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Li W, Rang Y, Liu H, Liu C. Update on new trends and progress of natural active ingredients in the intervention of Alzheimer's disease, based on understanding of traditional Chinese and Western relevant theories: A review. Phytother Res 2023; 37:3744-3764. [PMID: 37380605 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the major neurological disorders causing death in the elderly worldwide. As a neurodegenerative disease that is difficult to prevent and cure, the pathogenesis of AD is complex and there is no effective cure. A variety of natural products derived from plants have been reported to have promising anti-AD activities, including flavonoids, terpenes, phenolic acids and alkaloids, which can effectively relieve the symptoms of AD in a variety of ways. This paper mainly reviews the pharmacological activity and mechanisms of natural products against AD. Although the clinical efficacy of these plants still needs to be determined by further high-quality studies, it may also provide a basis for future researchers to study anti-AD in depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiye Li
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- The Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yifeng Rang
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- The Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huan Liu
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- The Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunhong Liu
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- The Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
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2
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Shaikh A, Ahmad F, Teoh SL, Kumar J, Yahaya MF. Honey and Alzheimer's Disease-Current Understanding and Future Prospects. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:427. [PMID: 36829985 PMCID: PMC9952506 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12020427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), a leading cause of dementia, has been a global concern. AD is associated with the involvement of the central nervous system that causes the characteristic impaired memory, cognitive deficits, and behavioral abnormalities. These abnormalities caused by AD is known to be attributed by extracellular aggregates of amyloid beta plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles. Additionally, genetic factors such as abnormality in the expression of APOE, APP, BACE1, PSEN-1, and PSEN-2 play a role in the disease. As the current treatment aims to treat the symptoms and to slow the disease progression, there has been a continuous search for new nutraceutical agent or medicine to help prevent and cure AD pathology. In this quest, honey has emerged as a powerful nootropic agent. Numerous studies have demonstrated that the high flavonoids and phenolic acids content in honey exerts its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties. This review summarizes the effect of main flavonoid compounds found in honey on the physiological functioning of the central nervous system, and the effect of honey intake on memory and cognition in various animal model. This review provides a new insight on the potential of honey to prevent AD pathology, as well as to ameliorate the damage in the developed AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammara Shaikh
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Fairus Ahmad
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Seong Lin Teoh
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Jaya Kumar
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Mohamad Fairuz Yahaya
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
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3
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Deng H, Xu Q, Guo HY, Huang X, Chen F, Jin L, Quan ZS, Shen QK. Application of cinnamic acid in the structural modification of natural products: A review. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2023; 206:113532. [PMID: 36470328 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2022.113532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Natural products can generally exhibit a variety of biological activities, but most show mediocre performance in preliminary activity evaluation. Natural products often require structural modification to obtain promising lead compounds. Cinnamic acid (CA) is readily available and has diverse biological activities and low cytotoxicity. Introducing CA into natural products may improve their performance, enhance biological activity, and reduce toxic side effect. Herein, we aimed to discuss related applications of CA in the structural modification of natural products and provide a theoretical basis for future derivatization and drug development of natural products. Published articles, web databases (PubMed, Science Direct, SCI Finder, and CNKI), and clinical trial websites (https://clinicaltrials.gov/) related to natural products and CA derivatives were included in the discussion. Based on the inclusion criteria, 128 studies were selected and discussed herein. Screening natural products of CA derivatives allowed for classification by their biological activities. The full text is organized according to the biological activities of the derivatives, with the following categories: anti-tumor, neuroprotective, anti-diabetic, anti-microbial, anti-parasitic, anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and other activities. The biological activity of each CA derivative is discussed in detail. Notably, most derivatives exhibited enhanced biological activity and reduced cytotoxicity compared with the lead compound. CA has various advantages and can be widely used in the synthesis of natural product derivatives to enhance the properties of drug candidates or lead compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Deng
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, China
| | - Qian Xu
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, China
| | - Hong-Yan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, China
| | - Xing Huang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, China
| | - Fener Chen
- Shanghai Engineering Center of Industrial Asymmetric Catalysis for Chiral Drugs, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Lili Jin
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, China
| | - Zhe-Shan Quan
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, China.
| | - Qing-Kun Shen
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, China.
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4
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Dias Viegas FP, Gontijo VS, de Freitas Silva M, Cristancho Ortiz CJ, Franco GDRR, Ernesto JT, Damasio CM, Fernandes Silva IM, Campos TG, Viegas C. Curcumin, Resveratrol and Cannabidiol as Natural Key Prototypes in Drug Design for Neuroprotective Agents. Curr Neuropharmacol 2022; 20:1297-1328. [PMID: 34825873 PMCID: PMC9881080 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x19666210712152532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), such as Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), Huntington's disease (HD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), represent a great challenge in different scientific fields, such as neuropharmacology, medicinal chemistry, molecular biology and medicine, as all these pathologies remain incurable, with high socioeconomic impacts and high costs for governmental health services. Due to their severity and multifactorial pathophysiological complexity, the available approved drugs for clinic have not yet shown adequate effectiveness and exhibited very restricted options in the therapeutic arsenal; this highlights the need for continued drug discovery efforts in the academia and industry. In this context, natural products, such as curcumin (1), resveratrol (2) and cannabidiol (CBD, 3) have been recognized as important sources, with promising chemical entities, prototype models and starting materials for medicinal organic chemistry, as their molecular architecture, multifunctional properties and single chemical diversity could facilitate the discovery, optimization and development of innovative drug candidates with improved pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics compared to the known drugs and, perhaps, provide a chance for discovering novel effective drugs to combat NDs. In this review, we report the most recent efforts of medicinal chemists worldwide devoted to the exploration of curcumin (1), resveratrol (2) and cannabidiol (CBD, 3) as starting materials or privileged scaffolds in the design of multi-target directed ligands (MTDLs) with potential therapeutic properties against NDs, which have been published in the scientific literature during the last 10 years of research and are available in PubMed, SCOPUS and Web of Science databases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia P. Dias Viegas
- PeQuiM - Laboratory of Research in Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, 37133-840, Brazil; ,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Federal University of Alfenas, 37133-840, Alfenas, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Silva Gontijo
- PeQuiM - Laboratory of Research in Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, 37133-840, Brazil; ,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, 37133-840, Brazil;
| | - Matheus de Freitas Silva
- PeQuiM - Laboratory of Research in Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, 37133-840, Brazil; ,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Federal University of Alfenas, 37133-840, Alfenas, Brazil
| | - Cindy Juliet Cristancho Ortiz
- PeQuiM - Laboratory of Research in Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, 37133-840, Brazil; ,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Federal University of Alfenas, 37133-840, Alfenas, Brazil
| | - Graziella dos Reis Rosa Franco
- PeQuiM - Laboratory of Research in Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, 37133-840, Brazil; ,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Federal University of Alfenas, 37133-840, Alfenas, Brazil
| | - Januário Tomás Ernesto
- PeQuiM - Laboratory of Research in Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, 37133-840, Brazil; ,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, 37133-840, Brazil;
| | - Caio Miranda Damasio
- PeQuiM - Laboratory of Research in Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, 37133-840, Brazil;
| | - Isabela Marie Fernandes Silva
- PeQuiM - Laboratory of Research in Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, 37133-840, Brazil;
| | - Thâmara Gaspar Campos
- PeQuiM - Laboratory of Research in Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, 37133-840, Brazil;
| | - Claudio Viegas
- PeQuiM - Laboratory of Research in Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, 37133-840, Brazil; ,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, 37133-840, Brazil; ,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Federal University of Alfenas, 37133-840, Alfenas, Brazil,Address correspondence to this author at the PeQuiM - Laboratory of Research in Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Alfenas, 37133-840, Brazil; Tel: +55 35 37011880; E-mail:
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Turkez H, Arslan ME, Barboza JN, Kahraman CY, de Sousa DP, Mardinoğlu A. Therapeutic Potential of Ferulic Acid in Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Drug Deliv 2021; 19:860-873. [PMID: 34963433 DOI: 10.2174/1567201819666211228153801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is one of the most important neurodegenerative diseases and it covers 60% of whole dementia cases. AD is a constantly progressing neurodegenerative disease as a result of the production of β-amyloid (Aβ) protein and the accumulation of hyper-phosphorylated Tau protein; it causes breakages in the synaptic bonds and neuronal deaths to a large extent. Millions of people worldwide suffer from AD because there is no definitive drug for disease prevention, treatment or slowdown. Over the last decade, multiple target applications have been developed for AD treatments. These targets include Aβ accumulations, hyper-phosphorylated Tau proteins, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative stress resulting in toxicity. Various natural or semisynthetic antioxidant formulations have been shown to protect brain cells from Aβ induced toxicity and provide promising potentials for AD treatment. Ferulic acid (FA), a high-capacity antioxidant molecule, is naturally synthesized from certain plants. FA has been shown to have different substantial biological properties, such as anticancer, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, and cardioprotective actions, etc. Furthermore, FA exerted neuroprotection via preventing Aβ-fibril formation, acting as an anti-inflammatory agent, and inhibiting free radical generation and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme activity. In this review, we present key biological roles of FA and several FA derivatives in Aβ-induced neurotoxicity, protection against free radical attacks, and enzyme inhibitions and describe them as possible therapeutic agents for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Turkez
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Atatürk University, 25240, Erzurum, Turkey
- Department of Pharmacy, University G. d'Annunzio Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Mehmet Enes Arslan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Erzurum Technical University, 25200, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Joice Nascimento Barboza
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba, 58051-970, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Cigdem Yuce Kahraman
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Atatürk University, 25240, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Damiao Pergentino de Sousa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba, 58051-970, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Adil Mardinoğlu
- Science for Life Laboratory, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE-17121, Sweden
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
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6
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Nudelman A. Dimeric Drugs. Curr Med Chem 2021; 29:2751-2845. [PMID: 34375175 DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666210810124159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This review intends to summarize the structures of an extensive number of symmetrical-dimeric drugs, having two monomers linked via a bridging entity while emphasizing the large versatility of biologically active substances reported to possess dimeric structures. The largest number of classes of these compounds consist of anticancer agents, antibiotics/antimicrobials, and anti-AIDS drugs. Other symmetrical-dimeric drugs include antidiabetics, antidepressants, analgesics, anti-inflammatories, drugs for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, anticholesterolemics, estrogenics, antioxidants, enzyme inhibitors, anti-Parkisonians, laxatives, antiallergy compounds, cannabinoids, etc. Most of the articles reviewed do not compare the activity/potency of the dimers to that of their corresponding monomers. Only in limited cases, various suggestions have been made to justify unexpected higher activity of the dimers vs. the corresponding monomers. These suggestions include statistical effects, the presence of dimeric receptors, binding of a dimer to two receptors simultaneously, and others. It is virtually impossible to predict which dimers will be preferable to their respective monomers, or which linking bridges will lead to the most active compounds. It is expected that the extensive number of articles summarized, and the large variety of substances mentioned, which display various biological activities, should be of interest to many academic and industrial medicinal chemists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham Nudelman
- Chemistry Department, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel
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Phenethyl Esters and Amide of Ferulic Acid, Hydroferulic Acid, Homovanillic Acid, and Vanillic Acid: Synthesis, Free Radicals Scavenging Activity, and Molecular Modeling as Potential Cholinesterases Inhibitors. MOLBANK 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/m1151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
As ferulic acid was reported to be involved in novel potential mechanisms associated with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) therapy, five closely related phenethyl esters and amide of this natural product were synthesized and screened for their free radicals scavenging activity. Ferulic acid and its analogue′s absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) properties were predicted. All compounds obey Lipinski′s rules. Moreover, all evaluated compounds seem to present a high oral bioavailability and blood–brain barrier (BBB) permeation which is crucial for Alzheimer′s disease drug candidates. Molecular docking of analogues 4 and 8 with acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) showed interactions with the residues of the catalytic triad of AChE and BChE. In addition to their interactions with the anionic subsite, hydroferulic acid phenethyl ester 4 and homovanillic acid phenethyl ester 8 may have potential as inhibitors of AChE and BChE, respectively.
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Wang YX, Lin B, Zhou L, Yan ZY, Zhang H, Huang XX, Song SJ. Anti- β-amyloid aggregation activity of enantiomeric furolactone-type lignans from Archidendron clypearia (Jack) I.C.N. Nat Prod Res 2020; 34:456-463. [PMID: 30445834 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2018.1488705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The phytochemical investigation on the twigs and leaves of Archidendron clypearia (Jack) I.C.N. led to the isolation of three pairs of furolactone-type lignans enantiomers, including a pair of new compounds (1R,5S,6S)-Kachiranol (1a) and (1S,5R,6R)-Kachiranol (1b) and four known compounds (2a/2b and 3a/3b). Separation of the furolactone-type lignans enantiomeric mixtures was achieved using chiral HPLC for the first time. Their structures were determined by spectroscopic analysis and comparison between the experimental and calculated electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectra. All optical pure compounds were evaluated for their inhibitory effects on β-amyloid aggregation by ThT assay. Among them, the inhibitory activity of the compound 1b (71.1%) was higher than the positive control (61.0%) and other compounds. In addition, molecular dynamics and molecular docking were employed to explore the binding relationship between the ligand and the receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Xi Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Le Zhou
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Yang Yan
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Han Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Xiao Huang
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China.,Postdoctoral Station of Chinese People's Liberation Army 210 Hospital, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - Shao-Jiang Song
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
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Zhang X, He X, Chen Q, Lu J, Rapposelli S, Pi R. A review on the hybrids of hydroxycinnamic acid as multi-target-directed ligands against Alzheimer’s disease. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:543-550. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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10
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Huang XX, Xu Y, Bai M, Zhou L, Song SJ, Wang XB. Lignans from the seeds of Chinese hawthorn (Crataegus pinnatifida var. major N.E.Br.) against β-amyloid aggregation. Nat Prod Res 2017; 32:1706-1713. [PMID: 29115158 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2017.1399378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Phytochemical investigation on the seeds of hawthorn (Crataegus spp.) led to the isolation of a new compound, (7'R, 8'R, 8S)-isolariciresinol (1), along with six known compounds (2-7). The structures of all compounds were determined based on spectroscopic data interpretation. The Aβ1-42 inhibition activity of all isolated compounds was evaluated in vitro. As a result, compounds 5 and 6 showed stronger inhibition of Aβ1-42 aggregation than curcumin, with inhibition rates of 70.59 and 68.14% at 20 μM. The possible mechanism of interaction between Aβ1-42 and the active compounds 5 and 6 was also investigated by molecular docking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xiao Huang
- a Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education , School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang , China.,b Chinese People's Liberation Army 210 Hospital , Dalian , China
| | - Yang Xu
- a Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education , School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang , China
| | - Ming Bai
- a Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education , School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang , China
| | - Le Zhou
- a Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education , School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang , China
| | - Shao-Jiang Song
- a Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education , School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang , China
| | - Xiao-Bo Wang
- b Chinese People's Liberation Army 210 Hospital , Dalian , China
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