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Epiphytic and Endophytic Fungi Colonizing Seeds of Two Poaceae Weed Species and Fusarium spp. Seed Degradation Potential In Vitro. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11010184. [PMID: 36677476 PMCID: PMC9863844 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11010184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungi colonizing the surface and endosphere of two widespread Poaceae weed species, Avena fatua and Echinochloa crus-galli, were isolated to compare the taxonomic composition between the plant species, location, and year of the seed collection. The seed-degrading potential of Fusarium isolated from the seeds was tested by inoculating seeds of E. crus-galli with spore suspension. Molecular identification of epiphytic and endophytic fungal genera was performed by sequencing the ITS region of rDNA. Endophytes comprised of significantly lower fungal richness compared to epiphytes. A significant taxonomic overlap was observed between the endosphere and seed surface. The most abundant genera were Alternaria, Fusarium, Cladosporium, and Sarocladium. Analysis of similarities and hierarchical clustering showed that microbial communities were more dissimilar between the two plant species than between the years. Fusarium isolates with a high potential to infect and degrade E. crus-galli seeds in laboratory conditions belong to F. sporotrichioides and F. culmorum.
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Characterization of Seed Mycobiota Using Culture-Dependent and Culture-Independent Approaches. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2605:65-78. [PMID: 36520389 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2871-3_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Seed fungi are potentially important for their roles in seedling microbiome assembly and seedling health, but surveys of full seed fungal communities remain limited. While culture-dependent methods have been used to characterize some members of the seed mycobiota, recent culture-independent studies have improved the ease in identifying and characterizing full seed fungal communities. In this chapter, we describe how to survey seed fungi using both traditional culture-based methods and culture-free metabarcoding. We first describe protocols for the isolation and long-term preservation of fungal strains from individual seeds and for the extraction and amplification of DNA from such fungal isolates for identification with Sanger sequencing. We also detail how to extract, amplify, and sequence fungal DNA directly from individual seeds. Finally, we provide suggestions for troubleshooting media choices, PCR inhibition by isolates and plant tissue, and PCR limitation by low fungal DNA.
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Wang Y, Wang R, Sha Y. Distribution, pathogenicity and disease control of Fusarium tricinctum. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:939927. [PMID: 35958126 PMCID: PMC9360978 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.939927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant pathogenic fungi such as Fusarium tricinctum cause various plant diseases worldwide, especially in temperate regions. In cereals, F. tricinctum is one of the most common species causing Fusarium head blight (FHB) and root rot. Infection with F. tricinctum results in high yield losses and reduction in quality, mainly due to mycotoxin contamination of grain. Mycotoxins produced by F. tricinctum, such as enniatins (ENs) and moniliformin (MON), which are the most studied mycotoxins, have been reported to have multiple toxic effects on humans and animals. Although chemical control of Fusarium infection has been applied to grains, it is not always effective in controlling disease or reducing the level of mycotoxins in wheat grains. To the contrary, chemical control may significantly increase infection of F. tricinctum in fungicide-treated plots after treatment. Our studies show that the bacterium Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, has good control effects against F. tricinctum. Therefore, its use as a biological control agent against various plant pathogens may be an effective strategy to control the spread of Fusarium pathogens. Here, we conduct a review of the literature involving this plant pathogen, its diversity, virulence, and methods to control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Desert and Desertification, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Microbial Resources and Engineering, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ruoyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Stress Physiology and Ecology in Cold and Arid Regions of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
- Gaolan Station of Agricultural and Ecological Experiment, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Ruoyu Wang,
| | - Yuexia Sha
- Institute of Plant Protection, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan, China
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Nocera P, Bajsa-Hirschel J, Masi M, Ross SA, Cantrell CL, Duke SO, Surico G, Evidente A. Secondary metabolites of Thymelaea hirsuta, a plant collected from the Sicilian Island of Lampedusa. Nat Prod Res 2021; 35:3977-3984. [PMID: 32290692 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2020.1752212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
An investigation of the secondary metabolites was carried out on Thymelaea hirsuta collected from Lampedusa, the largest island of the Pelagie archipelago, located about 100 km from the North African coast and 200 km from the coast of Sicily. Ten compounds were isolated and found to belong to different classes of natural products as chromenes, cyclohexanones, furanyl, bis-furanyl and furanone polyphenols, and acrylates. Compounds 7, 8, 9 and 10 were slightly phytotoxic to lettuce reaching phytotoxicity of 1 (7, 8 and 9) and 2 (10) using a 1-5 point scale. None of the compounds were active against Agrostis stolonifera L., a perennial grass of the Poaceae family. Tested against three Colletotrichum species (C. acutatum, C. fragarie and C. gloeosporioides) pathogenic for agricultural plants, only compound 6 had activity against all three species, but it was not as active as captan, the commercial fungicide used as a positive control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Nocera
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Joanna Bajsa-Hirschel
- Natural Products Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, University, MS, USA
| | - Marco Masi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Samir A Ross
- National Center for Natural Products Research, University of Mississippi, Thad Cochran Research Center, Oxford, MS, USA
- BioMolecular Sciences, Division of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Charles L Cantrell
- Natural Products Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, University, MS, USA
| | - Stephen O Duke
- Natural Products Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, University, MS, USA
| | - Giuseppe Surico
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agrarie, Alimentari, Ambientali e Forestali (DAGRI), Sez. Patologia ed entomologia, Università di Firenze, Firenze, Italy
| | - Antonio Evidente
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
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Masi M, Reveglia P, Baaijens-Billones R, Górecki M, Pescitelli G, Savocchia S, Evidente A. Phytotoxic Metabolites from Three Neofusicoccum Species Causal Agents of Botryosphaeria Dieback in Australia, Luteopyroxin, Neoanthraquinone, and Luteoxepinone, a Disubstituted Furo-α-pyrone, a Hexasubstituted Anthraquinone, and a Trisubstituted Oxepi-2-one from Neofusicoccum luteum. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2020; 83:453-460. [PMID: 31951128 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.9b01057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Different phytotoxic metabolites were isolated from the organic extract of Neofusicoccum luteum, Neofusicoccum australe, and Neofusicoccum parvum, causal agents of Botryosphaeria dieback in Australia. N. luteum produced a new disubstituted furo-α-pyrone, a hexasubstituted anthraquinone, and a trisubstituted oxepi-2(7H)-one, luteopyroxin (4), neoanthraquinone (5), and luteoxepinone (7), respectively, together with the known (±)-nigrosporione (6), tyrosol (8), (R)-(-)-mellein (1), and (3R,4S)-(-)- and (3R,4R)-(-)-4-hydroxymellein (2 and 3). The three melleins and tyrosol were also produced by N. parvum, while N. australe produced (R)-(-)-mellein (1), neoanthraquinone (5), tyrosol (8), and p-cresol (9). Luteopryoxin (4), neoanthraquinone (5), and luteoxepinone (7) were characterized by analyses of physical data, essentially one- and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance and high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. The relative and absolute configurations of luteopyroxin (4) were determined by nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy and experimental and calculated electronic circular dichroism data. When assayed on grapevine leaves, neoanthraquinone (5) showed the highest toxic effect, causing severe shriveling and withering. Luteopyroxin (4), nigrosporione (6), and luteoxepinone (7) also showed different degrees of toxicity, while p-cresol (9) displayed low phytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Masi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche , Università di Napoli Federico II , Complesso Universitario Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cintia 4 , 80126 Napoli , Italy
| | - Pierluigi Reveglia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche , Università di Napoli Federico II , Complesso Universitario Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cintia 4 , 80126 Napoli , Italy
- National Wine and Grape Industry Centre, School of Agricultural and Wine Sciences , Charles Sturt University , Locked Bag 588, Wagga Wagga New South Wales 2678 , Australia
| | - Regina Baaijens-Billones
- National Wine and Grape Industry Centre, School of Agricultural and Wine Sciences , Charles Sturt University , Locked Bag 588, Wagga Wagga New South Wales 2678 , Australia
| | - Marcin Górecki
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale , Università di Pisa , Via Moruzzi 13 , 56124 Pisa , Italy
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , Polish Academy of Sciences , Kasprzaka 44/52 Street , 01-224 Warsaw , Poland
| | - Gennaro Pescitelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale , Università di Pisa , Via Moruzzi 13 , 56124 Pisa , Italy
| | - Sandra Savocchia
- National Wine and Grape Industry Centre, School of Agricultural and Wine Sciences , Charles Sturt University , Locked Bag 588, Wagga Wagga New South Wales 2678 , Australia
| | - Antonio Evidente
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche , Università di Napoli Federico II , Complesso Universitario Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cintia 4 , 80126 Napoli , Italy
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Cao YM, Guo DL, Jin MY, Tan L, Yang TL, Deng F, Gu YC, Li XH, Cao ZX, Deng Y. Two new nor-sesquiterpenoids from Fusarium tricinctum, an endophytic fungus isolated from Ligusticum chuanxiong. Nat Prod Res 2020; 35:3535-3539. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2020.1712385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Mei Cao
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, State Key Laboratory, Breeding Base of Systematic Research Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Da-Le Guo
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, State Key Laboratory, Breeding Base of Systematic Research Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, P. R. China
- Institute of Innovative Medicine Ingredients of Southwest Specialty Medicinal Materials, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Meng-Ying Jin
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, State Key Laboratory, Breeding Base of Systematic Research Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Lu Tan
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, State Key Laboratory, Breeding Base of Systematic Research Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Tian-Long Yang
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, State Key Laboratory, Breeding Base of Systematic Research Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Fang Deng
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, State Key Laboratory, Breeding Base of Systematic Research Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Cheng Gu
- Syngenta Jealott’s Hill International Research Centre, Berkshire, UK
| | - Xiao-Hua Li
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, State Key Laboratory, Breeding Base of Systematic Research Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Xing Cao
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, State Key Laboratory, Breeding Base of Systematic Research Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Yun Deng
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, State Key Laboratory, Breeding Base of Systematic Research Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, P. R. China
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Tabanca N, Masi M, Epsky ND, Nocera P, Cimmino A, Kendra PE, Niogret J, Evidente A. Laboratory Evaluation of Natural and Synthetic Aromatic Compounds as Potential Attractants for Male Mediterranean fruit Fly, Ceratitis capitata. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24132409. [PMID: 31261896 PMCID: PMC6651369 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24132409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ceratitis capitata, the Mediterranean fruit fly, is one of the most serious agricultural pests worldwide responsible for significant reduction in fruit and vegetable yields. Eradication is expensive and often not feasible. Current control methods include the application of conventional insecticides, leading to pesticide resistance and unwanted environmental effects. The aim of this study was to identify potential new attractants for incorporation into more environmentally sound management programs for C. capitata. In initial binary choice bioassays against control, a series of naturally occurring plant and fungal aromatic compounds and their related analogs were screened, identifying phenyllactic acid (7), estragole (24), o-eugenol (21), and 2-allylphenol (23) as promising attractants for male C. capitata. Subsequent binary choice tests evaluated five semisynthetic derivatives prepared from 2-allylphenol, but none of these were as attractive as 2-allylphenol. In binary choice bioassays with the four most attractive compounds, males were more attracted to o-eugenol (21) than to estragole (24), 2-allylphenol (23), or phenyllactic acid (7). In addition, electroantennography (EAG) was used to quantify antennal olfactory responses to the individual compounds (1–29), and the strongest EAG responses were elicited by 1-allyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene (11), estragole (24), 4-allyltoluene (14), trans-anethole (9), o-eugenol (21), and 2-allylphenol (23). The compounds evaluated in the current investigation provide insight into chemical structure–function relationships and help direct future efforts in the development of improved attractants for the detection and control of invasive C. capitata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurhayat Tabanca
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Subtropical Horticulture Research Station (SHRS), Miami, FL 33158, USA.
| | - Marco Masi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Nancy D Epsky
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Subtropical Horticulture Research Station (SHRS), Miami, FL 33158, USA
| | - Paola Nocera
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Alessio Cimmino
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Paul E Kendra
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Subtropical Horticulture Research Station (SHRS), Miami, FL 33158, USA
| | - Jerome Niogret
- Niogret Ecology Consulting LLC, 13601 Old Cutler Road, Miami, FL 33158, USA
| | - Antonio Evidente
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy.
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Masi M, Meyer S, Górecki M, Pescitelli G, Clement S, Cimmino A, Evidente A. Phytotoxic Activity of Metabolites Isolated from Rutstroemia sp.n., the Causal Agent of Bleach Blonde Syndrome on Cheatgrass ( Bromus tectorum). Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23071734. [PMID: 30012966 PMCID: PMC6100615 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23071734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A fungal pathogen soon to be described as Rutstroemia capillus-albis (Rutstroemiaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes) has been identified as the causal agent of 'bleach blonde syndrome' on the invasive annual grass weed Bromus tectorum (cheatgrass) in western North America. This apparently common but previously undescribed disease causes premature senescence and sterility, but does not affect seed germination or seedling emergence and growth. This study investigated whether the new species produces phytotoxins that could be implicated in pathogenesis. The compounds 9-O-methylfusarubin, 9-O-methylbostrycoidin, 5-O-methylnectriafurone, trans-methyl-p-coumarate and terpestacin were isolated from the solid culture of this fungus. The undescribed absolute stereochemistry at C-3 of 9-O-methylfusarubin and at C-1' of 5-O-methylnectriafurone were assigned by applying electronic and vibrational circular dichroism (ECD and VCD) combined with computational methods and the advanced Mosher's method, respectively. The first three listed compounds are naphtoquinone pigments, while terpestacin is a sesterterpene, and trans-methyl-p-coumarate could be the product of an unusual fungal phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway. In a juvenile plant immersion bioassay, both 9-O-methylfusarubin and terpestacin proved to be highly toxic at 10-4 M, causing wilting and plant death within 10 days. This finding suggests that these two compounds could play a role in pathogenesis on B. tectorum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Masi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Susan Meyer
- US Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station, Shrub Sciences Laboratory, 735 North 500 East, Provo, UT 84606, USA.
| | - Marcin Górecki
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Gennaro Pescitelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Suzette Clement
- US Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station, Shrub Sciences Laboratory, 735 North 500 East, Provo, UT 84606, USA.
| | - Alessio Cimmino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Antonio Evidente
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy.
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Masi M, Nocera P, Boari A, Cimmino A, Zonno MC, Infantino A, Vurro M, Evidente A. Lathyroxins A and B, Phytotoxic Monosubstituted Phenols Isolated from Ascochyta lentis var. lathyri, a Fungal Pathogen of Grass Pea ( Lathyrus sativus). JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2018; 81:1093-1097. [PMID: 29489357 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.7b01034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Ascochyta lentis var. lathyri has recently been reported to be the causal agent of Ascochyta blight of grass pea ( Lathyrus sativus), a disease characterized by the appearance of necrotic lesions of leaves and stems. Considering the novelty of the pathogen and the possible involvement of secondary metabolites in symptom appearance, a study was carried out to ascertain the capability of this fungus to produce bioactive metabolites. Some phytotoxic phenols were isolated from the culture filtrates of the fungus. In particular, two new phytotoxic metabolites, named lathyroxins A and B, were characterized by spectroscopic methods as 4-(2-hydroxy-3,3-dimethoxypropyl)phenol and 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane-1,2-diol, respectively, and the R absolute configuration of C-2 of their 2-dimethoxy- and 2,3-diol-propyl side chain was assigned. Moreover, other well-known fungal metabolites, namely, p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, p-methoxyphenol, and tyrosol, were also identified. Lathyroxins A and B showed interesting phytotoxic properties, being able to cause necrosis on leaves and to inhibit seed germination and rootlet elongation. Moreover, both of the new metabolites had no effect against bacteria, arthropods, and nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Masi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche , Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo , Via Cintia 4 , 80126 Napoli , Italy
| | - Paola Nocera
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche , Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo , Via Cintia 4 , 80126 Napoli , Italy
| | - Angela Boari
- Istituto di Scienze delle Produzioni Alimentari (ISPA), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche , Via Amendola, 122/O , 70126 Bari , Italy
| | - Alessio Cimmino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche , Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo , Via Cintia 4 , 80126 Napoli , Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Zonno
- Istituto di Scienze delle Produzioni Alimentari (ISPA), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche , Via Amendola, 122/O , 70126 Bari , Italy
| | - Alessandro Infantino
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l'Analisi dell'Economia Agraria (CREA), Centro di Ricerca Difesa e Certificazione , Via C.G. Bertero 22 , 00156 Rome , Italy
| | - Maurizio Vurro
- Istituto di Scienze delle Produzioni Alimentari (ISPA), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche , Via Amendola, 122/O , 70126 Bari , Italy
| | - Antonio Evidente
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche , Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo , Via Cintia 4 , 80126 Napoli , Italy
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Inhibitory Effects of a Variety of Aldehydes on Amaranthus tricolor L. and Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23020471. [PMID: 29466317 PMCID: PMC6016959 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23020471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Thirty-seven commercial aldehydes containing aliphatic chains and aromatic rings as well as heteroaromatic rings were evaluated for their inhibitory activities against Chinese amaranth (Amaranthus tricolor L.) and barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv). Polysorbate 80 (Tween® 80) was used as a surfactant and the research was preliminarily conducted at 400 μM of all aldehydes. Among these aldehydes, (E)-cinnamaldehyde (7) showed the greatest inhibitory effect on seed germination, shoot and root growth of Chinese amaranth by 54.55%, 75.53%, and 85.13% respectively. Similarly, (E)-crotonaldehyde (5), a related α,β-unsaturated aldehyde, inhibited the germination and seedling growth of the tested species at a high percentage. Apart from these two unsaturated aldehydes, no other aliphatic aldehydes had a harmful effect on Chinese amaranth. In terms of benzaldehyde (6), it had no effect on the tested plant; however, many of its derivatives displayed some inhibitory activity. Furthermore, for the ten common heteroaromatic aldehydes, picolinaldehyde (32) had a high inhibitory effect on Chinese amaranth which closely related to the effect of (E)-crotonaldehyde (5) and (E)-cinnamaldehyde (7), whereas, other heteroaromatic aldehydes showed lower effects. In the case of a monocot plant, barnyardgrass, no tested aldehydes reduced seed germination, however, (E)-cinnamaldehyde (7), 2,4,6-trimethoxybenzaldehyde (16) and 4-(dimethylamino)benzaldehyde (24) could inhibit the seedling growth of the plant with low to moderate levels. The herbicidal effects of the most active aldehydes were then further investigated in order to find the minimum concentration of these aldehydes suppressing the germination and growth of the tested plants. At concentrations as low as 50-100 μM some aldehydes could inhibit the seedling growth of the tested species. The structure-activity relationship (SAR) study reported here demonstrates the chemical clues governing the inhibitory activity of aldehydes which could be utilized in the development of highly effective herbicides in the near future.
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