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Takahashi JA, de Queiroz LL, Vidal DM. A Close View of the Production of Bioactive Fungal Metabolites Mediated by Chromatin Modifiers. Molecules 2024; 29:3536. [PMID: 39124942 PMCID: PMC11314158 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29153536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2024] [Revised: 07/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Secondary metabolites produced by fungi are well known for their biological properties, which play important roles in medicine. These metabolites aid in managing infections and treating chronic illnesses, thereby contributing substantially to human health improvement. Despite this extensive knowledge, the vast biodiversity and biosynthetic potential of fungi is still largely unexplored, highlighting the need for further research in natural products. In this review, several secondary metabolites of fungal origin are described, emphasizing novel structures and skeletons. The detection and characterization of these metabolites have been significantly facilitated by advancements in analytical systems, particularly modern hyphenated liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. These improvements have primarily enhanced sensitivity, resolution, and analysis flow velocity. Since the in vitro production of novel metabolites is often lower than the re-isolation of known metabolites, understanding chromatin-based alterations in fungal gene expression can elucidate potential pathways for discovering new metabolites. Several protocols for inducing metabolite production from different strains are discussed, demonstrating the need for uniformity in experimental procedures to achieve consistent biosynthetic activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Aparecida Takahashi
- Departamento de Química, ICEx, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (L.L.d.Q.); (D.M.V.)
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2
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Evidente A. Advances on anticancer fungal metabolites: sources, chemical and biological activities in the last decade (2012-2023). NATURAL PRODUCTS AND BIOPROSPECTING 2024; 14:31. [PMID: 38743184 PMCID: PMC11093966 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-024-00452-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Among microorganisms, fungi are the ones that have the most imagination in producing secondary metabolites with the most varied structural differences, which are produced through different biosynthetic pathways. Therefore, they synthesize secondary metabolites classifiable into numerous families of natural compounds such as amino acids, alkaloids, anthraquinones, aromatic compounds, cyclohexene epoxides, furanones, macrolides, naphthoquinones, polyketides, pyrones, terpenes, etc. They also produced metabolites with very complex structures that can not be classified in the known families of natural compounds. Many fungal metabolites show different biological activities with potential applications in agriculture, food chemistry, cosmetics, pharmacology and medicine. This review is focused on the fungal secondary metabolites with anticancer activity isolated in the last ten years. For some metabolites, when described, their biosynthetic origin, the mode of action and the results of structure activity relationships studies are also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Evidente
- Institute Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 70125, Pozzuoli, NA, Italy.
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3
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Song YP, Ji NY. Chemistry and biology of marine-derived Trichoderma metabolites. NATURAL PRODUCTS AND BIOPROSPECTING 2024; 14:14. [PMID: 38302800 PMCID: PMC10834931 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-024-00433-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Marine-derived fungi of the genus Trichoderma have been surveyed for pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals since 1993, with various new secondary metabolites being characterized from the strains of marine animal, plant, sediment, and water origin. Chemical structures and biological activities of these metabolites are comprehensively reviewed herein up to the end of 2022 (covering 30 years). More than 70 strains that belong to at least 18 known Trichoderma species have been chemically investigated during this period. As a result, 445 new metabolites, including terpenes, steroids, polyketides, peptides, alkaloids, and others, have been identified, with over a half possessing antimicroalgal, zooplankton-toxic, antibacterial, antifungal, cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, and other activities. The research is highlighted by the molecular diversity and antimicroalgal potency of terpenes and steroids. In addition, metabolic relevance along with co-culture induction in the production of new compounds is also concluded. Trichoderma strains of marine origin can transform and degrade heterogeneous molecules, but these functions need further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Ping Song
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, People's Republic of China
| | - Nai-Yun Ji
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, People's Republic of China.
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4
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Shi ZZ, Yin XL, Song YP, Ji NY. A New Harziane Diterpene, Harziaketal A, and a New Sterol, Trichosterol A, from the Marine-Alga-Epiphytic Trichoderma sp. Z43. Chem Biodivers 2023; 20:e202301099. [PMID: 37679301 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202301099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
One new diterpene, harziaketal A (1), and one new highly degraded sterol, trichosterol A (2), along with three known compounds, including one diterpene, harzianone (3), and two steroids, (22E,24R)-5α,6α-epoxy-ergosta-8(14),22-dien-3β,7α-diol (4) and isoergokonin B (5), were isolated from the culture of the marine-alga-epiphytic fungus Trichoderma sp. Z43 by silica gel column chromatography (CC), Sephadex LH-20 CC, and preparative thin-layer chromatography (TLC). Their structures and relative configurations were assigned by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and high resolution electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (HR-ESI-MS) data, and the absolute configuration of 1 was established by X-ray diffraction. Compound 1 features a hemiketal unit situated at the four-membered ring of harziane-type diterpenes for the first time, while 2 represents the rare occurrence of sterols with rings A and B being degraded. Compounds 1 and 2 displayed weak inhibition against the tested phytoplankton (Amphidinium carterae, Heterocapsa circularisquama, Heterosigma akashiwo, and Prorocentrum donghaiense) with half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50 ) ranging from 14 to 53 μg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Zhen Shi
- Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 264003, Yantai, P. R. China
| | - Xiu-Li Yin
- Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 264003, Yantai, P. R. China
| | - Yin-Ping Song
- Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 264003, Yantai, P. R. China
| | - Nai-Yun Ji
- Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 264003, Yantai, P. R. China
- Shandong Saline-Alkaline Land Modern Agriculture Company, 257345, Dongying, P. R. China
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5
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Guo Q, Shi L, Wang X, Li D, Yin Z, Zhang J, Ding G, Chen L. Structures and Biological Activities of Secondary Metabolites from the Trichoderma genus (Covering 2018-2022). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:13612-13632. [PMID: 37684097 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c04540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Trichoderma, a genus with more than 400 species, has a long history of use as an industrial bioreactor, biofertilizer, and biocontrol agent. It is considered a significant source of secondary metabolites (SMs) that possess unique structural features and a wide range of bioactivities. In recent years, numerous secondary metabolites of Trichoderma, including terpenoids, polyketides, peptides, alkaloids, and steroids, have been identified. Most of these SMs displayed antimicrobial, cytotoxic, and antifungal effects. This review focuses on the structural diversity, biological activities, and structure-activity relationships (SARs) of the SMs isolated from Trichoderma covered from 2018 to 2022. This study provides insights into the exploration and utilization of bioactive compounds from Trichoderma species in the agriculture or pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingfeng Guo
- Henan Comprehensive Utilization of Edible and Medicinal Plant Resources Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology of Natural Products, Huanghe Science and Technology College, Zhengzhou 450063, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Shi
- Henan Comprehensive Utilization of Edible and Medicinal Plant Resources Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology of Natural Products, Huanghe Science and Technology College, Zhengzhou 450063, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyang Wang
- Henan Comprehensive Utilization of Edible and Medicinal Plant Resources Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology of Natural Products, Huanghe Science and Technology College, Zhengzhou 450063, People's Republic of China
- Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, People's Republic of China
| | - Dandan Li
- Henan Comprehensive Utilization of Edible and Medicinal Plant Resources Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology of Natural Products, Huanghe Science and Technology College, Zhengzhou 450063, People's Republic of China
- Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenhua Yin
- Henan Comprehensive Utilization of Edible and Medicinal Plant Resources Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology of Natural Products, Huanghe Science and Technology College, Zhengzhou 450063, People's Republic of China
| | - Juanjuan Zhang
- Henan Comprehensive Utilization of Edible and Medicinal Plant Resources Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology of Natural Products, Huanghe Science and Technology College, Zhengzhou 450063, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Ding
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Chen
- Henan Comprehensive Utilization of Edible and Medicinal Plant Resources Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology of Natural Products, Huanghe Science and Technology College, Zhengzhou 450063, People's Republic of China
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Abstract
Covering: January to December 2021This review covers the literature published in 2021 for marine natural products (MNPs), with 736 citations (724 for the period January to December 2021) referring to compounds isolated from marine microorganisms and phytoplankton, green, brown and red algae, sponges, cnidarians, bryozoans, molluscs, tunicates, echinoderms, mangroves and other intertidal plants and microorganisms. The emphasis is on new compounds (1425 in 416 papers for 2021), together with the relevant biological activities, source organisms and country of origin. Pertinent reviews, biosynthetic studies, first syntheses, and syntheses that led to the revision of structures or stereochemistries, have been included. An analysis of the number of authors, their affiliations, domestic and international collection locations, focus of MNP studies, citation metrics and journal choices is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony R Carroll
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia. .,Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Brent R Copp
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Rohan A Davis
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia.,School of Enivironment and Science, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Robert A Keyzers
- Centre for Biodiscovery, and School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
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7
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Abstract
A new highly transformed sorbicillinoid derivative, trichoreesin A (1), and four known monomeric sorbicillinoids, sorbicillin (2), 2',3'-dihydrosorbicillin (3), 3-demethylsorbicillin (4), and sohirnone A (5), were discovered from Trichoderma reesei Z56-8, an epiphyte from the marine brown alga Sargassum sp. The structure and relative configuration of 1 were determined by interpretation of UV, IR, NMR, and MS signals, and its absolute configuration was assigned by analysis of ECD data aided by quantum chemical calculations. This is the first survey of metabolites from marine algicolous T. reesei. Compound 1 represents the first bicyclic vertinolide derivative, and it possesses inhibition of several marine phytoplankton species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yue Ma
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, People's Republic of China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen-Zhen Shi
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, People's Republic of China
| | - Nai-Yun Ji
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, People's Republic of China
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8
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Yin XL, Song YP, Liu XH, Ji NY. Cyclopentenone and wickerol derivatives from the marine algicolous fungus Trichoderma atroviride A-YMD-9-4. Nat Prod Res 2023; 37:277-282. [PMID: 34498954 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2021.1969568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
A new cyclopentenone derivative, 4-hydroxyhypocrenone A, and a new naturally-occurring wickerol derivative, 8-acetoxywickerol A, as well as two known compounds, hypocrenone A and wickerol B, were purified from Trichoderma atroviride A-YMD-9-4, an endophytic fungus isolated from the marine red alga Gracilaria verrucosa. The structures and relative configurations of two new isolates were established by a combination of 1 D/2D NMR, IR, and mass spectroscopic methods, and the absolute configuration of 1 was assigned on the basis of ECD data analyzed by quantum chemical calculations. Compounds 1 and 2 exhibited weak inhibition of one or two marine phytoplankton species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Li Yin
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yin-Ping Song
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang-Hong Liu
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, People's Republic of China
| | - Nai-Yun Ji
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, People's Republic of China
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Wong Chin JM, Puchooa D, Bahorun T, Neergheen VS, Aullybux AA, Beedessee G, Nazurally N, Alrefaei AF, Jeewon R. Metabarcoding assessment of fungal diversity in brown algae and sponges of Mauritius. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1003790. [PMID: 36386692 PMCID: PMC9649896 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1003790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Marine fungi are largely associated with second most inhabitants of the marine ecosystem such as sponges and algae. They are important colonizers and play vital ecological roles, such as nutrient cycling, organic matter decomposition, and symbiosis with other organisms. High throughput sequencing methods have been used successfully to reveal unknown fungal communities associated with a number of hosts particularly in the marine environment. However, the diversity of marine fungi associated with sponges and brown algae in Mauritius remains largely unknown. Traditional methods based on culturing do not provide reliable estimate of fungal diversity as only those that are able to grow under laboratory conditions are dominant; in addition, a large proportion of fungi, cultured in vitro remain most of the time unidentifiable, given that there are no sporulating structures to be examined morphologically. To overcome these limitations, we employed Illumina sequencing to unravel fungi species present in the sponges, Iotrochota sp. and Biemna sp. and the brown algae Turbinaria conoides, Sargassum pfeifferae, and Sargassum obovatum, collected from the north of Mauritius. Diversity analyses revealed that Biemna sp. had the highest diversity from the sampled sponges with fungi from 24 orders being recovered while from brown algae; Turbinaria conoides had the highest diversity with recovery of fungal taxa of the orders Botryosphaeriales, Chaetothyriales, Eurotiales, Hypocreales, and Mucorales with the latter four orders being common in both sampled algae and sponges. Beta diversity analyses revealed clustering only in the algae, Turbinaria conoides, and Sargassum pfeifferae and not in the co-occurring sponges, indicating that sampling location did not have much influence on fungal diversity. Our findings provide the first amplicon sequencing based insights of the fungal communities associated with macro-algae and sponges in Mauritius and supplements research on the fungal community existing in the oceans around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Mélanie Wong Chin
- Department of Agricultural and Food Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Mauritius, Réduit, Mauritius
- Biopharmaceutical Unit, Center for Biomedical and Biomaterials Research (CBBR), University of Mauritius, Réduit, Mauritius
| | - Daneshwar Puchooa
- Department of Agricultural and Food Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Mauritius, Réduit, Mauritius
| | - Theeshan Bahorun
- Biopharmaceutical Unit, Center for Biomedical and Biomaterials Research (CBBR), University of Mauritius, Réduit, Mauritius
- Department of Biosciences and Ocean Studies, Faculty of Science, University of Mauritius, Réduit, Mauritius
| | - Vidushi S. Neergheen
- Biopharmaceutical Unit, Center for Biomedical and Biomaterials Research (CBBR), University of Mauritius, Réduit, Mauritius
| | - Aadil Ahmad Aullybux
- Department of Agricultural and Food Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Mauritius, Réduit, Mauritius
| | - Girish Beedessee
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nadeem Nazurally
- Department of Agricultural and Food Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Mauritius, Réduit, Mauritius
| | | | - Rajesh Jeewon
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Mauritius, Réduit, Mauritius
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Bai B, Liu C, Zhang C, He X, Wang H, Peng W, Zheng C. Trichoderma species from plant and soil: An excellent resource for biosynthesis of terpenoids with versatile bioactivities. J Adv Res 2022:S2090-1232(22)00212-0. [PMID: 36195283 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2022.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trichoderma species are rich source of bioactive secondary metabolites. In the past decades, a series of secondary metabolites were reported from different Trichoderma fungi, among which terpenoids possessing versatile structural diversities and extensive pharmacological activities are one of the particularly important categories. AIM OF REVIEW The review aims to summarize the terpenoids isolated from Trichoderma species regarding their structural diversities, biological activities, and promising biosynthetic potentials. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW So far, a total of 253 terpenoids, including 202 sesquiterpenes, 48 diterpenes, 2 monoterpenes and 1 meroterpenoid, were isolated and identified from Trichoderma species between 1948 and 2022. Pharmacological investigations of Trichoderma terpenoids mainly focused on their antibacterial activities, antifungal activities, inhibitory activities on marine plankton species and cytotoxic activities, indicating that Trichoderma species are important microbial agents for drug discovery and environmentally friendly agrochemicals development. Intriguing chemistry and enzymology involved in the biosynthesis of Trichoderma terpenoids were also presented to facilitate further precise genome mining-guided novel structure discovery. Taken together, the abundance of novel skeletons, bioactivities and biosynthetic potentials presents new opportunities for drug and agrochemicals discovery, genome mining and enzymology exploration from Trichoderma species. The work will provide references for the profound study of terpenoids derived from Trichoderma, and facilitate further studies on Trichoderma species in the areas of chemistry, medicine, agriculture and microbiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingke Bai
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Chang Liu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Chengzhong Zhang
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Xuhui He
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Hongrui Wang
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Wei Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, PR China.
| | - Chengjian Zheng
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, PR China.
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Hao MJ, Chen PN, Li HJ, Wu F, Zhang GY, Shao ZZ, Liu XP, Ma WZ, Xu J, Mahmud T, Lan WJ. β-Carboline Alkaloids From the Deep-Sea Fungus Trichoderma sp. MCCC 3A01244 as a New Type of Anti-pulmonary Fibrosis Agent That Inhibits TGF-β/Smad Signaling Pathway. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:947226. [PMID: 35966687 PMCID: PMC9366743 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.947226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis is a scarring disease of lung tissue, which seriously threatens human health. Treatment options are currently limited, and effective strategies are still lacking. In the present study, 25 compounds were isolated from the deep-sea fungus Trichoderma sp. MCCC 3A01244. Among them, two β-carboline alkaloids, trichocarbolines A (1) and C (4) are new compounds. The chemical structures of these compounds were elucidated based on their HRESIMS, 1D and 2D NMR spectra, optical rotation calculation, and comparisons with data reported in the literature. Trichocarboline B [(+)- and (–)-enantiomers] had previously been synthesized, and this is its first report as a natural product. Their anti-pulmonary fibrosis (PF) activity and cytotoxicity were investigated. Compounds 1, 11, and 13 strongly inhibited TGF-β1-induced total collagen accumulation and showed low cytotoxicity against the HFL1 cell line. Further studies revealed compound 1 inhibited extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition by downregulating the expression of protein fibronectin (FN), proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA). Mechanistic study revealed that compound 1 decreased pulmonary fibrosis by inhibiting the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway. As a newly identified β-carboline alkaloid, compound 1 may be used as a lead compound for developing more efficient anti-pulmonary fibrosis agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Jiao Hao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pei-Nan Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hou-Jin Li
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feng Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guang-Yu Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zong-Ze Shao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, China
| | - Xiu-Pian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, China
| | - Wen-Zhe Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Jun Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Taifo Mahmud
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Wen-Jian Lan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Wen-Jian Lan,
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12
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Zhang FL, Feng T. Diterpenes Specially Produced by Fungi: Structures, Biological Activities, and Biosynthesis (2010–2020). J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8030244. [PMID: 35330246 PMCID: PMC8951520 DOI: 10.3390/jof8030244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi have traditionally been a very rewarding source of biologically active natural products, while diterpenoids from fungi, such as the cyathane-type diterpenoids from Cyathus and Hericium sp., the fusicoccane-type diterpenoids from Fusicoccum and Alternaria sp., the guanacastane-type diterpenoids from Coprinus and Cercospora sp., and the harziene-type diterpenoids from Trichoderma sp., often represent unique carbon skeletons as well as diverse biological functions. The abundances of novel skeletons, biological activities, and biosynthetic pathways present new opportunities for drug discovery, genome mining, and enzymology. In addition, diterpenoids peculiar to fungi also reveal the possibility of differing biological evolution, although they have similar biosynthetic pathways. In this review, we provide an overview about the structures, biological activities, evolution, organic synthesis, and biosynthesis of diterpenoids that have been specially produced by fungi from 2010 to 2020. We hope this review provides timely illumination and beneficial guidance for future research works of scholars who are interested in this area.
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13
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Safwan S, Wang SW, Hsiao G, Hsiao SW, Hsu SJ, Lee TH, Lee CK. New Trichothecenes Isolated from the Marine Algicolous Fungus Trichoderma brevicompactum. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20020080. [PMID: 35200610 PMCID: PMC8875558 DOI: 10.3390/md20020080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Eight trichothecenes, including four new compounds 1–4 and four known entities 5–8, together with one known cyclonerane (9) were isolated from the solid-state fermentation of Trichoderma brevicompactum NTU439 isolated from the marine alga Mastophora rosea. The structures of 1–9 were determined by 1D/2D NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance), MS (mass spectrometry), and IR (infrared spectroscopy) spectroscopic data. All of the compounds were evaluated for cytotoxic activity against HCT-116, PC-3, and SK-Hep-1 cancer cells by the SRB assay, and compound 8 showed promising cytotoxic activity against all three cancer cell lines with the IC50 values of 3.3 ± 0.3, 5.3 ± 0.3, and 1.8 ± 0.8 μM, respectively. Compounds 1–2, 4–6, and 7–8 potently inhibited LPS-induced NO production, and compounds 5 and 8 showed markedly inhibited gelatinolysis of MMP-9 in S1 protein-stimulated THP-1 monocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safwan Safwan
- Ph.D. Program in Clinical Drug Development of Herbal Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan;
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Science, University of Muhammadiyah Mataram, Mataram 83127, Indonesia
| | - Shih-Wei Wang
- Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City 25245, Taiwan;
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - George Hsiao
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan;
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Sui-Wen Hsiao
- Ph.D. Program in Drug Discovery and Development Industry, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan;
| | - Su-Jung Hsu
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan;
| | - Tzong-Huei Lee
- Institute of Fisheries Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (T.-H.L.); (C.-K.L.); Tel.: +886-2-33661828 (T.-H.L.); +886-2-27361661 (C.-K.L.)
| | - Ching-Kuo Lee
- Ph.D. Program in Clinical Drug Development of Herbal Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan;
- Ph.D. Program in Drug Discovery and Development Industry, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan;
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan;
- Correspondence: (T.-H.L.); (C.-K.L.); Tel.: +886-2-33661828 (T.-H.L.); +886-2-27361661 (C.-K.L.)
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14
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Li H, Liu X, Li X, Hu Z, Wang L. Novel Harziane Diterpenes from Deep-Sea Sediment Fungus Trichoderma sp. SCSIOW21 and Their Potential Anti-Inflammatory Effects. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19120689. [PMID: 34940688 PMCID: PMC8705903 DOI: 10.3390/md19120689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Five undescribed harziane-type diterpene derivatives, namely harzianol K (1), harzianol L (4), harzianol M (5), harzianol N (6), harzianol O (7), along with two known compounds, hazianol J (2) and harzianol A (3) were isolated from the deep-sea sediment-derived fungus Trichoderma sp. SCSIOW21. The relative configurations were determined by meticulous spectroscopic methods including 1D, 2D NMR spectroscopy, and HR-ESI-MS. The absolute configurations were established by the ECD curve calculations and the X-ray crystallographic analysis. These compounds (1, and 4–7) contributed to increasing the diversity of the caged harziane type diterpenes with highly congested skeleton characteristics. Harzianol J (2) exhibited a weak anti-inflammatory effect with 81.8% NO inhibition at 100 µM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxu Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Eco-Environmental Science, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (H.L.); (X.L.); (Z.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Xinyi Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Eco-Environmental Science, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (H.L.); (X.L.); (Z.H.)
| | - Xiaofan Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Eco-Environmental Science, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (H.L.); (X.L.); (Z.H.)
- Correspondence: (X.L.); (L.W.); Tel.: +86-755-2601-2653 (L.W.)
| | - Zhangli Hu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Eco-Environmental Science, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (H.L.); (X.L.); (Z.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Liyan Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Eco-Environmental Science, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (H.L.); (X.L.); (Z.H.)
- Correspondence: (X.L.); (L.W.); Tel.: +86-755-2601-2653 (L.W.)
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15
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Zhang JL, Tang WL, Huang QR, Li YZ, Wei ML, Jiang LL, Liu C, Yu X, Zhu HW, Chen GZ, Zhang XX. Trichoderma: A Treasure House of Structurally Diverse Secondary Metabolites With Medicinal Importance. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:723828. [PMID: 34367122 PMCID: PMC8342961 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.723828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi play an irreplaceable role in drug discovery in the course of human history, as they possess unique abilities to synthesize diverse specialized metabolites with significant medicinal potential. Trichoderma are well-studied filamentous fungi generally observed in nature, which are widely marketed as biocontrol agents. The secondary metabolites produced by Trichoderma have gained extensive attention since they possess attractive chemical structures with remarkable biological activities. A large number of metabolites have been isolated from Trichoderma species in recent years. A previous review by Reino et al. summarized 186 compounds isolated from Trichoderma as well as their biological activities up to 2008. To update the relevant list of reviews of secondary metabolites produced from Trichoderma sp., we provide a comprehensive overview in regard to the newly described metabolites of Trichoderma from the beginning of 2009 to the end of 2020, with emphasis on their chemistry and various bioactivities. A total of 203 compounds with considerable bioactivities are included in this review, which is worth expecting for the discovery of new drug leads and agrochemicals in the foreseeable future. Moreover, new strategies for discovering secondary metabolites of Trichoderma in recent years are also discussed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Long Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality Safty Monitoring and Risk Assessment for Animal Products, Jinan, China
- Shandong Aquaculture Environmental Control Engineering Laboratory, Yantai, China
| | - Wen-Li Tang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality Safty Monitoring and Risk Assessment for Animal Products, Jinan, China
| | - Qing-Rong Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai, China
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenetic Microbiology and Immunology, Yantai, China
| | - You-Zhi Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality Safty Monitoring and Risk Assessment for Animal Products, Jinan, China
| | - Mao-Lian Wei
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality Safty Monitoring and Risk Assessment for Animal Products, Jinan, China
| | - Lin-Lin Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality Safty Monitoring and Risk Assessment for Animal Products, Jinan, China
- Shandong Aquaculture Environmental Control Engineering Laboratory, Yantai, China
- Yantai Research Institute for Replacing Old Growth Drivers with New Ones, Yantai, China
| | - Chong Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Xin Yu
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality Safty Monitoring and Risk Assessment for Animal Products, Jinan, China
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenetic Microbiology and Immunology, Yantai, China
| | - Hong-Wei Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality Safty Monitoring and Risk Assessment for Animal Products, Jinan, China
- Shandong Aquaculture Environmental Control Engineering Laboratory, Yantai, China
- Yantai Research Institute for Replacing Old Growth Drivers with New Ones, Yantai, China
| | - Guo-Zhong Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai, China
- Shandong Aquaculture Environmental Control Engineering Laboratory, Yantai, China
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenetic Microbiology and Immunology, Yantai, China
| | - Xing-Xiao Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai, China
- Shandong Aquaculture Environmental Control Engineering Laboratory, Yantai, China
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenetic Microbiology and Immunology, Yantai, China
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16
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In Vitro and In Vivo Antifungal Activity of Sorbicillinoids Produced by Trichoderma longibrachiatum. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7060428. [PMID: 34071658 PMCID: PMC8229967 DOI: 10.3390/jof7060428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the search for antifungal agents from marine resources, we recently found that the culture filtrate of Trichoderma longibrachiatum SFC100166 effectively suppressed the development of tomato gray mold, rice blast, and tomato late blight. The culture filtrate was then successively extracted with ethyl acetate and n-butanol to identify the fungicidal metabolites. Consequently, a new compound, spirosorbicillinol D (1), and a new natural compound, 2',3'-dihydro-epoxysorbicillinol (2), together with 11 known compounds (3-13), were obtained from the solvent extracts. The chemical structures were determined by spectroscopic analyses and comparison with literature values. The results of the in vitro antifungal assay showed that of the tested fungal pathogens, Phytophthora infestans was the fungus most sensitive to the isolated compounds, with MIC values ranging from 6.3 to 400 µg/mL, except for trichotetronine (9) and trichodimerol (10). When tomato plants were treated with the representative compounds (4, 6, 7, and 11), bisvertinolone (6) strongly reduced the development of tomato late blight disease compared to the untreated control. Taken together, our results revealed that the culture filtrate of T. longibrachiatum SFC100166 and its metabolites could be useful sources for the development of new natural agents to control late blight caused by P. infestans.
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17
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Zou JX, Song YP, Zeng ZQ, Ji NY. Proharziane and Harziane Derivatives from the Marine Algicolous Fungus Trichoderma asperelloides RR-dl-6-11. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2021; 84:1414-1419. [PMID: 33755460 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.1c00188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
One new proharziane and three new harziane derivatives (1-4) together with six known ones (5-10) were isolated from the marine-alga-derived ascomycete Trichoderma asperelloides RR-dl-6-11. Their structures and relative configurations were determined via spectroscopic techniques, and the absolute configurations were ascertained by analysis of ECD curves. This is the first report on the secondary metabolites of T. asperelloides, and the new isolates (1-4), especially seco-harziane 4, greatly add to the structural diversity of harziane diterpenes as well as their precursors and catabolites. Compounds 1-5 inhibited four marine phytoplankton species, and the structure-activity relationship of harziane derivatives is analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Xue Zou
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Yin-Ping Song
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhao-Qing Zeng
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China
| | - Nai-Yun Ji
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, People's Republic of China
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18
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Role of symbiosis in the discovery of novel antibiotics. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2020; 73:490-503. [PMID: 32499556 DOI: 10.1038/s41429-020-0321-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance has been an ongoing challenge that has emerged almost immediately after the initial discovery of antibiotics and requires the development of innovative new antibiotics and antibiotic combinations that can effectively mitigate the development of resistance. More than 35,000 people die each year from antibiotic resistant infections in just the United States. This signifies the importance of identifying other alternatives to antibiotics for which resistance has developed. Virtually, all currently used antibiotics can trace their genesis to soil derived bacteria and fungi. The bacteria and fungi involved in symbiosis is an area that still remains widely unexplored for the discovery and development of new antibiotics. This brief review focuses on the challenges and opportunities in the application of symbiotic microbes and also provides an interesting platform that links natural product chemistry with evolutionary biology and ecology.
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19
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Jiang M, Wu Z, Guo H, Liu L, Chen S. A Review of Terpenes from Marine-Derived Fungi: 2015-2019. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:E321. [PMID: 32570903 PMCID: PMC7345631 DOI: 10.3390/md18060321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine-derived fungi are a significant source of pharmacologically active metabolites with interesting structural properties, especially terpenoids with biological and chemical diversity. In the past five years, there has been a tremendous increase in the rate of new terpenoids from marine-derived fungi being discovered. In this updated review, we examine the chemical structures and bioactive properties of new terpenes from marine-derived fungi, and the biodiversity of these fungi from 2015 to 2019. A total of 140 research papers describing 471 new terpenoids of six groups (monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, diterpenes, sesterterpenes, triterpenes, and meroterpenes) from 133 marine fungal strains belonging to 34 genera were included. Among them, sesquiterpenes, meroterpenes, and diterpenes comprise the largest proportions of terpenes, and the fungi genera of Penicillium, Aspergillus, and Trichoderma are the dominant producers of terpenoids. The majority of the marine-derived fungi are isolated from live marine matter: marine animals and aquatic plants (including mangrove plants and algae). Moreover, many terpenoids display various bioactivities, including cytotoxicity, antibacterial activity, lethal toxicity, anti-inflammatory activity, enzyme inhibitor activity, etc. In our opinion, the chemical diversity and biological activities of these novel terpenoids will provide medical and chemical researchers with a plenty variety of promising lead compounds for the development of marine drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghua Jiang
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (M.J.); (Z.W.); (H.G.); (L.L.)
- South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhenger Wu
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (M.J.); (Z.W.); (H.G.); (L.L.)
| | - Heng Guo
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (M.J.); (Z.W.); (H.G.); (L.L.)
| | - Lan Liu
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (M.J.); (Z.W.); (H.G.); (L.L.)
- South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Southern Laboratory of Ocean Science and Engineering (Guangdong, Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519000, China
| | - Senhua Chen
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (M.J.); (Z.W.); (H.G.); (L.L.)
- South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Southern Laboratory of Ocean Science and Engineering (Guangdong, Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519000, China
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20
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Sood M, Kapoor D, Kumar V, Sheteiwy MS, Ramakrishnan M, Landi M, Araniti F, Sharma A. Trichoderma: The "Secrets" of a Multitalented Biocontrol Agent. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9060762. [PMID: 32570799 PMCID: PMC7355703 DOI: 10.3390/plants9060762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The plant-Trichoderma-pathogen triangle is a complicated web of numerous processes. Trichoderma spp. are avirulent opportunistic plant symbionts. In addition to being successful plant symbiotic organisms, Trichoderma spp. also behave as a low cost, effective and ecofriendly biocontrol agent. They can set themselves up in various patho-systems, have minimal impact on the soil equilibrium and do not impair useful organisms that contribute to the control of pathogens. This symbiotic association in plants leads to the acquisition of plant resistance to pathogens, improves developmental processes and yields and promotes absorption of nutrient and fertilizer use efficiency. Among other biocontrol mechanisms, antibiosis, competition and mycoparasitism are among the main features through which microorganisms, including Thrichoderma, react to the presence of other competitive pathogenic organisms, thereby preventing or obstructing their development. Stimulation of every process involves the biosynthesis of targeted metabolites like plant growth regulators, enzymes, siderophores, antibiotics, etc. This review summarizes the biological control activity exerted by Trichoderma spp. and sheds light on the recent progress in pinpointing the ecological significance of Trichoderma at the biochemical and molecular level in the rhizosphere as well as the benefits of symbiosis to the plant host in terms of physiological and biochemical mechanisms. From an applicative point of view, the evidence provided herein strongly supports the possibility to use Trichoderma as a safe, ecofriendly and effective biocontrol agent for different crop species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Sood
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar-Delhi G.T. Road (NH-1), Phagwara, Punjab 144411, India; (M.S.); (D.K.)
| | - Dhriti Kapoor
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar-Delhi G.T. Road (NH-1), Phagwara, Punjab 144411, India; (M.S.); (D.K.)
| | - Vipul Kumar
- School of Agriculture, Lovely Professional University, Delhi-Jalandhar Highway, Phagwara, Punjab 144411, India;
| | - Mohamed S. Sheteiwy
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt;
| | - Muthusamy Ramakrishnan
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China;
| | - Marco Landi
- Department of Agriculture, University of Pisa, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
- CIRSEC, Centre for Climatic Change Impact, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.L.); (A.S.)
| | - Fabrizio Araniti
- Dipartimento AGRARIA, Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Località Feo di Vito, SNC I-89124 Reggio Calabria, Italy;
| | - Anket Sharma
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China;
- Correspondence: (M.L.); (A.S.)
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