630 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2016.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is a serious side effect of long-term administration of typical neuroleptics, such as haloperidol. The pathophysiology of TD remains unclear, but the experimental evidence suggests that free radical-induced neuronal apoptosis in the basal ganglia may play an important role. PURPOSE This study was to investigate changes in Bax and Bcl-2 expression levels in TD-associated brain regions and the effects of the antioxidant EGb761 on Bax and Bcl-2 levels in an animal model of TD. METHODS Thirty-two rats were randomly divided into four study groups: saline control (saline), haloperidol-alone (haloperidol), EGb761-haloperidol (EGb), and alpha-tocopherol-haloperidol (vitamin E). Rats were treated with daily intraperitoneal haloperidol injections (2 mg/kg/day) for 5 weeks. EGb761 (50 mg/kg/day) and alpha-tocopherol (20 mg/kg/day) were then administered for another 5 weeks during the withdrawal period. Behavioral assessments were performed, and Bax and Bcl-2 protein expression levels were immunohistochemically analyzed in four brain regions, including the prefrontal cortex, striatum, substantia nigra, and globus pallidum. RESULTS We found that increased vacuous chewing movements (VCMs) were associated with increased proapoptotic Bax protein expression, decreased antiapoptotic Bcl-2 protein expression, and an increased Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. EGb761 and alpha-tocopherol treatment reversed the increase in VCMs, decreased Bax expression, increased Bcl-2 expression, and decreased the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that long-term haloperidol administration may affect Bcl-2 protein family expression and promote neuronal apoptosis in the basal ganglia. In combination with their antioxidant capacity, EGb761 and alpha-tocopherol's antiapoptotic effects through Bcl-2 might account for the symptom improvement observed in haloperidol-induced TD rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Mei An
- Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China; Institute of Chinese Integrative Medicine, Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Long Tan
- Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China; Institute of Chinese Integrative Medicine, Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Shi
- Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China; Institute of Chinese Integrative Medicine, Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiren Wang
- Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China; Institute of Chinese Integrative Medicine, Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Han Lv
- Institute of Chinese Integrative Medicine, Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jair C Soares
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Dongfeng Zhou
- Institute of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Fude Yang
- Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China; Institute of Chinese Integrative Medicine, Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Xiang Yang Zhang
- Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China; Institute of Chinese Integrative Medicine, Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA.
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Shi J, Tan YL, Wang ZR, An HM, Li J, Wang YC, Lv MH, Yan SX, Wu JQ, Soares JC, De Yang F, Zhang XY. Ginkgo biloba and vitamin E ameliorate haloperidol-induced vacuous chewingmovement and brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression in a rat tardive dyskinesia model. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2016; 148:53-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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(-)Epigallocatechin-3-gallate prevents the reserpine-induced impairment of short-term social memory in rats. Behav Pharmacol 2016. [PMID: 26196076 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Reserpine has been confirmed to induce cognitive dysfunction and increase brain neural oxidative stress. Green tea catechins, particularly (-)epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), have strong antioxidative properties and can protect against numerous oxidative damages. In this study, we examined the possible protective effects of EGCG on reserpine-induced impairment of short-term memory in rats. Reserpine (1 mg/kg, intraperitoneal)-induced memory impairment was assessed using the social recognition task method; locomotor activity and the olfactory discrimination ability were not altered as measured by an open-field test and an olfactory discrimination test, respectively. EGCG treatment (100 and 300 mg/kg, intraperitoneal, for 7 days, starting 6 days before the reserpine injection) could improve the worsened social memory of reserpine-treated rats. Also, EGCG treatment reduced reserpine-induced lipid peroxidation and enhanced the antioxidation power in the hippocampi of reserpine-treated rats. These results suggest a protective effect of EGCG in treating reserpine-induced impairment of memory, most probably through its powerful antioxidative activities. Accordingly, EGCG may hold a clinically relevant value in preventing reserpine-induced cognitive dysfunction.
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Cognitive-Enhancing Herbal Formulae in Korean Medicine: Identification of Candidates by Text Mining and Literature Review. J Altern Complement Med 2016; 22:413-8. [DOI: 10.1089/acm.2015.0257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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Chen CN, Chang KC, Lin RF, Wang MH, Shih RL, Tseng HC, Soung HS, Tsai CC. Nitric oxide pathway activity modulation alters the protective effects of (-)Epigallocatechin-3-gallate on reserpine-induced impairment in rats. Behav Brain Res 2016; 305:198-211. [PMID: 26944334 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Reserpine (RES) has been reported to increase the brain's neural oxidative stress and cause cognitive dysfunction. Having powerful antioxidative properties, green tea catechins, especially (-)epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), are able to protect against many oxidative injuries. In this study, we examined the protecting properties of EGCG on RES-induced impairment of short-term memory in three-month-old male Wistar rats. RES (1mg/kg i.p.) induced memory impairment (p<0.001) as evaluated by the social recognition task. EGCG treatment (100mg/kg i.p. for 7days, starting 6days before RES injection) was able to improve the impaired memory caused by RES. RES treatment increased the nitric oxide (NO) level and lipid peroxidation (LPO) production, and decreased the antioxidation power in hippocampi. EGCG treatment was able to counteract the RES-induced NO level and LPO production, as well as enhanced the hippocampal antioxidation power in RES-treated rats. In order to examine the implication of NO pathway activity in RES treatment, either NO precursor (L-arginine; L-A) or NO synthase inhibitor (L-NAME; L-N) was co-pretreated with EGCG; NO precursor treatment eliminated the protective effect of EGCG, in contrast to that NO synthase inhibitor treatment significantly increased the EGCG effects on cognitive and biochemical protection in RES-treated rats. These results suggested that the NO pathway was implicated, at least in part, in the RES-induced impairment, as well as in the protective effect of EGCG in treating RES-induced impairment of memory. The above evidence provides a clinically relevant value for EGCG in preventing RES-induced cognitive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Neng Chen
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Taitung br. of Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taitung 95054, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Kuo-Chi Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Rui-Feng Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 10449, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Mao-Hsien Wang
- Department of Anesthesia, En Chu Kon Hospital, Sanshia District, New Taipei City 23702, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Optometry, Yuanpei University, Hsinchu 30015, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ruoh-Lan Shih
- Department of Anesthesia, En Chu Kon Hospital, Sanshia District, New Taipei City 23702, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hsiang-Chien Tseng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei 11101, Taiwan, ROC; School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hung-Sheng Soung
- Department of Psychiatry, Yuan-Shan br. of Taipei Veteran General Hospital, Yilan County 26604, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Cheng-Chia Tsai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 10449, Taiwan, ROC; Graduate Institute of Injury Prevention and Control, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan, ROC.
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Leão AH, Sarmento‐Silva AJ, Santos JR, Ribeiro AM, Silva RH. Molecular, Neurochemical, and Behavioral Hallmarks of Reserpine as a Model for Parkinson's Disease: New Perspectives to a Long-Standing Model. Brain Pathol 2015; 25:377-90. [PMID: 25726735 PMCID: PMC8029054 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The administration of reserpine to rodents was one of the first models used to investigate the pathophysiology and screening for potential treatments of Parkinson's disease (PD). The reserpine model was critical to the understanding of the role of monoamine system in the regulation of motor and affective disorders, as well as the efficacy of current PD treatments, such as L-DOPA and dopamine agonists. Nevertheless, with the introduction of toxin-induced and genetic models of PD, reserpine became underused. The main rationale to this drawback was the supposed absence of reserpine construct validity with PD. Here, we highlight classical and recent experimental findings that support the face, pharmacological, and construct validity of reserpine PD model and reason against the current rationale for its underuse. We also aim to shed a new perspective upon the model by discussing the main challenges and potentials for the reserpine model of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anderson H.F.F. Leão
- Memory Studies LaboratoryDepartment of PhysiologyUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do NorteNatalRNBrazil
| | - Aldair J. Sarmento‐Silva
- Memory Studies LaboratoryDepartment of PhysiologyUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do NorteNatalRNBrazil
| | - José R. Santos
- Biology DepartmentUniversidade Federal de SergipeSão CristóvãoSEBrazil
| | - Alessandra M. Ribeiro
- Memory Studies LaboratoryDepartment of PhysiologyUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do NorteNatalRNBrazil
- Department of BiosciencesUniversidade Federal de São PauloSantosSPBrazil
| | - Regina H. Silva
- Memory Studies LaboratoryDepartment of PhysiologyUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do NorteNatalRNBrazil
- Behavioral Neuroscience LaboratoryDepartment of PharmacologyUniversidade Federal de São PauloSão PauloSPBrazil
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Antkiewicz-Michaluk L, Wąsik A, Możdżeń E, Romańska I, Michaluk J. Withdrawal from repeated administration of a low dose of reserpine induced opposing adaptive changes in the noradrenaline and serotonin system function: a behavioral and neurochemical ex vivo and in vivo studies in the rat. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2015; 57:146-54. [PMID: 25445479 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2014.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Reserpine is an inhibitor of the vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) and monoamine releaser, so it can be used as a pharmacological model of depression. In the present paper, we investigated the behavioral and neurochemical effects of withdrawal from acute and repeated administration of a low dose of reserpine (0.2 mg/kg) in Wistar Han rats. We demonstrated the behavioral and receptor oversensitivity (postsynaptic dopamine D1) during withdrawal from chronic reserpine. It was accompanied by a significant increase in motility in the locomotor activity test and climbing behavior in the forced swim test (FST). Neurochemical studies revealed that repeated but not acute administration the a low dose of reserpine triggered opposing adaptive changes in the noradrenergic and serotonin system function analyzed during reserpine withdrawal, i.e. 48 h after the last injection. The tissue concentration of noradrenaline was significantly decreased in the hypothalamus and nucleus accumbens only after repeated drug administration (by about 20% and 35% vs. control; p<0.05, respectively). On the other hand, the concentration of its extraneuronal metabolite, normetanephrine (NM) increased significantly in the VTA during withdrawal both from acute and chronic reserpine. The serotonin concentration was significantly reduced in the VTA after chronic reserpine (by about 40% vs. the control group, p<0.05) as well as its main metabolite, 5-HIAA (by about 30% vs. control; p<0.05) in the VTA and hypothalamus. Dopamine and its metabolites were not changed after acute or chronic reserpine administration. In vivo microdialysis studies clearly evidenced the lack of the effect of a single dose of reserpine, and its distinct effects after chronic treatment on the release of noradrenaline and serotonin in the rat striatum. In fact, the withdrawal from repeated administration of reserpine significantly increased an extraneuronal concentration of noradrenaline in the rat striatum but at the same time produced a distinct fall in the extraneuronal serotonin in this brain structure. On the basis of the presented behavioral and neurochemical experiments, we suggest that chronic administration of reserpine even in such low dose which not yet acted on the release of monoamines but produced an inhibition of VMAT2 caused a long-lasting disadvantageous effect of plasticity in the brain resembling depressive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucyna Antkiewicz-Michaluk
- Department of Neurochemistry, Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-343 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Wąsik
- Department of Neurochemistry, Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Edyta Możdżeń
- Department of Neurochemistry, Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Irena Romańska
- Department of Neurochemistry, Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Jerzy Michaluk
- Department of Neurochemistry, Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
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Extract of Ginkgo biloba is equivalent to vitamin E in attenuating and preventing vacuous chewing movements in a rat model of tardive dyskinesia. Behav Pharmacol 2013; 24:610-6. [DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0b013e3283656d87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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13
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Oliynyk S, Oh S. Actoprotective effect of ginseng: improving mental and physical performance. J Ginseng Res 2013; 37:144-66. [PMID: 23717168 PMCID: PMC3659633 DOI: 10.5142/jgr.2013.37.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Revised: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Actoprotectors are preparations that increase the mental performance and enhance body stability against physical loads without increasing oxygen consumption. Actoprotectors are regarded as a subclass of adaptogens that hold a significant capacity to increase physical performance. The focus of this article is studying adaptogen herbs of genus Panax (P. ginseng in particular) and their capabilities as actoprotectors. Some animal experiments and human studies about actoprotective properties of genus Panax attest that P. ginseng (administered as an extract) significantly increased the physical and intellectual work capacities, and the data provided suggests that ginseng is a natural source of actoprotectors. Preparations of ginseng can be regarded as potential actoprotectors which give way to further research of its influence on physical and mental work capacity, endurance and restoration after exhaustive physical loads while compared with reference actoprotectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergiy Oliynyk
- Department of Neuroscience and Tissue Injury Defense Research Center, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 158-710, Korea
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