1
|
Zailan AAD, Karunakaran T, Santhanam R, Suriaty Yaakop A, Mohan S, Abu Bakar MH, Jong Yi Mian V. Phytochemicals from the Stem Bark of Calophyllum havilandii P. F. Stevens and their Biological Activities. Chem Biodivers 2024; 21:e202301936. [PMID: 38268343 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202301936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
The genus Calophyllum from the family Calophyllaceae has been extensively investigated in the past due to its rich source of bioactive phenolics such as coumarins, chromanones, and xanthones. In this study, phytochemical investigation on the stem bark of Calophyllum havilandii has afforded a new 4-propyldihydrocoumarin derivative, havilarin (1) together with calolongic acid (2), caloteysmannic acid (3), isocalolongic acid (4), euxanthone (5), and β-sitosterol (6). The chemical structure of compound 1 was elucidated and established based on detailed spectroscopic techniques, including MS, IR, UV, 1D and 2D NMR. The results of anti-bacillus study indicated that the chloroform extract showed promising activities with MIC value ranging between 0.5 to 1 μg/mL on selected bacillus strains. Besides, the plant extracts and compounds 1-4 were assessed for their cytotoxicity potential on HL-7702 cell line. All the tested plant extracts and respective chemical constituents displayed non-cytotoxic activity on HL-7702 cell line.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Thiruventhan Karunakaran
- Centre for Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
- School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Rameshkumar Santhanam
- Faculty of Marine Science and Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, 21030, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Amira Suriaty Yaakop
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Sivakumar Mohan
- Faculty of Marine Science and Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, 21030, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Mohamad Hafizi Abu Bakar
- Bioprocess Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800 USM, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Vivien Jong Yi Mian
- Centre of Applied Science Studies, Universiti Teknologi Mara, 94300 UiTM, Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mokhtar N, Karunakaran T, Santhanam R, Abu Bakar MH, Jong VYM. Phenolics and triterpenoids from stem bark of Calophyllum lanigerum var. austrocoriaceum (Whitmore) P. F. Stevens and their cytotoxic activities. Nat Prod Res 2024; 38:873-878. [PMID: 37005001 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2023.2196075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
Genus Calophyllum is well-known for its phenolic constituents, especially coumarins, which have shown to have a wide range of significant biological activities. In this study, four known phenolic constituents and two triterpenoids have been isolated from the stem bark of Calophyllum lanigerum. The compounds were two pyranochromanone acids are known as caloteysmannic acid (1), isocalolongic acid (2), a simple dihydroxyxanthone, namely euxanthone (3), one coumarin named calanone (4), and two common triterpenoids, friedelin (5), and stigmasterol (6). Chromanone acids were reported for the first time in this Calophyllum species. Cytotoxic evaluations were carried out on n-hexane extract (87.14 ± 2.04 µg/mL; 81.46 ± 2.42 µg/mL) followed by the chromanone acids (1 [79.96 ± 2.39 µM; 83.41 ± 3.39 µM] & 2 [57.88 ± 2.34; 53.04 ± 3.18 µM]) against two cancerous cell lines, MDA-MB-231 and MG-63 cell lines, respectively. The results showed that all tested samples exhibited moderate cytotoxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Norisha Mokhtar
- Centre for Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Thiruventhan Karunakaran
- Centre for Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
- School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Rameshkumar Santhanam
- Faculty of Science and Marine Enviroment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Mohamad Hafizi Abu Bakar
- Bioprocess Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Vivien Yi Mian Jong
- Centre for Applied Science Studies, Universiti Teknologi Mara, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Firouz NS, Karunakaran T, Mokhtar N, Santhanam R, Jong VYM, Abu Bakar MH. Chemical constituents from the stem barks of Calophyllum recurvatum P.F. Stevens and Calophyllum andersonii P.F. Stevens, and their in-vitro hepatotoxic activity. Nat Prod Res 2024:1-7. [PMID: 38247357 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2024.2305222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Bioactive phenolics can be found in abundance in Calophyllum species. Phytochemical studies are carried out on the stem bark of Calophyllum recurvatum and Calophyllum andersonii, which has led to the isolation and elucidation of phytochemicals, thwaitesixanthone (1), teysmanone A (2), soulattrolide (3), calanone (4), isocalanone (5) and friedelin (6), respectively. The cytotoxic activities of compounds (2), (3), (4) and (5) as well as plant extracts were tested against HeLa Chang liver, HepG2 and HL-7702 cell lines. Phenylpyranocoumarins, teysmanone A (2) and soulattrolide (3) portrayed appreciable cytotoxicity activities at 42.57 ± 1.20 and 34.53 ± 3.41 µg/mL, respectively against HepG2 cell line comparable to the positive control, curcumin. Meanwhile, n-hexane extract from C. recurvatum exhibited cytotoxicity with the IC50 value of 36.43 ± 0.64 and 26.25 ± 4.83 µg/mL against HeLa Chang liver and HepG2 cell lines. All the tested compounds and plant extracts displayed non-cytotoxic properties on HL-7702 cell line.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Thiruventhan Karunakaran
- Centre for Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
- School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Norisha Mokhtar
- Centre for Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Rameshkumar Santhanam
- Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Vivien Yi Mian Jong
- Faculty of Applied Science Studies, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Mohamad Hafizi Abu Bakar
- Bioprocess Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Binti Seruji NMU, Rosli MM, Jong VYM, Karunakaran T, Lizazman MA, Marlina A, Binti Halid YY. 5,8-Dihy-droxy-2,2-dimethyl-12-(3-methyl-but-2-en-yl)pyrano[3,2- b]xanthen-6-one (brasixanthone B). IUCRDATA 2023; 8:x221198. [PMID: 36794049 PMCID: PMC9912322 DOI: 10.1107/s2414314622011981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The title compound (trivial name brasixanthone B), C23H22O5, isolated from Calophyllum gracilentum, is characterized by a xanthone skeleton of three fused six-membered rings plus an additional fused pyrano ring and one 3-methyl-but-2-enyl side chain. The core xanthone moiety is almost planar, with a maximum deviation 0.057 (4) Å from the mean plane. In the mol-ecule, an intra-molecular O-H⋯O hydrogen bond forms an S(6) ring motif. The crystal structure features inter-molecular O-H⋯O and C-H⋯O inter-actions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohd Mustaqim Rosli
- X-ray Crystallography Unit, School of Physics, University Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM, Penang, ., Malaysia
| | - Vivien Yi Mian Jong
- Centre of Applied Science Studies, Universiti Teknologi MARA Sarawak, 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Thiruventhan Karunakaran
- Centre of Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
- School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Mas Atikah Lizazman
- Centre of Applied Science Studies, Universiti Teknologi MARA Sarawak, 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Anita Marlina
- Research Centre for Chemistry, National Research and Innovation Agency, Indonesia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Malaysia
| | - Yanti Yana Binti Halid
- Centre of Applied Science Studies, Universiti Teknologi MARA Sarawak, 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Goh YS, Karunakaran T, Murugaiyah V, Santhanam R, Abu Bakar MH, Ramanathan S. Accelerated Solvent Extractions (ASE) of Mitragyna speciosa Korth. (Kratom) Leaves: Evaluation of Its Cytotoxicity and Antinociceptive Activity. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26123704. [PMID: 34204457 PMCID: PMC8234130 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26123704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitragyna speciosa Korth (kratom) is known for its psychoactive and analgesic properties. Mitragynine is the primary constituent present in kratom leaves. This study highlights the utilisation of the green accelerated solvent extraction technique to produce a better, non-toxic and antinociceptive active botanical extract of kratom. ASE M. speciosa extract had a dry yield (0.53–2.91 g) and showed a constant mitragynine content (6.53–7.19%) when extracted with organic solvents of different polarities. It only requires a shorter extraction time (5 min) and a reduced amount of solvents (less than 100 mL). A substantial amount of total phenolic (407.83 ± 2.50 GAE mg/g and flavonoids (194.00 ± 5.00 QE mg/g) were found in ASE kratom ethanol extract. The MTT test indicated that the ASE kratom ethanolic leaf extract is non-cytotoxic towards HEK-293 and HeLa Chang liver cells. In mice, ASE kratom ethanolic extract (200 mg/kg) demonstrated a better antinociceptive effect compared to methanol and ethyl acetate leaf extracts. The presence of bioactive indole alkaloids and flavonols such as mitragynine, paynantheine, quercetin, and rutin in ASE kratom ethanolic leaf extract was detected using UHPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS analysis supports its antinociceptive properties. ASE ethanolic leaf extract offers a better, safe, and cost-effective choice of test botanical extract for further preclinical studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Sean Goh
- Centre for Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800 USM, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia; (Y.S.G.); (S.R.)
| | - Thiruventhan Karunakaran
- Centre for Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800 USM, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia; (Y.S.G.); (S.R.)
- School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800 USM, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +604-6533287
| | - Vikneswaran Murugaiyah
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800 USM, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia;
| | - Rameshkumar Santhanam
- BioSES Research Interest Group, Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti MalaysiaTerengganu, Kuala Nerus 21030, Terengganu, Malaysia;
| | - Mohamad Hafizi Abu Bakar
- Bioprocess Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800 USM, Penang, Malaysia;
| | - Surash Ramanathan
- Centre for Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800 USM, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia; (Y.S.G.); (S.R.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Daud S, Karunakaran T, Santhanam R, Nagaratnam SR, Jong VYM, Ee GCL. Cytotoxicity and nitric oxide inhibitory activities of Xanthones isolated from Calophyllum hosei Ridl. Nat Prod Res 2020; 35:6067-6072. [PMID: 32901512 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2020.1819273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies on Calophyllum species have shown the existence of a wide variety of bioactive xanthones and coumarins. Phytochemical investigations carried out on the plant, Calophyllum hosei led to the isolation of eleven known xanthones, ananixanthone (1), 9-hydroxycalabaxanthone (2), dombakinaxanthone (3), thwaitesixanthone (4), caloxanthone B (5), trapezifolixanthone (6), β-mangostin (7), osajaxanthone (8), caloxanthone A (9), calozeyloxanthone (10) and rubraxanthone (11). The structures of these compounds were identified and elucidated using spectroscopic techniques such as NMR and MS. The cytotoxicity and nitric oxide production inhibitory activities of selected xanthones as well as the extracts were tested against HL-60 cells and RAW 264.7 murine macrophages, respectively. Among all tested compounds, β-mangostin exhibited appreciable cytotoxicity against HL-60 cells with the IC50 value of 7.16 ± 0.70 µg/mL and rubraxanthone exhibited significant nitric oxide inhibitory activity against LPS induced RAW 264.7 murine macrophages with the IC50 value of 6.45 ± 0.15 µg/mL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaari Daud
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Jengka, Pahang, Malaysia.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Thiruventhan Karunakaran
- Centre for Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.,School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Rameshkumar Santhanam
- Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, University Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Malaysia
| | | | - Vivien Yi Mian Jong
- Centre of Applied Science Studies, Universiti Teknologi Mara, Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | | |
Collapse
|