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Petrochenko AA, Orlova A, Frolova N, Serebryakov EB, Soboleva A, Flisyuk EV, Frolov A, Shikov AN. Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents for the Extraction of Triterpene Saponins from Aralia elata var. mandshurica (Rupr. & Maxim.) J. Wen. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28083614. [PMID: 37110849 PMCID: PMC10140851 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28083614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The roots of the medicinal plant Aralia elata are rich in biologically active natural products, with triterpene saponins constituting one of their major groups. These metabolites can be efficiently extracted by methanol and ethanol. Due to their low toxicity, natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) were recently proposed as promising alternative extractants for the isolation of natural products from medicinal plants. However, although NADES-based extraction protocols are becoming common in routine phytochemical work, their application in the isolation of triterpene saponins has not yet been addressed. Therefore, here, we address the potential of NADES in the extraction of triterpene saponins from the roots of A. elata. For this purpose, the previously reported recoveries of Araliacea triterpene saponins in extraction experiments with seven different acid-based NADES were addressed by a targeted LC-MS-based quantitative approach for, to the best of our knowledge, the first time. Thereby, 20 triterpene saponins were annotated by their exact mass and characteristic fragmentation patterns in the total root material, root bark and root core of A. elata by RP-UHPLC-ESI-QqTOF-MS, with 9 of them being identified in the roots of this plant for the first time. Triterpene saponins were successfully extracted from all tested NADES, with the highest efficiency (both in terms of the numbers and recoveries of individual analytes) achieved using a 1:1 mixture of choline chloride and malic acid, as well as a 1:3 mixture of choline chloride and lactic acid. Thereby, for 13 metabolites, NADES were more efficient extractants in comparison with water and ethanol. Our results indicate that new, efficient NADES-based extraction protocols, giving access to high recoveries of triterpene saponins, might be efficiently employed in laboratory practice. Thus, our data open the prospect of replacing alcohols with NADES in the extraction of A. elata roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyona A Petrochenko
- Department of Technology of Pharmaceutical Formulations, St. Petersburg State Chemical Pharmaceutical University, 197376 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anastasia Orlova
- Laboratory of Analytical Biochemistry and Biotechnology, K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology RAS, 127276 Moscow, Russia
| | - Nadezhda Frolova
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Evgeny B Serebryakov
- Chemical Analysis and Materials Research Centre, St. Petersburg State University, 198504 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alena Soboleva
- Laboratory of Analytical Biochemistry and Biotechnology, K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology RAS, 127276 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena V Flisyuk
- Department of Technology of Pharmaceutical Formulations, St. Petersburg State Chemical Pharmaceutical University, 197376 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Andrej Frolov
- Laboratory of Analytical Biochemistry and Biotechnology, K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology RAS, 127276 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander N Shikov
- Department of Technology of Pharmaceutical Formulations, St. Petersburg State Chemical Pharmaceutical University, 197376 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
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Shahane K, Kshirsagar M, Tambe S, Jain D, Rout S, Ferreira MKM, Mali S, Amin P, Srivastav PP, Cruz J, Lima RR. An Updated Review on the Multifaceted Therapeutic Potential of Calendula officinalis L. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16040611. [PMID: 37111369 PMCID: PMC10142266 DOI: 10.3390/ph16040611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Calendula officinalis Linn. (CO) is a popular medicinal plant from the plant kingdom's Asteraceae family that has been used for millennia. This plant contains flavonoids, triterpenoids, glycosides, saponins, carotenoids, volatile oil, amino acids, steroids, sterols, and quinines. These chemical constituents confer multifaceted biological effects such as anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, antihelminthic, antidiabetes, wound healing, hepatoprotective, and antioxidant activities. Additionally, it is employed in cases of certain burns and gastrointestinal, gynecological, ocular, and skin conditions. In this review, we have discussed recent research from the last five years on the therapeutic applications of CO and emphasized its myriad capabilities as a traditional medicine. We have also elucidated CO's molecular mechanisms and recent clinical studies. Overall, this review intends to summarize, fill in the gaps in the existing research, and provide a wealth of possibilities for researchers working to validate traditional claims and advance the safe and effective use of CO in treating various ailments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Shahane
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai 400019, India
| | - Madhuri Kshirsagar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai 400019, India
| | - Srushti Tambe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai 400019, India
| | - Divya Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai 400019, India
| | - Srutee Rout
- Department of Agricultural and Food Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Maria Karolina Martins Ferreira
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Suraj Mali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra 835215, India
| | - Purnima Amin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai 400019, India
| | - Prem Prakash Srivastav
- Department of Agricultural and Food Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Jorddy Cruz
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Rafael Rodrigues Lima
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil
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Polyacrylamide Hydrogel Containing Calendula Extract as a Wound Healing Bandage: In Vivo Test. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043806. [PMID: 36835221 PMCID: PMC9968031 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrogel is a biomaterial widely used in several areas of industry due to its great biocompatibility and adaptability to biological tissues. In Brazil, the Calendula plant is approved by the Ministry of Health as a medicinal herb. It was chosen to be incorporated in the hydrogel formulation because of its anti-inflammatory, antiseptic and healing effects. This study synthesized polyacrylamide hydrogel containing calendula extract and evaluated its efficiency as a bandage for wound healing. The hydrogels were prepared using free radical polymerization and characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy, swelling analysis and mechanical properties by texturometer. The morphology of the matrices showed large pores and foliaceous structure. In vivo testing, as well as the evaluation of acute dermal toxicity, was conducted using male Wistar rats. The tests indicated efficient collagen fiber production, improved skin repair and no signs of dermal toxicity. Thus, the hydrogel presents compatible properties for the controlled release of calendula extract used as a bandage to promote cicatrization.
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Zaki AA, Kaddah MMY, Abulkhair HS, Ashour A. Unravelling the antifungal and antiprotozoal activities and LC-MS/MS quantification of steroidal saponins isolated from Panicum turgidum. RSC Adv 2022; 12:2980-2991. [PMID: 35425313 PMCID: PMC8979225 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra08532h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioassay-guided investigation of Panicum turgidum extract resulted in the identification of seven steroidal saponins (Turgidosterones 1–7). They were evaluated for their in vitro antifungal, antileishmanial, and antitrypanosomal activities. Turgidosterone 6 was the most active antifungal against Candida albicans and Candida neoformans (IC50 values of 2.84 and 1.08 μg mL−1, respectively). Turgidosterones 4–7 displayed antileishmanial activity against Leishmania donovani promastigotes with IC50 values ranging from 4.95 to 8.03 μg mL−1 and against Leishmania donovani amastigote/THP with IC50 values range of 4.50–9.29 μg mL−1. Activity against Trypanosoma brucei was also observed for Turgidosterones 4–7 with an IC50 values range of 1.26–3.77 μg mL−1. Turgidosterones 1–3 did not display any activity against the tested pathogens. The study of structure–activity relationships of the isolated saponins indicated that the antifungal, antileishmanial, and antitrypanosomal activities are markedly affected by the presence of spirostane-type saponins and the elongation of the sugar residue at C-3. To quantitatively determine the most abundant active ingredient in Panicum turgidum extract, a single run, sensitive, and highly selective liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method has been applied under positive and negative modes. The obtained results showed that compound 5 was the most abundant (95.93 ± 1.10 mg per gram of dry Panicum turgidum extract), followed by 6 (52.51 ± 1.05 mg gm−1), 4 (32.71 ± 0.48 mg gm−1), and 7 (13.19 ± 0.50 mg gm−1). Docking of these saponins against the Candida albicans oxidoreductases and Leishmania infantum trypanothione reductase active sites revealed their potential to effectively bind with a number of key residues in both receptor targets. Bioassay-guided investigation of Panicum turgidum extract resulted in the identification of seven steroidal saponins (Turgidosterones 1–7).![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A Zaki
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University Mansoura 35516 Egypt .,Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University-Egypt International Coastal Road New Damietta 34518 Egypt
| | - Mohamed M Y Kaddah
- Pharmaceutical and Fermentation Industries Development Center, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications New Borg El-Arab 21934 Alexandria Egypt
| | - Hamada S Abulkhair
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University Nasr City 11884 Cairo Egypt .,Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University-Egypt International Coastal Road New Damietta 34518 Egypt
| | - Ahmed Ashour
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University Mansoura 35516 Egypt .,Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University-Egypt International Coastal Road New Damietta 34518 Egypt
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Samra RM, Maatooq GT, Zaki AA. A new antiprotozoal compound from Calendula officinalis. Nat Prod Res 2022; 36:5747-5752. [PMID: 35007183 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2021.2023868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
A new phytoconstituent; (6Z,9Z)-heptadeca-6,9-diene-5,11-dione (1) was isolated from Calendula officinalis methanol extract. The structure of 1 was determined based on the analysis of NMR spectra and HRESIMS. It was tested for antimicrobial and antiprotozoal activities. Compound 1 showed leishmanicidal activity against L. donovani amastigote with an IC50 of 16.4394 µM and IC90 of 28.9015 µM and a weak antitrypanosomal activity with an IC50 of 37.6136 µM. The cytotoxicity of 1 was evaluated using standard experimental procedures against THP1 cells and no cytotoxicity was observed indicating its selectivity and safety.Supplemental data for this article can be accessed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reham M Samra
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Galal T Maatooq
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.,Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq
| | - Ahmed A Zaki
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.,Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University-Egypt, New Damietta, Egypt
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Zaki AA, Ashour A, Elhady SS, Darwish KM, Al-Karmalawy AA. Calendulaglycoside A showing potential activity against SARS-CoV-2 main protease: Molecular docking, molecular dynamics, and SAR studies. J Tradit Complement Med 2022; 12:16-34. [PMID: 34026584 PMCID: PMC8126476 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2021.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM The discovery of drugs capable of inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 is a priority for human beings due to the severity of the global health pandemic caused by COVID-19. To this end, natural products can provide therapeutic alternatives that could be employed as an effective safe treatment for COVID-19. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE Twelve compounds were isolated from the aerial parts of C. officinalis L. and investigated for their inhibitory activities against SARS-CoV-2 Mpro compared to its co-crystallized N3 inhibitor using molecular docking studies. Furthermore, a 100 ns MD simulation was performed for the most active two promising compounds, Calendulaglycoside A (SAP5) and Osteosaponin-I (SAP8). RESULTS AND CONCLUSION At first, molecular docking studies showed interesting binding scores as compared to the N3 inhibitor. Calendulaglycoside A (SAP5) achieved a superior binding than the co-crystallized inhibitor indicating promising affinity and intrinsic activity towards the Mpro of SARS-CoV-2 as well. Moreover, findings illustrated preferential stability for SAP5 within the Mpro pocket over that of N3 beyond the 40 ns MD simulation course. Structural preferentiality for triterpene-Mpro binding highlights the significant role of 17β-glucosyl and carboxylic 3α-galactosyl I moieties through high electrostatic interactions across the MD simulation trajectories. Furthermore, this study clarified a promising SAR responsible for the antiviral activity against the SARS-CoV-2 Mpro and the design of new drug candidates targeting it as well. The above findings could be promising for fast examining the previously isolated triterpenes both pre-clinically and clinically for the treatment of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A. Zaki
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University-Egypt, New Damietta, 34518, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Ashour
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University-Egypt, New Damietta, 34518, Egypt
| | - Sameh S. Elhady
- Department of Natural Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khaled M. Darwish
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A. Al-Karmalawy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University-Egypt, New Damietta, 34518, Egypt
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Han F, Liang J, Yang BY, Kuang HX, Xia YG. Identification and comparison of triterpene saponins in Aralia elata leaves and buds by the energy-resolved MS All technique on a liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 203:114176. [PMID: 34098508 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we identify the triterpene saponins (TSs) extracted from the leaves and buds of Aralia elata (Miq.) Seems using ultra-performance liquid chromatography and positive ionization electrospray quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI+-QTOF). The energy-resolved MSAll (erMSall) technique is applied in order to simultaneously collect the diverse precursors attributed to [M+H]+, [M + NH4]+ and [M + Na]+ ions. A practical and effective erMSall workflow is established to rapidly identify and compare the saponins in the analyzed samples. In total, 111 TSs of structure are estimated, including 44 new compounds that had not been identified previously in A. elata. Of the five aglycones detected in the samples, a sapogenin 3β, 16α, 23-trihydroxyoleana-11,13-dien-28-oic acid (A5) that is identified for the first time in A. elata leaves. Compared to the buds, the leaves number twice as many hederagenin-type (A2) compounds. Although the number of other aglycones does not vary significantly between the buds and the leaves, A5 compounds are exclusively detected in the latter. Moreover, the C-3 sugar chains of TSs in A. elata leaves are mainly neutral (e.g., Hex+Hex, Hex+Hex+Hex and Hex+Hex+Hex+Hex), whereas those of bud TS compounds are primarily acidic (e.g., Pen+HexA, Hex+HexA and Hex+Pen+HexA). Some of the identified TS compounds, e.g., 27, 28, 32, 46, 54, 57, 71 and 105 can be used as indices to evaluate the quality of the plant leaves and buds. Overall, this study is of great significance for the comparative study of triterpenoid saponins in the leaves and buds of Aralia elata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Han
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica (Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, 24 Heping Road, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Jun Liang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica (Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, 24 Heping Road, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Bing-You Yang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica (Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, 24 Heping Road, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Hai-Xue Kuang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica (Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, 24 Heping Road, Harbin, 150040, China.
| | - Yong-Gang Xia
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica (Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, 24 Heping Road, Harbin, 150040, China.
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