1
|
Ullah S, Ullah A, Waqas M, Halim SA, Pasha AR, Shafiq Z, Mali SN, Jawarkar RD, Khan A, Khalid A, Abdalla AN, Kashtoh H, Al-Harrasi A. Structural, dynamic behaviour, in-vitro and computational investigations of Schiff's bases of 1,3-diphenyl urea derivatives against SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Sci Rep 2024; 14:12588. [PMID: 38822113 PMCID: PMC11143201 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-63345-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 has had a significant influence on people's lives across the world. The viral genome has undergone numerous unanticipated changes that have given rise to new varieties, raising alarm on a global scale. Bioactive phytochemicals derived from nature and synthetic sources possess lot of potential as pathogenic virus inhibitors. The goal of the recent study is to report new inhibitors of Schiff bases of 1,3-dipheny urea derivatives against SARS COV-2 spike protein through in-vitro and in-silico approach. Total 14 compounds were evaluated, surprisingly, all the compounds showed strong inhibition with inhibitory values between 79.60% and 96.00% inhibition. Here, compounds 3a (96.00%), 3d (89.60%), 3e (84.30%), 3f (86.20%), 3g (88.30%), 3h (86.80%), 3k (82.10%), 3l (90.10%), 3m (93.49%), 3n (85.64%), and 3o (81.79%) exhibited high inhibitory potential against SARS COV-2 spike protein. While 3c also showed significant inhibitory potential with 79.60% inhibition. The molecular docking of these compounds revealed excellent fitting of molecules in the spike protein receptor binding domain (RBD) with good interactions with the key residues of RBD and docking scores ranging from - 4.73 to - 5.60 kcal/mol. Furthermore, molecular dynamics simulation for 150 ns indicated a strong stability of a complex 3a:6MOJ. These findings obtained from the in-vitro and in-silico study reflect higher potency of the Schiff bases of 1,3-diphenyl urea derivatives. Furthermore, also highlight their medicinal importance for the treatment of SARS COV-2 infection. Therefore, these small molecules could be a possible drug candidate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Ullah
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Birkat-ul-Mouz 616, Nizwa, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Atta Ullah
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Birkat-ul-Mouz 616, Nizwa, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Muhammad Waqas
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Birkat-ul-Mouz 616, Nizwa, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Sobia Ahsan Halim
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Birkat-ul-Mouz 616, Nizwa, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Anam Rubbab Pasha
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Birkat-ul-Mouz 616, Nizwa, Sultanate of Oman
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, Pakistan
| | - Zahid Shafiq
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, Pakistan.
| | - Suraj N Mali
- School of Pharmacy, D.Y. Patil University (Deemed to be University), Sector 7, Nerul, Navi Mumbai, 400706, India
| | - Rahul D Jawarkar
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Dr. Rajendra Gode Institute of Pharmacy, University Mardi Road, Amravati, 444603, India
| | - Ajmal Khan
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Birkat-ul-Mouz 616, Nizwa, Sultanate of Oman.
| | - Asaad Khalid
- Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Center, Jazan University, P.O. Box: 114, 45142, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ashraf N Abdalla
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, 21955, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamdy Kashtoh
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Birkat-ul-Mouz 616, Nizwa, Sultanate of Oman.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ullah A, Ullah S, Halim SA, Waqas M, Ali B, Ataya FS, El-Sabbagh NM, Batiha GES, Avula SK, Csuk R, Khan A, Al-Harrasi A. Identification of new pharmacophore against SARS-CoV-2 spike protein by multi-fold computational and biochemical techniques. Sci Rep 2024; 14:3590. [PMID: 38351259 PMCID: PMC10864406 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-53911-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 appeared as a highly contagious disease after its outbreak in December 2019 by the virus, named SARS-CoV-2. The threat, which originated in Wuhan, China, swiftly became an international emergency. Among different genomic products, spike protein of virus plays a crucial role in the initiation of the infection by binding to the human lung cells, therefore, SARS-CoV-2's spike protein is a promising therapeutic target. Using a combination of a structure-based virtual screening and biochemical assay, this study seeks possible therapeutic candidates that specifically target the viral spike protein. A database of ~ 850 naturally derived compounds was screened against SARS-CoV-2 spike protein to find natural inhibitors. Using virtual screening and inhibitory experiments, we identified acetyl 11-keto-boswellic acid (AKBA) as a promising molecule for spike protein, which encouraged us to scan the rest of AKBA derivatives in our in-house database via 2D-similarity searching. Later 19 compounds with > 85% similarity with AKBA were selected and docked with receptor binding domain (RBD) of spike protein. Those hits declared significant interactions at the RBD interface, best possess and excellent drug-likeness and pharmacokinetics properties with high gastrointestinal absorption (GIA) without toxicity and allergenicity. Our in-silico observations were eventually validated by in vitro bioassay, interestingly, 10 compounds (A3, A4, C3, C6A, C6B, C6C, C6E, C6H, C6I, and C6J) displayed significant inhibitory ability with good percent inhibition (range: > 72-90). The compounds C3 (90.00%), C6E (91.00%), C6C (87.20%), and C6D (86.23%) demonstrated excellent anti-SARS CoV-2 spike protein activities. The docking interaction of high percent inhibition of inhibitor compounds C3 and C6E was confirmed by MD Simulation. In the molecular dynamics simulation, we observed the stable dynamics of spike protein inhibitor complexes and the influence of inhibitor binding on the protein's conformational arrangements. The binding free energy ΔGTOTAL of C3 (-38.0 ± 0.08 kcal/mol) and C6E (-41.98 ± 0.08 kcal/mol) respectively indicate a strong binding affinity to Spike protein active pocket. These findings demonstrate that these molecules particularly inhibit the function of spike protein and, therefore have the potential to be evaluated as drug candidates against SARS-CoV-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atta Ullah
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Birkat-Ul-Mouz, P.O Box 33, Postal Code 616, Nizwa, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Saeed Ullah
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Birkat-Ul-Mouz, P.O Box 33, Postal Code 616, Nizwa, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Sobia Ahsan Halim
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Birkat-Ul-Mouz, P.O Box 33, Postal Code 616, Nizwa, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Muhammad Waqas
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Birkat-Ul-Mouz, P.O Box 33, Postal Code 616, Nizwa, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Basharat Ali
- Sulaiman Bin Abdullah Aba Al-Khail-Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences (SA-CIRBS), International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Farid S Ataya
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, PO Box 2455, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nasser M El-Sabbagh
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Edfina, Egypt
| | - Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, 22511, AlBeheira, Egypt
| | - Satya Kumar Avula
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Birkat-Ul-Mouz, P.O Box 33, Postal Code 616, Nizwa, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Rene Csuk
- Organic Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 2, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Ajmal Khan
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Birkat-Ul-Mouz, P.O Box 33, Postal Code 616, Nizwa, Sultanate of Oman.
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Birkat-Ul-Mouz, P.O Box 33, Postal Code 616, Nizwa, Sultanate of Oman.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Shah M, Yamin R, Ahmad I, Wu G, Jahangir Z, Shamim A, Nawaz H, Nishan U, Ullah R, Ali EA, Sheheryar, Chen K. In-silico evaluation of natural alkaloids against the main protease and spike glycoprotein as potential therapeutic agents for SARS-CoV-2. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0294769. [PMID: 38175855 PMCID: PMC10766191 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0294769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative agent of COVID-19 pandemic, which has resulted in global fatalities since late December 2019. Alkaloids play a significant role in drug design for various antiviral diseases, which makes them viable candidates for treating COVID-19. To identify potential antiviral agents, 102 known alkaloids were subjected to docking studies against the two key targets of SARS-CoV-2, namely the spike glycoprotein and main protease. The spike glycoprotein is vital for mediating viral entry into host cells, and main protease plays a crucial role in viral replication; therefore, they serve as compelling targets for therapeutic intervention in combating the disease. From the selection of alkaloids, the top 6 dual inhibitory compounds, namely liensinine, neferine, isoliensinine, fangchinoline, emetine, and acrimarine F, emerged as lead compounds with favorable docked scores. Interestingly, most of them shared the bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid framework and belong to Nelumbo nucifera, commonly known as the lotus plant. Docking analysis was conducted by considering the key active site residues of the selected proteins. The stability of the top three ligands with the receptor proteins was further validated through dynamic simulation analysis. The leads underwent ADMET profiling, bioactivity score analysis, and evaluation of drug-likeness and physicochemical properties. Neferine demonstrated a particularly strong affinity for binding, with a docking score of -7.5025 kcal/mol for main protease and -10.0245 kcal/mol for spike glycoprotein, and therefore a strong interaction with both target proteins. Of the lead alkaloids, emetine and fangchinoline demonstrated the lowest toxicity and high LD50 values. These top alkaloids, may support the body's defense and reduce the symptoms by their numerous biological potentials, even though some properties naturally point to their direct antiviral nature. These findings demonstrate the promising anti-COVID-19 properties of the six selected alkaloids, making them potential candidates for drug design. This study will be beneficial in effective drug discovery and design against COVID-19 with negligible side effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohibullah Shah
- Department of Biochemistry, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Ramsha Yamin
- Department of Biochemistry, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Iqra Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Gang Wu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Zainab Jahangir
- Department of Computer Science, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Amen Shamim
- Department of Computer Science, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Haq Nawaz
- Department of Biochemistry, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Umar Nishan
- Department of Chemistry, Kohat University of Science & Technology, Kohat, Pakistan
| | - Riaz Ullah
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Essam A. Ali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sheheryar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Ke Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Manchanda RK, Miglani A, Kalsi A, Brahmachari S, Rama KN, Goel P, Kaushik P, Jethani A, Nagrath C, Pangtey NY, Kannoth JT, Sharma K, Arora S, Amitav B, Roy PK, Kudiyarasu RK, Rutten L. Homeopathic Medicines in Third (Omicron) Wave of COVID-19: Prognostic Factor Research. HOMEOPATHY 2023. [PMID: 38158196 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1776758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND With the emergence of new variants of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus, such as the Omicron variant, during the third wave of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, there was a need to identify useful homeopathic medicines. This study aimed to identify such medicines and their indications using prognostic factor research (PFR). METHODS This was an open-label, multi-centred observational study conducted in January 2022, on confirmed COVID-19 cases. The data were collected from integrated COVID Care Centres in Delhi, India, where homeopathic medicines were prescribed along with conventional treatment. Only those cases that met a set of selection criteria were considered for analysis. The likelihood ratio (LR) was calculated for the frequently occurring symptoms of the frequently prescribed medicines. An LR of 1.3 or greater was considered meaningful. RESULTS Out of the 362 COVID-19 cases, 263 cases were selected for analysis after applying selection criteria. Common symptoms included fatigue, cough, sore throat, myalgia and headache. Twenty-one medicines were prescribed, of which nine medicines - Gelsemium sempervirens, Bryonia alba, Hepar sulphuris, Rhus toxicodendron, Pulsatilla nigricans, Arsenicum album, Belladonna, Nux vomica and Phosphorus - were frequently used. By calculating LRs, the study identified meaningful indications for these medicines. CONCLUSION Homeopathic medicines have shown promising results in the third wave of COVID-19 as an adjunct therapy. The medicines that were used in the first and second waves were found useful in the third wave also, and their indications were analogous to those found in the earlier waves. Certain new indications of some medicines were elicited in this wave, which warrant further research. However, it is important not to restrict to these medicines only and to continue data collection on COVID-19 in future waves for the improvement of the COVID-19 mini-repertory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raj Kumar Manchanda
- Health and Family Welfare Department, Directorate of AYUSH, Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi, Secretary for Information and Communication, Liga Medicorum Homeopathica Internationalis, New Delhi, India
| | - Anjali Miglani
- Health and Family Welfare Department, Directorate of AYUSH, Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Amrit Kalsi
- Health and Family Welfare Department, Directorate of AYUSH, Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Smita Brahmachari
- Health and Family Welfare Department, Directorate of AYUSH, Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Kamsali Nadigadda Rama
- Health and Family Welfare Department, Directorate of AYUSH, Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Pawan Goel
- Health and Family Welfare Department, Directorate of AYUSH, Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Pallavi Kaushik
- Health and Family Welfare Department, Directorate of AYUSH, Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Anju Jethani
- Health and Family Welfare Department, Directorate of AYUSH, Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Cheshta Nagrath
- Health and Family Welfare Department, Directorate of AYUSH, Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Nirmal Yadav Pangtey
- Health and Family Welfare Department, Directorate of AYUSH, Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Jithesh Thavarayil Kannoth
- Health and Family Welfare Department, Directorate of AYUSH, Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Kavita Sharma
- Health and Family Welfare Department, Directorate of AYUSH, Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Shelly Arora
- Health and Family Welfare Department, Directorate of AYUSH, Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - B Amitav
- Health and Family Welfare Department, Directorate of AYUSH, Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Pradip Kumar Roy
- Health and Family Welfare Department, Directorate of AYUSH, Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Ram Kumar Kudiyarasu
- Health and Family Welfare Department, Directorate of AYUSH, Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Lex Rutten
- Independent Practitioner, Breda, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Liu H, Chen J, Shao W, Yan S, Ding S. Efficacy and Safety of Novel Oral Antivirals in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients: A Network Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials. Clin Epidemiol 2023; 15:1041-1053. [PMID: 37933389 PMCID: PMC10625770 DOI: 10.2147/clep.s422386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Numerous pharmacological interventions are now under investigation for the treatment of the 2019 coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19), and the evidence is rapidly evolving. Our aim is to evaluate the comparative efficacy and safety of these drugs. Methods We searched for randomized clinical trials (RCTs) on the efficacy and safety of novel oral antivirals for the treatment of hospitalized COVID-19 patients until November 30, 2022, including baricitinib, ivermectin (IVM), favipiravir (FVP), chloroquine (CQ), lopinavir and ritonavir (LPV/RTV), hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), and hydroxychloroquine plus azithromycin (HCQ+AZT). The main outcomes of this network meta-analysis (NMA) were in-hospital mortality, adverse event (AE), recovery time, and improvement in peripheral capillary oxygen saturation (SpO2). For dichotomous results, the odds ratio (OR) was used, and the 95% confidence interval (CI) was determined. We also used meta-regression to explore whether different treatments affected efficacy and safety. STATA 15.0 was used to conduct the NMA. The research protocol was registered with PROSPERO (#CRD 42023415743). Results Thirty-six RCTs, with 33,555 hospitalized COVID-19 patients, were included in this analysis. First, we compared the efficacy of different novel oral antivirals. Baricitinib (OR 0.56, 95% CI: 0.35 to 0.90) showed the highest probability of being the optimal probiotic species in reducing in-hospital mortality and suggested that none of the interventions reduced AE better than placebo. In terms of safety outcomes, IVM ranked first in improving the recovery time of hospitalized COVID-19 patients (mean difference (MD) -1.36, 95% CI: -2.32 to -0.39). In addition, patients were most likely to increase SpO2 (OR 1.77, 95% CI: 0.09 to 3.45). The meta-regression revealed no significant differences between participants using different novel oral antivirals in all outcomes in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Conclusion Currently, baricitinib has reduced in-hospital mortality in hospitalized COVID-19 patients, with moderate certainty of evidence. IVM appeared to be a safer option than placebo in improving recovery time, while FVP was associated with increased SpO2 safety outcomes. These preliminary evidence-based observations should guide clinical practice until more data are made public.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haoshuang Liu
- Health Management Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, People’s Republic of China
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingfeng Chen
- Health Management Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, People’s Republic of China
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weihao Shao
- School of Population Medicine and Public Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Su Yan
- Health Management Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, People’s Republic of China
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Suying Ding
- Health Management Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, People’s Republic of China
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kulkarni VS, Alagarsamy V, Solomon VR, Jose PA, Murugesan S. Drug Repurposing: An Effective Tool in Modern Drug Discovery. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2023; 49:157-166. [PMID: 36852389 PMCID: PMC9945820 DOI: 10.1134/s1068162023020139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Drug repurposing is using an existing drug for a new treatment that was not indicated before. It has received immense attention during the COVID-19 pandemic emergency. Drug repurposing has become the need of time to fasten the drug discovery process and find quicker solutions to the over-exerted healthcare scenario and drug needs. Drug repurposing involves identifying the drug, evaluating its efficiency using preclinical models, and proceeding to phase II clinical trials. Identification of the drug candidate can be made through computational and experimental approaches. This approach usually utilizes public databases for drugs. Data from primary and translational research, clinical trials, anecdotal reports regarding off-label uses, and other published human data information available are included. Using artificial intelligence algorithms and other bioinformatics tools, investigators systematically try to identify the interaction between drugs and protein targets. It can be combined with genetic data, clinical analysis, structure (molecular docking), pathways, signatures, targets, phenotypes, binding assays, and artificial intelligence to get an optimum outcome in repurposing. This article describes the strategies involved in drug repurposing and enlists a series of repurposed drugs and their indications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V. S. Kulkarni
- MNR College of Pharmacy, MNR Nagar, Fasalwadi, Sangareddy, Hyderabad 502294 India
| | - V. Alagarsamy
- MNR College of Pharmacy, MNR Nagar, Fasalwadi, Sangareddy, Hyderabad 502294 India
| | - V. R. Solomon
- MNR College of Pharmacy, MNR Nagar, Fasalwadi, Sangareddy, Hyderabad 502294 India
| | - P. A. Jose
- MNR College of Pharmacy, MNR Nagar, Fasalwadi, Sangareddy, Hyderabad 502294 India
| | - S. Murugesan
- Department of Pharmacy, BITS Pilani, 333031 Pilani Campus, Pilani India
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
In silico transcriptional analysis of asymptomatic and severe COVID-19 patients reveals the susceptibility of severe patients to other comorbidities and non-viral pathological conditions. HUMAN GENE 2023; 35. [PMID: 37521006 PMCID: PMC9754755 DOI: 10.1016/j.humgen.2022.201135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 is a severe respiratory disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, a novel human coronavirus. Patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 exhibit heterogeneous symptoms that pose pragmatic hurdles for implementing appropriate therapy and management of the COVID-19 patients and their post-COVID complications. Thus, understanding the impact of infection severity at the molecular level in the host is vital to understand the host response and accordingly it's precise management. In the current study, we performed a comparative transcriptomics analysis of publicly available seven asymptomatic and eight severe COVID-19 patients. Exploratory data analysis employing Principal Component Analysis (PCA) showed the distinct clusters of asymptomatic and severe patients. Subsequently, the differential gene expression analysis using DESeq2 identified 1224 significantly upregulated genes (logFC≥ 1.5, p-adjusted value <0.05) and 268 significantly downregulated genes (logFC≤ −1.5, p-adjusted value <0.05) in severe samples in comparison to asymptomatic samples. Eventually, Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) revealed the upregulation of anti-viral and anti-inflammatory pathways, secondary infections, Iron homeostasis, anemia, cardiac-related, etc.; while, downregulation of lipid metabolism, adaptive immune response, translation, recurrent respiratory infections, heme-biosynthetic pathways, etc. Conclusively, these findings provide insight into the enhanced susceptibility of severe COVID-19 patients to other health comorbidities including non-viral pathogenic infections, atherosclerosis, autoinflammatory diseases, anemia, male infertility, etc. owing to the activation of biological processes, pathways and molecular functions associated with them. We anticipate this study will facilitate the researchers in finding efficient therapeutic targets and eventually the clinicians in management of COVID-19 patients and post-COVID-19 effects in them.
Collapse
|
8
|
Shamlan G, Aleanizy FS. Knowledge and behaviors of using vitamin D to boost immunity against COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study in Saudi Arabia. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e31949. [PMID: 36482609 PMCID: PMC9726423 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000031949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has globally impacted all aspects of life since its emergence and spread. There is a strong biological assumption and progressing epidemiological data supporting the role of vitamin D (VD) in COVID-19 infection. This study aims to determine the knowledge about VD supplements to boost immunity against COVID-19 and if participation in specific behaviors has increased the consumption of VD supplements during social distance restriction in Saudi Arabia (SA) in May 2021. This cross-sectional study used a structured online questionnaire for 2369 SA people, including demographic characteristics and knowledge about VD supplements to boost immunity against COVID-19 showed that there was a significant association between sex and vitamin D deficiency (VDD) (P = .000), and having VDD was strongly associated with having another vitamin deficiency (P = .008). Additionally, there was a statistically significant difference between VDD and cardiovascular (P = .027) and respiratory diseases (P = .019). Almost half of the participants used VD supplements to reduce or heal their COVID-19 symptoms. The adverse association between having VDD and understanding of COVID-19 symptoms was statistically significant (P = .01). Ginger is commonly used as an alternative medicine for the treatment of VD. The administration of VD is now known to be of physiological significance for general health, and evidence suggesting the beneficial role of VD in the prevention and/or treatment of diseases, particularly infectious diseases, such as COVID-19, is increasing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ghalia Shamlan
- Department of Human Nutrition, College of food science and agriculture, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- *Correspondence: Ghalia Shamlan, Department of Human Nutrition, College of food science and agriculture, King Saud University, Riyadh 11362, Saudi Arabia (e-mail: )
| | - Fadilah Sfouq Aleanizy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Taibe NS, Kord MA, Badawy MA, Shytaj IL, Elhefnawi MM. Progress, pitfalls, and path forward of drug repurposing for COVID-19 treatment. Ther Adv Respir Dis 2022; 16:17534666221132736. [PMID: 36282077 PMCID: PMC9597285 DOI: 10.1177/17534666221132736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
On 30 January 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) epidemic a public health emergency of international concern. The viral outbreak led in turn to an exponential growth of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases, that is, a multiorgan disease that has led to more than 6.3 million deaths worldwide, as of June 2022. There are currently few effective drugs approved for treatment of SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 patients. Many of the compounds tested so far have been selected through a drug repurposing approach, that is, by identifying novel indications for drugs already approved for other conditions. We here present an up-to-date review of the main Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drugs repurposed against SARS-CoV-2 infection, discussing their mechanism of action and their most important preclinical and clinical results. Reviewed compounds were chosen to privilege those that have been approved for use in SARS-CoV-2 patients or that have completed phase III clinical trials. Moreover, we also summarize the evidence on some novel and promising repurposed drugs in the pipeline. Finally, we discuss the current stage and possible steps toward the development of broadly effective drug combinations to suppress the onset or progression of COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noha Samir Taibe
- Biotechnology-Biomolecular Chemistry Program, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Maimona A. Kord
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Mosharaf MP, Kibria MK, Hossen MB, Islam MA, Reza MS, Mahumud RA, Alam K, Gow J, Mollah MNH. Meta-Data Analysis to Explore the Hub of the Hub-Genes That Influence SARS-CoV-2 Infections Highlighting Their Pathogenetic Processes and Drugs Repurposing. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10081248. [PMID: 36016137 PMCID: PMC9415433 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10081248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The pandemic of SARS-CoV-2 infections is a severe threat to human life and the world economic condition. Although vaccination has reduced the outspread, but still the situation is not under control because of the instability of RNA sequence patterns of SARS-CoV-2, which requires effective drugs. Several studies have suggested that the SARS-CoV-2 infection causing hub differentially expressed genes (Hub-DEGs). However, we observed that there was not any common hub gene (Hub-DEGs) in our analyses. Therefore, it may be difficult to take a common treatment plan against SARS-CoV-2 infections globally. The goal of this study was to examine if more representative Hub-DEGs from published studies by means of hub of Hub-DEGs (hHub-DEGs) and associated potential candidate drugs. In this study, we reviewed 41 articles on transcriptomic data analysis of SARS-CoV-2 and found 370 unique hub genes or studied genes in total. Then, we selected 14 more representative Hub-DEGs (AKT1, APP, CXCL8, EGFR, IL6, INS, JUN, MAPK1, STAT3, TNF, TP53, UBA52, UBC, VEGFA) as hHub-DEGs by their protein-protein interaction analysis. Their associated biological functional processes, transcriptional, and post-transcriptional regulatory factors. Then we detected hHub-DEGs guided top-ranked nine candidate drug agents (Digoxin, Avermectin, Simeprevir, Nelfinavir Mesylate, Proscillaridin, Linifanib, Withaferin, Amuvatinib, Atazanavir) by molecular docking and cross-validation for treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infections. Therefore, the findings of this study could be useful in formulating a common treatment plan against SARS-CoV-2 infections globally.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Md. Parvez Mosharaf
- Bioinformatics Lab, Department of Statistics, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh; (M.P.M.); (M.K.K.); (M.B.H.); (M.A.I.); (M.S.R.)
- School of Business, Faculty of Business, Education, Law and Arts, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD 4350, Australia; (K.A.); (J.G.)
| | - Md. Kaderi Kibria
- Bioinformatics Lab, Department of Statistics, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh; (M.P.M.); (M.K.K.); (M.B.H.); (M.A.I.); (M.S.R.)
| | - Md. Bayazid Hossen
- Bioinformatics Lab, Department of Statistics, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh; (M.P.M.); (M.K.K.); (M.B.H.); (M.A.I.); (M.S.R.)
| | - Md. Ariful Islam
- Bioinformatics Lab, Department of Statistics, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh; (M.P.M.); (M.K.K.); (M.B.H.); (M.A.I.); (M.S.R.)
| | - Md. Selim Reza
- Bioinformatics Lab, Department of Statistics, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh; (M.P.M.); (M.K.K.); (M.B.H.); (M.A.I.); (M.S.R.)
| | - Rashidul Alam Mahumud
- NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia;
| | - Khorshed Alam
- School of Business, Faculty of Business, Education, Law and Arts, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD 4350, Australia; (K.A.); (J.G.)
| | - Jeff Gow
- School of Business, Faculty of Business, Education, Law and Arts, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD 4350, Australia; (K.A.); (J.G.)
- School of Accounting, Economics and Finance, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Md. Nurul Haque Mollah
- Bioinformatics Lab, Department of Statistics, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh; (M.P.M.); (M.K.K.); (M.B.H.); (M.A.I.); (M.S.R.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Shah S, Chaple D, Arora S, Yende S, Mehta C, Nayak U. Prospecting for Cressa cretica to treat COVID-19 via in silico molecular docking models of the SARS-CoV-2. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022; 40:5643-5652. [PMID: 33446077 PMCID: PMC7814567 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.1872419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome COVID-19 declared as a global pandemic by the World Health Organization has become the present wellbeing worry to the whole world. There is an emergent need to search for possible medications. Cressa cretica is reported to show antitubercular, antibacterial and expectorant property. In this research, we aim to prospect the COVID-19 main protease crystal structure (Mpro; PDB ID: 6LU7) and the active chemical constituents from Cressa cretica in order to understand the structural basis of their interactions. We examined the binding potential of active constituents of Cressa cretica plant to immensely conserved protein Mpro of SARS-CoV-2 followed by exploration of the vast conformational space of protein-ligand complexes by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The results suggest the effectiveness of 3,5-Dicaffeoylquinic acid and Quercetin against standard drug Remdesivir. The active chemical constituents exhibited good docking scores, and interacts with binding site residues of Mpro by forming hydrogen bond and hydrophobic interactions. 3,5-Dicaffeoylquinic acid showed the best affinity towards Mpro receptor which is one of the target enzymes required by SARS CoV-2 virus for replication suggesting it to be a novel research molecule. The potential of the active chemical constituents from Cressa cretica against the SARS-CoV-2 virus has best been highlighted through this study. Therefore, these chemical entities can be further scrutinized and provides direction for further consideration for in-vivo and in-vitro validations for the treatment of covid-19. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sapan Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Priyadarshini J. L. College of Pharmacy, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Dinesh Chaple
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Priyadarshini J. L. College of Pharmacy, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sumit Arora
- Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry Division, Gurunanak College of Pharmacy, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Subhash Yende
- Pharmacology Dvision, Gurunanak College of Pharmacy, Nagpur, Mahrashtra, India
| | - Chetan Mehta
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences (MCOPS), MAHE, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Usha Nayak
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences (MCOPS), MAHE, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Avezum Á, Oliveira GBF, Oliveira H, Lucchetta RC, Pereira VFA, Dabarian AL, D O Vieira R, Silva DV, Kormann APM, Tognon AP, De Gasperi R, Hernandes ME, Feitosa ADM, Piscopo A, Souza AS, Miguel CH, Nogueira VO, Minelli C, Magalhães CC, Morejon KML, Bicudo LS, Souza GEC, Gomes MAM, Fo JJFR, Schwarzbold AV, Zilli A, Amazonas RB, Moreira FR, Alves LBO, Assis SRL, Neves PDMM, Matuoka JY, Boszczowski I, Catarino DGM, Veiga VC, Azevedo LCP, Rosa RG, Lopes RD, Cavalcanti AB, Berwanger O. Hydroxychloroquine versus placebo in the treatment of non-hospitalised patients with COVID-19 (COPE - Coalition V): A double-blind, multicentre, randomised, controlled trial. LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH. AMERICAS 2022; 11:100243. [PMID: 35378952 PMCID: PMC8968238 DOI: 10.1016/j.lana.2022.100243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Background Previous Randomised controlled trials (RCT) evaluating chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in non-hospitalised COVID-19 patients have found no significant difference in hospitalisation rates. However, low statistical power precluded definitive answers. Methods We conducted a multicenter, double-blind, RCT in 56 Brazilian sites. Adults with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 presenting with mild or moderate symptoms with ≤ 07 days prior to enrollment and at least one risk factor for clinical deterioration were randomised (1:1) to receive hydroxychloroquine 400 mg twice a day (BID) in the first day, 400 mg once daily (OD) thereafter for a total of seven days, or matching placebo. The primary outcome was hospitalisation due to COVID-19 at 30 days, which was assessed by an adjudication committee masked to treatment allocation and following the intention-to-treat (ITT) principle. An additional analysis was performed only in participants with SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed by molecular or serology testing (modified ITT [mITT] analysis). This trial was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04466540. Findings From May 12, 2020 to July 07, 2021, 1372 patients were randomly allocated to hydroxychloroquine or placebo. There was no significant difference in the risk of hospitalisation between hydroxychloroquine and placebo groups (44/689 [6·4%] and 57/683 [8·3%], RR 0·77 [95% CI 0·52–1·12], respectively, p=0·16), and similar results were found in the mITT analysis with 43/478 [9·0%] and 55/471 [11·7%] events, RR 0·77 [95% CI 0·53–1·12)], respectively, p=0·17. To further complement our data, we conducted a meta-analysis which suggested no significant benefit of hydroxychloroquine in reducing hospitalisation among patients with positive testing (69/1222 [5·6%], and 88/1186 [7·4%]; RR 0·77 [95% CI 0·57–1·04]). Interpretation In outpatients with mild or moderate forms of COVID-19, the use of hydroxychloroquine did not reduce the risk of hospitalisation compared to the placebo control. Our findings do not support the routine use of hydroxychloroquine for treatment of COVID-19 in the outpatient setting. Funding COALITION COVID-19 Brazil and EMS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Avezum
- International Research Center, Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz, Rua Treze de Maio, 1815; Bloco A, 1o SS, São Paulo, SP 01327-001, Brazil
| | - Gustavo B F Oliveira
- International Research Center, Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz, Rua Treze de Maio, 1815; Bloco A, 1o SS, São Paulo, SP 01327-001, Brazil
| | - Haliton Oliveira
- International Research Center, Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz, Rua Treze de Maio, 1815; Bloco A, 1o SS, São Paulo, SP 01327-001, Brazil
| | - Rosa C Lucchetta
- International Research Center, Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz, Rua Treze de Maio, 1815; Bloco A, 1o SS, São Paulo, SP 01327-001, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Audes D M Feitosa
- Pronto Socorro Cardiológico Universitário - Prof. Luiz Tavares (PROCAPE), Recife, PE, Brazil
| | | | | | - Carlos H Miguel
- Estratégia Saúde da Família Dr. João Paccola Primo. Prefeitura Municipal, Lençois Paulista, SP, Brazil
| | - Vinicius O Nogueira
- Centro de Pesquisa em Medicina Tropical de Rondônia. Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Letícia S Bicudo
- Irmandade de Misericórdia do Hospital da Santa Casa de Monte Alto, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Marco A M Gomes
- Centro de Pesquisas Clínicas Dr. Marco Mota, Maceió, AL, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Frederico R Moreira
- International Research Center, Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz, Rua Treze de Maio, 1815; Bloco A, 1o SS, São Paulo, SP 01327-001, Brazil
| | - Lucas B O Alves
- International Research Center, Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz, Rua Treze de Maio, 1815; Bloco A, 1o SS, São Paulo, SP 01327-001, Brazil
| | - Silvia R L Assis
- Academic Research Organization - Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Precil D M M Neves
- International Research Center, Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz, Rua Treze de Maio, 1815; Bloco A, 1o SS, São Paulo, SP 01327-001, Brazil
| | - Jessica Y Matuoka
- International Research Center, Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz, Rua Treze de Maio, 1815; Bloco A, 1o SS, São Paulo, SP 01327-001, Brazil
| | - Icaro Boszczowski
- International Research Center, Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz, Rua Treze de Maio, 1815; Bloco A, 1o SS, São Paulo, SP 01327-001, Brazil
| | - Daniela G M Catarino
- International Research Center, Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz, Rua Treze de Maio, 1815; Bloco A, 1o SS, São Paulo, SP 01327-001, Brazil
| | - Viviane C Veiga
- Intensive Care Unit, BP - A Beneficência Portuguesa de São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Luciano C P Azevedo
- Research and Education Institute, Hospital Sírio Libanês, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Regis G Rosa
- Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Renato D Lopes
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.,Brazilian Clinical Research Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Otavio Berwanger
- Academic Research Organization - Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Garegnani LI, Madrid E, Meza N. Misleading clinical evidence and systematic reviews on ivermectin for COVID-19. BMJ Evid Based Med 2022; 27:156-158. [PMID: 33888547 DOI: 10.1136/bmjebm-2021-111678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Ignacio Garegnani
- Research Department. Instituto Universitario del Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Eva Madrid
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Health Studies (CIESAL), Universidad de Valparaíso, Cochrane Chile Associate Centre, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - Nicolás Meza
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Health Studies (CIESAL), Universidad de Valparaíso, Cochrane Chile Associate Centre, Viña del Mar, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Jiang S, Hou H. A Secure Artificial Intelligence-Enabled Critical Sars Crisis Management Using Random Sigmoidal Artificial Neural Networks. Front Public Health 2022; 10:901294. [PMID: 35602132 PMCID: PMC9114671 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.901294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Since December 2019, the pandemic COVID-19 has been connected to the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Early identification and diagnosis are essential goals for health practitioners because early symptoms correlate with those of other common illnesses including the common cold and flu. RT-PCR is frequently used to identify SARS-CoV-2 viral infection. Although this procedure can take up to 2 days to complete and sequential monitoring may be essential to figure out the potential of false-negative findings, RT-PCR test kits are apparently in low availability, highlighting the urgent need for more efficient methods of diagnosing COVID-19 patients. Artificial intelligence (AI)-based healthcare models are more effective at diagnosing and controlling large groups of people. Hence, this paper proposes a novel AI-enabled SARS detection framework. Here, the input CT images are collected and preprocessed using a block-matching filter and histogram equalization (HE). Segmentation is performed using Compact Entropy Rate Superpixel (CERS) technique. Features of segmented output are extracted using Histogram of Gradient (HOG). Feature selection is done using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The suggested Random Sigmoidal Artificial Neural Networks (RS-ANN) based classification approach effectively diagnoses the existence of the disease. The performance of the suggested Artificial intelligence model is analyzed and related to existing approaches. The suggested AI system may help identify COVID-19 patients more quickly than conventional approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiwei Jiang
- School of Politics and Public Administration, Zhenghzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hongwei Hou
- School of Politics and Public Administration, Zhenghzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Computational identification of host genomic biomarkers highlighting their functions, pathways and regulators that influence SARS-CoV-2 infections and drug repurposing. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4279. [PMID: 35277538 PMCID: PMC8915158 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08073-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The pandemic threat of COVID-19 has severely destroyed human life as well as the economy around the world. Although, the vaccination has reduced the outspread, but people are still suffering due to the unstable RNA sequence patterns of SARS-CoV-2 which demands supplementary drugs. To explore novel drug target proteins, in this study, a transcriptomics RNA-Seq data generated from SARS-CoV-2 infection and control samples were analyzed. We identified 109 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) that were utilized to identify 10 hub-genes/proteins (TLR2, USP53, GUCY1A2, SNRPD2, NEDD9, IGF2, CXCL2, KLF6, PAG1 and ZFP36) by the protein–protein interaction (PPI) network analysis. The GO functional and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses of hub-DEGs revealed some important functions and signaling pathways that are significantly associated with SARS-CoV-2 infections. The interaction network analysis identified 5 TFs proteins and 6 miRNAs as the key regulators of hub-DEGs. Considering 10 hub-proteins and 5 key TFs-proteins as drug target receptors, we performed their docking analysis with the SARS-CoV-2 3CL protease-guided top listed 90 FDA approved drugs. We found Torin-2, Rapamycin, Radotinib, Ivermectin, Thiostrepton, Tacrolimus and Daclatasvir as the top ranked seven candidate drugs. We investigated their resistance performance against the already published COVID-19 causing top-ranked 11 independent and 8 protonated receptor proteins by molecular docking analysis and found their strong binding affinities, which indicates that the proposed drugs are effective against the state-of-the-arts alternatives independent receptor proteins also. Finally, we investigated the stability of top three drugs (Torin-2, Rapamycin and Radotinib) by using 100 ns MD-based MM-PBSA simulations with the two top-ranked proposed receptors (TLR2, USP53) and independent receptors (IRF7, STAT1), and observed their stable performance. Therefore, the proposed drugs might play a vital role for the treatment against different variants of SARS-CoV-2 infections.
Collapse
|
16
|
Gwenzi W, Selvasembian R, Offiong NAO, Mahmoud AED, Sanganyado E, Mal J. COVID-19 drugs in aquatic systems: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY LETTERS 2022; 20:1275-1294. [PMID: 35069060 PMCID: PMC8760103 DOI: 10.1007/s10311-021-01356-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The outbreak of the human coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has induced an unprecedented increase in the use of several old and repurposed therapeutic drugs such as veterinary medicines, e.g. ivermectin, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, protein and peptide therapeutics, disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs and antimalarial drugs, antiretrovirals, analgesics, and supporting agents, e.g. azithromycin and corticosteroids. Excretion of drugs and their metabolites in stools and urine release these drugs into wastewater, and ultimately into surface waters and groundwater systems. Here, we review the sources, behaviour, environmental fate, risks, and remediation of those drugs. We discuss drug transformation in aquatic environments and in wastewater treatment systems. Degradation mechanisms and metabolite toxicity are poorly known. Potential risks include endocrine disruption, acute and chronic toxicity, disruption of ecosystem functions and trophic interactions in aquatic organisms, and the emergence of antimicrobial resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Willis Gwenzi
- Biosystems and Environmental Engineering Research Group, Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Environment and Food Systems, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP 167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Rangabhashiyam Selvasembian
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, Tamilnadu 613401 India
| | - Nnanake-Abasi O. Offiong
- International Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability Research (ICEESR), University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Computing and Applied Sciences, Topfaith University, Mkpatak, Nigeria
| | - Alaa El Din Mahmoud
- Environmental Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21511 Egypt
- Green Technology Group, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21511 Egypt
| | - Edmond Sanganyado
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Marine Science, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063 China
| | - Joyabrata Mal
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh India
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Tassakka ACMAR, Sumule O, Massi MN, Sulfahri, Manggau M, Iskandar IW, Alam JF, Permana AD, Liao LM. Potential bioactive compounds as SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors from extracts of the marine red alga Halymenia durvillei (Rhodophyta) - A computational study. ARAB J CHEM 2021; 14:103393. [PMID: 34909061 PMCID: PMC8381616 DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2021.103393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The respiratory infection COVID-19 caused by the virus SARS CoV-2 has continued to be a major health problem worldwide and has caused more than a million mortalities. Even if the development of COVID-19 vaccines has shown much progress, efforts to find novel, natural anti-viral drugs should be pursued. Halymenia durvillei is a marine red alga widely distributed around Southeast Asia. This study aimed to develop new anti SARS CoV-2 compounds from ethanolic and ethyl acetate extracts of H. durvillei via a computational approach, focusing onthe inhibitory action against the main protease (3CL-Mpro). In this study, 37 compounds were extracted and identified by GC–MS analysis. The potentials of compounds 1–2 tetradecandiol and E,E,Z-1,3,12-nonadecatriene-5,14-diol were identified for therapeutic purposes based on our pharmacophore study, while cholest-5-En-3-Ol (3.Beta.)- had a high fitness score in molecular docking studies both in monomer and dimer state compared to the N3 inhibitor and remdesivir affinity scores. As these compounds show competitive affinity scores against the 3CL-Mpro, these natural compounds may be effective for the treatment of COVID-19 infection. The ADME and pharmacokinetic studies should also be employed to assess the ability of the natural compounds as oral drugs. These promising results have shown the potentials of H. durvillei as an alternative drug in addressing COVID-19 infection. Accordingly, further studies should explore the effectiveness of these active compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asmi Citra Malina A R Tassakka
- Faculty of Marine Science and Fisheries, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar 90245, Indonesia.,Centre of Excellence for Development and Utilization of Seaweeds, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar 90245, Indonesia
| | - Ophirtus Sumule
- Faculty of Marine Science and Fisheries, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar 90245, Indonesia.,Centre of Excellence for Development and Utilization of Seaweeds, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar 90245, Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Nasrum Massi
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar 90245, Indonesia.,Centre of Excellence for Development and Utilization of Seaweeds, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar 90245, Indonesia
| | - Sulfahri
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar 90245, Indonesia.,Centre of Excellence for Development and Utilization of Seaweeds, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar 90245, Indonesia
| | - Marianti Manggau
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar 90245, Indonesia.,Centre of Excellence for Development and Utilization of Seaweeds, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar 90245, Indonesia
| | - Israini Wiyulanda Iskandar
- Centre of Excellence for Development and Utilization of Seaweeds, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar 90245, Indonesia
| | - Jamaluddin Fitrah Alam
- Faculty of Marine Science and Fisheries, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar 90245, Indonesia.,Centre of Excellence for Development and Utilization of Seaweeds, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar 90245, Indonesia
| | - Andi Dian Permana
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar 90245, Indonesia
| | - Lawrence M Liao
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Teicoplanin-A New Use for an Old Drug in the COVID-19 Era? Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14121227. [PMID: 34959628 PMCID: PMC8708781 DOI: 10.3390/ph14121227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Teicoplanin is an antibiotic that has been actively used in medical practice since 1986 to treat serious Gram-positive bacterial infections. Due to its efficiency and low cytotoxicity, teicoplanin has also been used for patients with complications, including pediatric and immunocompromised patients. Although teicoplanin is accepted as an antibacterial drug, its action against RNA viruses, including SARS-CoV2, has been proven in vitro. Here, we provide a thorough overview of teicoplanin usage in medicine, based on the current literature. We summarize infection sites treated with teicoplanin, concentrations of the antibiotic in different organs, and side effects. Finally, we summarize all available data about the antiviral activity of teicoplanin. We believe that, due to the extensive experience of teicoplanin usage in clinical settings to treat bacterial infections and its demonstrated activity against SARS-CoV2, teicoplanin could become a drug of choice in the treatment of COVID-19 patients. Teicoplanin stops the replication of the virus and at the same time avoids the development of Gram-positive bacterial co-infections.
Collapse
|
19
|
Natural Apocarotenoids and Their Synthetic Glycopeptide Conjugates Inhibit SARS-CoV-2 Replication. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14111111. [PMID: 34832893 PMCID: PMC8619593 DOI: 10.3390/ph14111111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The protracted global COVID-19 pandemic urges the development of new drugs against the causative agent SARS-CoV-2. The clinically used glycopeptide antibiotic, teicoplanin, emerged as a potential antiviral, and its efficacy was improved with lipophilic modifications. This prompted us to prepare new lipophilic apocarotenoid conjugates of teicoplanin, its pseudoaglycone and the related ristocetin aglycone. Their antiviral effect was tested against SARS-CoV-2 in Vero E6 cells, using a cell viability assay and quantitative PCR of the viral RNA, confirming their micromolar inhibitory activity against viral replication. Interestingly, two of the parent apocarotenoids, bixin and β-apo-8′carotenoic acid, exerted remarkable anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity. Mechanistic studies involved cathepsin L and B, as well as the main protease 3CLPro, and the results were rationalized by computational studies. Glycopeptide conjugates show dual inhibitory action, while apocarotenoids have mostly cathepsin B and L affinity. Since teicoplanin is a marketed antibiotic and the natural bixin is an approved, cheap and widely used red colorant food additive, these readily available compounds and their conjugates as potential antivirals are worthy of further exploration.
Collapse
|
20
|
Deep learning in target prediction and drug repositioning: Recent advances and challenges. Drug Discov Today 2021; 27:1796-1814. [PMID: 34718208 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Drug repositioning is an attractive strategy for discovering new therapeutic uses for approved or investigational drugs, with potentially shorter development timelines and lower development costs. Various computational methods have been used in drug repositioning, promoting the efficiency and success rates of this approach. Recently, deep learning (DL) has attracted wide attention for its potential in target prediction and drug repositioning. Here, we provide an overview of the basic principles of commonly used DL architectures and their applications in target prediction and drug repositioning, and discuss possible ways of dealing with current challenges to help achieve its expected potential for drug repositioning.
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
Purpose of Review Since the past year, the fast spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has represented a global health threat, especially for cancer patients, that has required an urgent reorganization of clinical activities. Here, we will critically revise the profound impact that the pandemic has generated in lung cancer patients, as well the most significant challenges that oncologists have to face to maintain the highest possible standards in the management of lung cancer patients in the pandemic era. Recent Findings Evidences suggested a higher susceptibility and mortality of lung cancer patients due to COVID-19. The hard management of this patient population has been also due to the potential cross interference of anti-tumor drugs on SARS-Cov-2 infection and to the differential diagnosis between COVID-19 pneumonitis and drug-related pneumonitis. Summary COVID-19 pandemic has generated a profound reshaping of oncological activities and the development of recommendations by the oncology scientific community to prioritize anti-tumor treatments for lung cancer patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luana Calabrò
- Center for Immuno-Oncology, Medical Oncology and Immunotherapy, Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Siena, Siena, Italy. .,EPigenetic Immune-Oncology Consortium Airc (EPICA), Viale Mario Bracci, 16; 53100, Siena, Italy.
| | - Giulia Rossi
- Center for Immuno-Oncology, Medical Oncology and Immunotherapy, Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Alessia Covre
- Center for Immuno-Oncology, Medical Oncology and Immunotherapy, Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Siena, Siena, Italy.,EPigenetic Immune-Oncology Consortium Airc (EPICA), Viale Mario Bracci, 16; 53100, Siena, Italy.,University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | | | - Michele Maio
- Center for Immuno-Oncology, Medical Oncology and Immunotherapy, Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Siena, Siena, Italy.,EPigenetic Immune-Oncology Consortium Airc (EPICA), Viale Mario Bracci, 16; 53100, Siena, Italy.,University of Siena, Siena, Italy.,Fondazione NIBIT Onlus, Siena, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Hariono M, Hariyono P, Dwiastuti R, Setyani W, Yusuf M, Salin N, Wahab H. Potential SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro inhibitors from chromene, flavonoid and hydroxamic acid compound based on FRET assay, docking and pharmacophore studies. RESULTS IN CHEMISTRY 2021; 3:100195. [PMID: 34567959 PMCID: PMC8451405 DOI: 10.1016/j.rechem.2021.100195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This present study reports some natural products and one hydroxamic acid synthetic compound which were previously reported as matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) inhibitors to be evaluated for their inhibition toward severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) 3-chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro). This enzyme is one of the proteins responsible for this coronaviral replication. Two herbal methanolic extracts i.e., Averrhoa carambola leaves and Ageratum conyzoides aerial part demonstrate >50% inhibition at 1000 µg/mL. Interestingly, apigenin, one of flavonoids, demonstrates 92% inhibition at 250 µg/mL (925 µM) as well as hydroxamic acid compound, N-isobutyl-N-(4-methoxyphenylsulfonyl)glycyl hydroxamic acid (NNGH), which shows 69% inhibition at 100 µM. The in vitro results are supported by the docking studies revealing that the binding mode of both compounds is mainly by interacting with GLU166 residue in the hydrophobic pocket of the 3CLpro. Pharmacophore mapping further supported the results by confirming that the in vitro activities of both compounds are due to their pharmacophore features employing hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA), hydrogen bond donor (HBD) and hydrophobic. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis reported chromene compounds in Ageratum conyzoides aerial part methanolic extract are potential to be this enzyme inhibitor candidate. These all results reflect their potencies to be SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors through 3CLpro inhibition mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maywan Hariono
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Sanata Dharma University, Campus III, Paingan, Maguwoharjo, Depok, Sleman 55282, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Pandu Hariyono
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Sanata Dharma University, Campus III, Paingan, Maguwoharjo, Depok, Sleman 55282, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Rini Dwiastuti
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Sanata Dharma University, Campus III, Paingan, Maguwoharjo, Depok, Sleman 55282, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Wahyuning Setyani
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Sanata Dharma University, Campus III, Paingan, Maguwoharjo, Depok, Sleman 55282, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Yusuf
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Padjadjaran University, Jatinangor, Sumedang 45363, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Nurul Salin
- Malaysian Institute of Pharmaceuticals and Nutraceuticals, National Institute of Biotechnology Malaysia, Halaman Bukit Gambir, 11900 Bayan Lepas, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Habibah Wahab
- Pharmaceutical Technology Department, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and USM-RIKEN Centre for Ageing Science (URICAS), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
|
24
|
Beck-Friis J, Leach S, Omerovic E, Zeijlon R, Gisslen M, Yilmaz A. No difference in biomarkers of ischemic heart injury and heart failure in patients with COVID-19 who received treatment with chloroquine phosphate and those who did not. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0256035. [PMID: 34398893 PMCID: PMC8366976 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chloroquine was promoted as a COVID-19 therapeutic early in the pandemic. Most countries have since discontinued the use of chloroquine due to lack of evidence of any benefit and the risk of severe adverse events. The primary aim of this study was to examine if administering chloroquine during COVID-19 imposed an increased risk of ischemic heart injury or heart failure. Methods Medical records, laboratory findings, and electrocardiograms of patients with COVID-19 who were treated with 500 mg chloroquine phosphate daily and controls not treated with chloroquine were reviewed retrospectively. Controls were matched in age and severity of disease. Results We included 20 patients receiving chloroquine (500 mg twice daily) for an average of five days, and 40 controls. The groups were comparable regarding demographics and biochemical analyses including C-reactive protein, thrombocytes, and creatinine. There were no statistically significant differences in cardiac biomarkers or in electrocardiograms. Median troponin T was 10,8 ng/L in the study group and 17.9 ng/L in the control group, whereas median NT-proBNP was 399 ng/L in patients receiving chloroquine and 349 ng/L in the controls. Conclusions We found no increased risk of ischemic heart injury or heart failure as a result of administering chloroquine. However, the use of chloroquine to treat COVID-19 outside of clinical trials is not recommended, considering the lack of evidence of its effectiveness, as well as the elevated risk of fatal arrythmias.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Josefine Beck-Friis
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Susannah Leach
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Elmir Omerovic
- Department of Cardiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Rickard Zeijlon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Magnus Gisslen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Aylin Yilmaz
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Ali YM, Ferrari M, Lynch NJ, Yaseen S, Dudler T, Gragerov S, Demopulos G, Heeney JL, Schwaeble WJ. Lectin Pathway Mediates Complement Activation by SARS-CoV-2 Proteins. Front Immunol 2021; 12:714511. [PMID: 34290717 PMCID: PMC8287855 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.714511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Early and persistent activation of complement is considered to play a key role in the pathogenesis of COVID-19. Complement activation products orchestrate a proinflammatory environment that might be critical for the induction and maintenance of a severe inflammatory response to SARS-CoV-2 by recruiting cells of the cellular immune system to the sites of infection and shifting their state of activation towards an inflammatory phenotype. It precedes pathophysiological milestone events like the cytokine storm, progressive endothelial injury triggering microangiopathy, and further complement activation, and causes an acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). To date, the application of antiviral drugs and corticosteroids have shown efficacy in the early stages of SARS-CoV-2 infection, but failed to ameliorate disease severity in patients who progressed to severe COVID-19 pathology. This report demonstrates that lectin pathway (LP) recognition molecules of the complement system, such as MBL, FCN-2 and CL-11, bind to SARS-CoV-2 S- and N-proteins, with subsequent activation of LP-mediated C3b and C4b deposition. In addition, our results confirm and underline that the N-protein of SARS-CoV-2 binds directly to the LP- effector enzyme MASP-2 and activates complement. Inhibition of the LP using an inhibitory monoclonal antibody against MASP-2 effectively blocks LP-mediated complement activation. FACS analyses using transfected HEK-293 cells expressing SARS-CoV-2 S protein confirm a robust LP-dependent C3b deposition on the cell surface which is inhibited by the MASP-2 inhibitory antibody. In light of our present results, and the encouraging performance of our clinical candidate MASP-2 inhibitor Narsoplimab in recently published clinical trials, we suggest that the targeting of MASP-2 provides an unsurpassed window of therapeutic efficacy for the treatment of severe COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Youssif M. Ali
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Matteo Ferrari
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J. Lynch
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | - Jonathan L. Heeney
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Wilhelm J. Schwaeble
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Biomedical Text Link Prediction for Drug Discovery: A Case Study with COVID-19. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13060794. [PMID: 34073456 PMCID: PMC8230210 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13060794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Link prediction in artificial intelligence is used to identify missing links or derive future relationships that can occur in complex networks. A link prediction model was developed using the complex heterogeneous biomedical knowledge graph, SemNet, to predict missing links in biomedical literature for drug discovery. A web application visualized knowledge graph embeddings and link prediction results using TransE, CompleX, and RotatE based methods. The link prediction model achieved up to 0.44 hits@10 on the entity prediction tasks. The recent outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), also known as COVID-19, served as a case study to demonstrate the efficacy of link prediction modeling for drug discovery. The link prediction algorithm guided identification and ranking of repurposed drug candidates for SARS-CoV-2 primarily by text mining biomedical literature from previous coronaviruses, including SARS and middle east respiratory syndrome (MERS). Repurposed drugs included potential primary SARS-CoV-2 treatment, adjunctive therapies, or therapeutics to treat side effects. The link prediction accuracy for nodes ranked highly for SARS coronavirus was 0.875 as calculated by human in the loop validation on existing COVID-19 specific data sets. Drug classes predicted as highly ranked include anti-inflammatory, nucleoside analogs, protease inhibitors, antimalarials, envelope proteins, and glycoproteins. Examples of highly ranked predicted links to SARS-CoV-2: human leukocyte interferon, recombinant interferon-gamma, cyclosporine, antiviral therapy, zidovudine, chloroquine, vaccination, methotrexate, artemisinin, alkaloids, glycyrrhizic acid, quinine, flavonoids, amprenavir, suramin, complement system proteins, fluoroquinolones, bone marrow transplantation, albuterol, ciprofloxacin, quinolone antibacterial agents, and hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitors. Approximately 40% of identified drugs were not previously connected to SARS, such as edetic acid or biotin. In summary, link prediction can effectively suggest repurposed drugs for emergent diseases.
Collapse
|
27
|
Jha NK, Sharma C, Hashiesh HM, Arunachalam S, Meeran MN, Javed H, Patil CR, Goyal SN, Ojha S. β-Caryophyllene, A Natural Dietary CB2 Receptor Selective Cannabinoid can be a Candidate to Target the Trinity of Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation in COVID-19. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:590201. [PMID: 34054510 PMCID: PMC8163236 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.590201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19), caused by novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is an ongoing pandemic and presents a public health emergency. It has affected millions of people and continues to affect more, despite tremendous social preventive measures. Identifying candidate drugs for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 is crucial. The pathogenesis and the complications with advanced infection mainly involve an immune-inflammatory cascade. Therefore, therapeutic strategy relies on suppressing infectivity and inflammation, along with immune modulation. One of the most promising therapeutic targets for the modulation of immune-inflammatory responses is the endocannabinoid system, particularly the activation of cannabinoid type 2 receptors (CB2R), a G-protein coupled receptor which mediates the anti-inflammatory properties by modulating numerous signaling pathways. To pharmacologically activate the CB2 receptors, a naturally occurring cannabinoid ligand, beta-caryophyllene (BCP), received attention due to its potent anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and immunomodulatory properties. BCP is recognized as a full selective functional agonist on CB2 receptors and produces therapeutic effects by activating CB2 and the nuclear receptors, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs). BCP is regarded as the first dietary cannabinoid with abundant presence across cannabis and non-cannabis plants, including spices and other edible plants. BCP showed tissue protective properties and favorably modulates numerous signaling pathways and inhibits inflammatory mediators, including cytokines, chemokines, adhesion molecules, prostanoids, and eicosanoids. Based on its pharmacological properties, molecular mechanisms, and the therapeutic potential of BCP as an immunomodulator, anti-inflammatory, organ-protective, and antiviral, we hypothesize that BCP could be a promising therapeutic and/or preventive candidate to target the triad of infection, immunity, and inflammation in COVID-19. In line with numerous studies that proposed the potential of cannabinoids in COVID-19, BCP may be a novel candidate compound for pharmaceutical and nutraceutical development due to its unique functional receptor selectivity, wide availability and accessibility, dietary bioavailability, nonpsychoactivity, and negligible toxicity along with druggable properties, including favorable pharmacokinetic and physicochemical properties. Based on reasonable pharmacological mechanisms and therapeutic properties, we speculate that BCP has potential to be investigated against COVID-19 and will inspire further preclinical and clinical studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niraj Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology (SET), Sharda University, Greater Noida, India
| | - Charu Sharma
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hebaallah Mamdouh Hashiesh
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Seenipandi Arunachalam
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mf Nagoor Meeran
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hayate Javed
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Chandragouda R Patil
- Department of Pharmacology, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, New Delhi, India
| | - Sameer N Goyal
- Shri Vile Parle Kelvani Mandal's Institute of Pharmacy, Dhule, India
| | - Shreesh Ojha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Ağagündüz D, Çelik MN, Çıtar Dazıroğlu ME, Capasso R. Emergent Drug and Nutrition Interactions in COVID-19: A Comprehensive Narrative Review. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13051550. [PMID: 34064534 PMCID: PMC8147951 DOI: 10.3390/nu13051550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses are a large family of viruses that are known to cause respiratory tract infections ranging from colds to more severe diseases, such as Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) and the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS). New Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), which led to deaths as well as social and economic disruptions, is an ongoing worldwide pandemic caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Currently, there is no approved treatment for COVID-19. Hence, only supportive care has been approved by the World Health Organization (WHO) for now. Pharmacological agents used for the adjunctive treatment of COVID-19 following the current literature and clinical experiences include antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and anti-malaria drugs, and other traditional or untraditional treatments. However, it has been reported that the use of these drugs may have some negative effects and comorbidities. Moreover, the current data have indicated that the risk of drug-drug interactions may also be high in polypharmacy cases, especially in elderly people, some comorbidity situations, and intensive care unit (ICU) patients. It is highly possible that these situations can not only increase the risk of drug-drug interactions but also increase the risk of food/nutrition-drug interactions and affect the nutritional status. However, this issue has not yet been entirely discussed in the literature. In this review, current information on the possible mechanisms as well as pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects of some pharmacological agents used in the treatment of COVID-19 and/or their secondary interactions with nutrition were evaluated and some future directions were given.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Duygu Ağagündüz
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Gazi University, Emek, Ankara 06490, Turkey; (M.N.Ç.); (M.E.Ç.D.)
- Correspondence: (D.A.); (R.C.)
| | - Menşure Nur Çelik
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Gazi University, Emek, Ankara 06490, Turkey; (M.N.Ç.); (M.E.Ç.D.)
| | - Merve Esra Çıtar Dazıroğlu
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Gazi University, Emek, Ankara 06490, Turkey; (M.N.Ç.); (M.E.Ç.D.)
| | - Raffaele Capasso
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence: (D.A.); (R.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Wu YH, Yeh IJ, Phan NN, Yen MC, Hung JH, Chiao CC, Chen CF, Sun Z, Hsu HP, Wang CY, Lai MD. Gene signatures and potential therapeutic targets of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV)-infected human lung adenocarcinoma epithelial cells. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2021; 54:845-857. [PMID: 34176764 PMCID: PMC7997684 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2021.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Background Pathogenic coronaviruses include Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), and SARS-CoV-2. These viruses have induced outbreaks worldwide, and there are currently no effective medications against them. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop potential drugs against coronaviruses. Methods High-throughput technology is widely used to explore differences in messenger (m)RNA and micro (mi)RNA expression profiles, especially to investigate protein–protein interactions and search for new therapeutic compounds. We integrated miRNA and mRNA expression profiles in MERS-CoV-infected cells and compared them to mock-infected controls from public databases. Results Through the bioinformatics analysis, there were 251 upregulated genes and eight highly differentiated miRNAs that overlapped in the two datasets. External validation verified that these genes had high expression in MERS-CoV-infected cells, including RC3H1, NF-κB, CD69, TNFAIP3, LEAP-2, DUSP10, CREB5, CXCL2, etc. We revealed that immune, olfactory or sensory system-related, and signal-transduction networks were discovered from upregulated mRNAs in MERS-CoV-infected cells. In total, 115 genes were predicted to be related to miRNAs, with the intersection of upregulated mRNAs and miRNA-targeting prediction genes such as TCF4, NR3C1, and POU2F2. Through the Connectivity Map (CMap) platform, we suggested potential compounds to use against MERS-CoV infection, including diethylcarbamazine, harpagoside, bumetanide, enalapril, and valproic acid. Conclusions The present study illustrates the crucial roles of miRNA-mRNA interacting networks in MERS-CoV-infected cells. The genes we identified are potential targets for treating MERS-CoV infection; however, these could possibly be extended to other coronavirus infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Hung Wu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - I-Jeng Yeh
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Nam Nhut Phan
- NTT Institute of Hi-Technology, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Meng-Chi Yen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Hsiang Hung
- Department of Biotechnology, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 71710, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Chieh Chiao
- School of Chinese Medicine for Post-Baccalaureate, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Fu Chen
- School of Chinese Medicine for Post-Baccalaureate, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan
| | - Zhengda Sun
- Kaiser Permanente, Northern California Regional Laboratories, The Permanente Medical Group, 1725 Eastshore Hwy, Berkeley, CA 94710, USA
| | - Hui-Ping Hsu
- Department of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan; Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN37232, USA.
| | - Chih-Yang Wang
- Ph.D. Program for Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Derg Lai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan; Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Khanna N, Pawar SV, Kumar A. A Review on Repurposed Drugs and Vaccine Trials for Combating SARS CoV-2. Curr Drug Res Rev 2021; 13:203-221. [PMID: 33719950 DOI: 10.2174/2589977513666210315094752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), emerged in Wuhan, China in December 2019 and then spread worldwide rapidly. The records from World Health Organisation (WHO), Centres of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and Food and Drug Administration (FDA) backup the fact that no medications have proven to be completely effective for prevention or treatment of SARS-CoV-2. The clinical trials are underway for many repurposed, investigational drugs and vaccine candidates. BioNTech and Pfizer Inc, Moderna, Gamaleya institute and University of Oxford (collaboration with AstraZeneca) announced positive results in the Phase 3 interim analyses of vaccine trials in November 2020. Twelve countries have approved Pfizer- BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine for emergency use, as of December 2020. OBJECTIVE The objective was to summarize the repurposed/investigational drugs, their mechanism of action, and rationale for their use in COVID-19 treatment. The article also aimed to summarize the vaccine trials that are currently undergoing across the globe. METHODS In order to find the content for review, studies defining COVID-19 chronology, repurposed drugs along with their mode of action and potential vaccine trials were studied and summarized. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION The article summarizes potential therapeutic candidates (repurposed and investigational agents) for SARS-CoV-2, their possible mechanism of action and discussion related to their involvement in recent clinical trials. Innovative vaccine platform technologies are also highlighted that are recently being used in the vaccine production pipeline.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Khanna
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Sandip V Pawar
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Anil Kumar
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Mirtaleb MS, Mirtaleb AH, Nosrati H, Heshmatnia J, Falak R, Zolfaghari Emameh R. Potential therapeutic agents to COVID-19: An update review on antiviral therapy, immunotherapy, and cell therapy. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 138:111518. [PMID: 33774315 PMCID: PMC7962551 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in Wuhan, China, in December 2020 and coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) was later announced as pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO). Since then, several studies have been conducted on the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 by potential vaccines and drugs. Although, the governments and global population have been attracted by some vaccine production projects, the presence of SARS-CoV-2-specific antiviral drugs would be an urge necessity in parallel with the efficient preventive vaccines. Various nonspecific drugs produced previously against other bacterial, viral, and parasite infections were recently evaluated for treating patients with COVID-19. In addition to therapeutic properties of these anti-COVID-19 compounds, some adverse effects were observed in different human organs as well. Not only several attentions were paid to antiviral therapy and treatment of COVID-19, but also nanomedicine, immunotherapy, and cell therapy were conducted against this viral infection. In this review study, we planned to introduce the present and potential future treatment strategies against COVID-19 and define the advantages and disadvantages of each treatment strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mona Sadat Mirtaleb
- Department of Energy and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), 14965/161 Tehran, Iran.
| | - Amir Hossein Mirtaleb
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Technology, Tarbiat Modares University, PO Box 14115-143, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hassan Nosrati
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Jalal Heshmatnia
- Chronic Respiratory Diseases Research Center (CRDRC), National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Reza Falak
- Immunology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Immunology Department, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Reza Zolfaghari Emameh
- Department of Energy and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), 14965/161 Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Pharmacogenomics and COVID-19: clinical implications of human genome interactions with repurposed drugs. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2021; 21:275-284. [PMID: 33542445 PMCID: PMC7859465 DOI: 10.1038/s41397-021-00209-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The outbreak of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has evolved into an emergent global pandemic. Many drugs without established efficacy are being used to treat COVID-19 patients either as an offlabel/compassionate use or as a clinical trial. Although drug repurposing is an attractive approach with reduced time and cost, there is a need to make predictions on success before the start of therapy. For the optimum use of these repurposed drugs, many factors should be considered such as drug–gene or dug–drug interactions, drug toxicity, and patient co-morbidity. There is limited data on the pharmacogenomics of these agents and this may constitute an obstacle for successful COVID-19 therapy. This article reviewed the available human genome interactions with some promising repurposed drugs for COVID-19 management. These drugs include chloroquine (CQ), hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), azithromycin, lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r), atazanavir (ATV), favipiravir (FVP), nevirapine (NVP), efavirenz (EFV), oseltamivir, remdesivir, anakinra, tocilizumab (TCZ), eculizumab, heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) regulators, renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) inhibitors, ivermectin, and nitazoxanide. Drug-gene variant pairs that may alter the therapeutic outcomes in COVID-19 patients are presented. The major drug variant pairs that associated with variations in clinical efficacy include CQ/HCQ (CYP2C8, CYP2D6, ACE2, and HO-1); azithromycin (ABCB1); LPV/r (SLCO1B1, ABCB1, ABCC2 and CYP3A); NVP (ABCC10); oseltamivir (CES1 and ABCB1); remdesivir (CYP2C8, CYP2D6, CYP3A4, and OATP1B1); anakinra (IL-1a); and TCZ (IL6R and FCGR3A). The major drug variant pairs that associated with variations in adverse effects include CQ/HCQ (G6PD; hemolysis and ABCA4; retinopathy), ATV (MDR1 and UGT1A1*28; hyperbilirubinemia; and APOA5; dyslipidemia), NVP (HLA-DRB1*01, HLA-B*3505 and CYP2B6; skin rash and MDR1; hepatotoxicity), and EFV (CYP2B6; depression and suicidal tendencies).
Collapse
|
33
|
Rios CI, Cassatt DR, Hollingsworth BA, Satyamitra MM, Tadesse YS, Taliaferro LP, Winters TA, DiCarlo AL. Commonalities Between COVID-19 and Radiation Injury. Radiat Res 2021; 195:1-24. [PMID: 33064832 PMCID: PMC7861125 DOI: 10.1667/rade-20-00188.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
As the multi-systemic components of COVID-19 emerge, parallel etiologies can be drawn between SARS-CoV-2 infection and radiation injuries. While some SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals present as asymptomatic, others exhibit mild symptoms that may include fever, cough, chills, and unusual symptoms like loss of taste and smell and reddening in the extremities (e.g., "COVID toes," suggestive of microvessel damage). Still others alarm healthcare providers with extreme and rapid onset of high-risk indicators of mortality that include acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), multi-organ hypercoagulation, hypoxia and cardiovascular damage. Researchers are quickly refocusing their science to address this enigmatic virus that seems to unveil itself in new ways without discrimination. As investigators begin to identify early markers of disease, identification of common threads with other pathologies may provide some clues. Interestingly, years of research in the field of radiation biology documents the complex multiorgan nature of another disease state that occurs after exposure to high doses of radiation: the acute radiation syndrome (ARS). Inflammation is a key common player in COVID-19 and ARS, and drives the multi-system damage that dramatically alters biological homeostasis. Both conditions initiate a cytokine storm, with similar pro-inflammatory molecules increased and other anti-inflammatory molecules decreased. These changes manifest in a variety of ways, with a demonstrably higher health impact in patients having underlying medical conditions. The potentially dramatic human impact of ARS has guided the science that has identified many biomarkers of radiation exposure, established medical management strategies for ARS, and led to the development of medical countermeasures for use in the event of a radiation public health emergency. These efforts can now be leveraged to help elucidate mechanisms of action of COVID-19 injuries. Furthermore, this intersection between COVID-19 and ARS may point to approaches that could accelerate the discovery of treatments for both.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carmen I. Rios
- Radiation and Nuclear Countermeasures Program (RNCP), Division of Allergy, Immunology and Transplantation (DAIT), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, Maryland
| | - David R. Cassatt
- Radiation and Nuclear Countermeasures Program (RNCP), Division of Allergy, Immunology and Transplantation (DAIT), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, Maryland
| | - Brynn A. Hollingsworth
- Radiation and Nuclear Countermeasures Program (RNCP), Division of Allergy, Immunology and Transplantation (DAIT), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, Maryland
| | - Merriline M. Satyamitra
- Radiation and Nuclear Countermeasures Program (RNCP), Division of Allergy, Immunology and Transplantation (DAIT), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, Maryland
| | - Yeabsera S. Tadesse
- Radiation and Nuclear Countermeasures Program (RNCP), Division of Allergy, Immunology and Transplantation (DAIT), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, Maryland
| | - Lanyn P. Taliaferro
- Radiation and Nuclear Countermeasures Program (RNCP), Division of Allergy, Immunology and Transplantation (DAIT), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, Maryland
| | - Thomas A. Winters
- Radiation and Nuclear Countermeasures Program (RNCP), Division of Allergy, Immunology and Transplantation (DAIT), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, Maryland
| | - Andrea L. DiCarlo
- Radiation and Nuclear Countermeasures Program (RNCP), Division of Allergy, Immunology and Transplantation (DAIT), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Fani K, Ghahremani M, Fathi M, Massoudi N, Tavana S, Nooraee N, Malekpour Alamdari N, Besharat S, Najafi Abrandabadi A, Pirsalehi A, Khabiri Khatiri MA, Amini Pouya M, Rajaei S, Dabbagh A. The Effect of Exogenous Surfactant on Moderate and Severe Stages of COVID-19 Induced ARDS: the Pilot Study of a Clinical Trial. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH : IJPR 2021; 20:553-559. [PMID: 34904008 PMCID: PMC8653667 DOI: 10.22037/ijpr.2021.115390.15347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 pandemic has created a global health challenge. Many pharmaceuticals have been repurposed as potential treatments, though many have not been promising. Due to the inflammatory and destructive effects of the virus on alveolar cells, the effect of exogenous surfactant was assessed as a potential treatment of lung dysfunction in COVID-19 patients. In this pilot study of the clinical trial, 49 patients aged 35-80 years with COVID-19 admitted in ICU entered the study (22 patients intubated and 23 had face masks; 4 patients in the control arm). The treatment arm patients received two consecutive doses of surfactant. P/F ratio (based on serial blood gas analyses before and 12 hours after 2 doses of surfactant) and also, clinical outcomes were assessed.in COVID-19 adult patients, surfactant significantly improved pulmonary P/F ratio both in intubated and face mask COVID-19 patients (increasing from 119.2 ± 51.7 to 179.4 ± 115.5). The rate of extubation was much better than similar country-wide studies. Surfactant significantly alleviates the respiratory status in moderate to severe COVID-19 ARDS with two consecutive 100 mg doses of surfactant (with 6 hours' interval) though previous studies have been controversial, regarding the effect of surfactant in general forms of ARDS. Higher doses might have better effects, mandating more trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Fani
- Anesthesiology Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mehdi Ghahremani
- Anesthesiology Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Fathi
- Anesthesiology Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Nilofar Massoudi
- Anesthesiology Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Sasan Tavana
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Navid Nooraee
- Anesthesiology Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Nasser Malekpour Alamdari
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Sara Besharat
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Arash Najafi Abrandabadi
- Anesthesiology Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ali Pirsalehi
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Ali Khabiri Khatiri
- Anesthesiology Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Maryam Amini Pouya
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Samira Rajaei
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ali Dabbagh
- Anesthesiology Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. ,Corresponding author: E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Gomes CP, Fernandes DE, Casimiro F, da Mata GF, Passos MT, Varela P, Mastroianni-Kirsztajn G, Pesquero JB. Cathepsin L in COVID-19: From Pharmacological Evidences to Genetics. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:589505. [PMID: 33364201 PMCID: PMC7753008 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.589505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemics is a challenge without precedent for the modern science. Acute Respiratory Discomfort Syndrome (ARDS) is the most common immunopathological event in SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV infections. Fast lung deterioration results of cytokine storm determined by a robust immunological response leading to ARDS and multiple organ failure. Here, we show cysteine protease Cathepsin L (CatL) involvement with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and COVID-19 from different points of view. CatL is a lysosomal enzyme that participates in numerous physiological processes, including apoptosis, antigen processing, and extracellular matrix remodeling. CatL is implicated in pathological conditions like invasion and metastasis of tumors, inflammatory status, atherosclerosis, renal disease, diabetes, bone diseases, viral infection, and other diseases. CatL expression is up-regulated during chronic inflammation and is involved in degrading extracellular matrix, an important process for SARS-CoV-2 to enter host cells. In addition, CatL is probably involved in processing SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. As its inhibition is detrimental to SARS-CoV-2 infection and possibly exit from cells during late stages of infection, CatL could have been considered a valuable therapeutic target. Therefore, we describe here some drugs already in the market with potential CatL inhibiting capacity that could be used to treat COVID-19 patients. In addition, we discuss the possible role of host genetics in the etiology and spreading of the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caio P. Gomes
- Center for Research and Molecular Diagnostic of Genetic Diseases, Department of Biophysics, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Danilo E. Fernandes
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Casimiro
- Center for Research and Molecular Diagnostic of Genetic Diseases, Department of Biophysics, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gustavo F. da Mata
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Michelle T. Passos
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patricia Varela
- Center for Research and Molecular Diagnostic of Genetic Diseases, Department of Biophysics, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - João Bosco Pesquero
- Center for Research and Molecular Diagnostic of Genetic Diseases, Department of Biophysics, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Kneller DW, Galanie S, Phillips G, O'Neill HM, Coates L, Kovalevsky A. Malleability of the SARS-CoV-2 3CL M pro Active-Site Cavity Facilitates Binding of Clinical Antivirals. Structure 2020; 28:1313-1320.e3. [PMID: 33152262 PMCID: PMC7584437 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2020.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 requires rapid development of specific therapeutics and vaccines. The main protease of SARS-CoV-2, 3CL Mpro, is an established drug target for the design of inhibitors to stop the virus replication. Repurposing existing clinical drugs can offer a faster route to treatments. Here, we report on the binding mode and inhibition properties of several inhibitors using room temperature X-ray crystallography and in vitro enzyme kinetics. The enzyme active-site cavity reveals a high degree of malleability, allowing aldehyde leupeptin and hepatitis C clinical protease inhibitors (telaprevir, narlaprevir, and boceprevir) to bind and inhibit SARS-CoV-2 3CL Mpro. Narlaprevir, boceprevir, and telaprevir are low-micromolar inhibitors, whereas the binding affinity of leupeptin is substantially weaker. Repurposing hepatitis C clinical drugs as COVID-19 treatments may be a useful option to pursue. The observed malleability of the enzyme active-site cavity should be considered for the successful design of specific protease inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel W Kneller
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA; National Virtual Biotechnology Laboratory, US Department of Energy, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Stephanie Galanie
- National Virtual Biotechnology Laboratory, US Department of Energy, Washington, DC, USA; Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Gwyndalyn Phillips
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA; National Virtual Biotechnology Laboratory, US Department of Energy, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Hugh M O'Neill
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA; National Virtual Biotechnology Laboratory, US Department of Energy, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Leighton Coates
- National Virtual Biotechnology Laboratory, US Department of Energy, Washington, DC, USA; Second Target Station, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA.
| | - Andrey Kovalevsky
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA; National Virtual Biotechnology Laboratory, US Department of Energy, Washington, DC, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Cadegiani FA. Repurposing existing drugs for COVID-19: an endocrinology perspective. BMC Endocr Disord 2020; 20:149. [PMID: 32993622 PMCID: PMC7523486 DOI: 10.1186/s12902-020-00626-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a multi-systemic infection caused by the novel Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), that has become a pandemic. Although its prevailing symptoms include anosmia, ageusia, dry couch, fever, shortness of brief, arthralgia, myalgia, and fatigue, regional and methodological assessments vary, leading to heterogeneous clinical descriptions of COVID-19. Aging, uncontrolled diabetes, hypertension, obesity, and exposure to androgens have been correlated with worse prognosis in COVID-19. Abnormalities in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) and the androgen-driven transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) have been elicited as key modulators of SARS-CoV-2. MAIN TEXT While safe and effective therapies for COVID-19 lack, the current moment of pandemic urges for therapeutic options. Existing drugs should be preferred over novel ones for clinical testing due to four inherent characteristics: 1. Well-established long-term safety profile, known risks and contraindications; 2. More accurate predictions of clinical effects; 3. Familiarity of clinical management; and 4. Affordable costs for public health systems. In the context of the key modulators of SARS-CoV-2 infectivity, endocrine targets have become central as candidates for COVID-19. The only endocrine or endocrine-related drug class with already existing emerging evidence for COVID-19 is the glucocorticoids, particularly for the use of dexamethasone for severely affected patients. Other drugs that are more likely to present clinical effects despite the lack of specific evidence for COVID-19 include anti-androgens (spironolactone, eplerenone, finasteride and dutasteride), statins, N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), ACE inhibitors (ACEi), angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB), and direct TMPRSS-2 inhibitors (nafamostat and camostat). Several other candidates show less consistent plausibility. In common, except for dexamethasone, all candidates have no evidence for COVID-19, and clinical trials are needed. CONCLUSION While dexamethasone may reduce mortality in severely ill patients with COVID-19, in the absence of evidence of any specific drug for mild-to-moderate COVID-19, researchers should consider testing existing drugs due to their favorable safety, familiarity, and cost profile. However, except for dexamethasone in severe COVID-19, drug treatments for COVID-19 patients must be restricted to clinical research studies until efficacy has been extensively proven, with favorable outcomes in terms of reduction in hospitalization, mechanical ventilation, and death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Flavio A Cadegiani
- Adrenal and Hypertension Unit, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (EPM/UNIFESP), Rua Pedro de Toledo 781 - 13th floor, São Paulo, SP, 04039-032, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Hossen MS, Barek MA, Jahan N, Safiqul Islam M. A Review on Current Repurposing Drugs for the Treatment of COVID-19: Reality and Challenges. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 2:1777-1789. [PMID: 32904710 PMCID: PMC7457893 DOI: 10.1007/s42399-020-00485-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has become a global pandemic with a high growth rate of confirmed cases. Therefore, therapeutic options are desperately urgent to fight with this damning virus. As it may take years to develop a specific therapy of COVID-19, it is urgent to emphasize the repurposing of drugs used for other conditions. This study reviewed the most common drugs for COVID-19 based on available online literature representing the latest in vitro clinical trial database, rational of use, adverse effects, potential toxicities, and US National Institute of Health (NIH) recommendation to use for COVID-19. Based on the preliminary data from clinical trials and considering the NIH and FDA recommendation, remdesivir and convalescent blood products are the most promising potential for COVID-19 treatment. The use of chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, favipiravir, ivermectin, and colchicine might also be effective. However, furthermore, in vivo investigations are needed in detail individually and in combination for possible benefits in humans. Besides, tocilizumab might be deemed as adjunctive therapy for patients with cytokine release syndrome. However, lopinavir-ritonavir, anakinra, and sarilumab had not proven their clinical efficacy. Eventually, sarilumab has been withdrawn from sponsored clinical trials based on the preliminary data. Baricitinib and ruxolitinib have the additive immunosuppressive effect. Consequently, all of these drugs are being evaluated with further studies. In addition, drug-drug interaction and safety concerns must be taken into account before the administration of the recommended drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Md Shafiul Hossen
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Sonapur, Noakhali 3814 Bangladesh
| | - Md Abdul Barek
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Sonapur, Noakhali 3814 Bangladesh
| | - Nusrat Jahan
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Sonapur, Noakhali 3814 Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Safiqul Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Sonapur, Noakhali 3814 Bangladesh
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Infante M, Ricordi C, Alejandro R, Caprio M, Fabbri A. Hydroxychloroquine in the COVID-19 pandemic era: in pursuit of a rational use for prophylaxis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2020; 19:5-16. [PMID: 32693652 PMCID: PMC7441799 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2020.1799785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Over the last few months, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 has posed a serious threat to public health on a global scale. Given the current lack of an effective vaccine, several drugs have been repurposed for treatment and prophylaxis of COVID-19 in an attempt to find an effective cure. Areas covered The antimalarial drug hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) initially garnered widespread attention following the publication of preliminary results showing that this drug exerts an anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity in vitro. Expert opinion To date, clinical evidence suggests lack of benefit from HCQ use for the treatment of hospitalized patients with COVID-19. In such patients, HCQ also appears to be associated with an increased risk of QT interval prolongation and potentially lethal ventricular arrhythmias. Therefore, FDA has recently revoked the Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) for emergency use of HCQ and chloroquine to treat COVID-19. Conversely, whether HCQ use may represent an effective prophylactic strategy against COVID-19 is a separate question that still remains to be answered. In addition, relevant aspects regarding the potential risks and benefits of HCQ need to be clarified, in pursuit of a rational use of this drug in the COVID-19 pandemic era.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Infante
- Division of Endocrinology, CTO Andrea Alesini Hospital, ASL Roma 2, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata" , Rome, Italy.,UniCamillus, Saint Camillus International University of Health Sciences , Rome, Italy.,Diabetes Research Institute Federation (DRIF), Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata" , Rome, Italy.,Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN) , Rome, Italy.,Diabetes Research Institute (DRI), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Miami, FL, USA
| | - Camillo Ricordi
- Diabetes Research Institute (DRI), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Miami, FL, USA
| | - Rodolfo Alejandro
- Diabetes Research Institute (DRI), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Miami, FL, USA
| | - Massimiliano Caprio
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Endocrinology, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana , Rome, Italy.,Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Roma Open University , Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Fabbri
- Division of Endocrinology, CTO Andrea Alesini Hospital, ASL Roma 2, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata" , Rome, Italy.,Diabetes Research Institute Federation (DRIF), Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata" , Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Elhusseiny KM, Abd-Elhay FAE, Kamel MG. Possible therapeutic agents for COVID-19: a comprehensive review. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2020; 18:1005-1020. [PMID: 32538209 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2020.1782742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has emerged in China. There are no available vaccines or antiviral drugs for COVID-19 patients. Herein, we represented possible therapeutic agents that may stand as a potential therapy against COVID-19. AREAS COVERED We searched PubMed, Google Scholar, and clinicaltrials.gov for relevant papers. We showed some agents with potentially favorable efficacy, acceptable safety as well as good pharmacokinetic profiles. Several therapies are under assessment to evaluate their efficacy and safety for COVID-19. However, some drugs were withdrawn due to their side effects after demonstrating some clinical efficacy. Indeed, the most effective therapies could be organ function support, convalescent plasma, anticoagulants, and immune as well as antiviral therapies, especially anti-influenza drugs due to the similarities between respiratory viruses regarding viral entry, uncoating, and replication. We encourage giving more attention to favipiravir, remdesivir, and measles vaccine. EXPERT OPINION A combination, at least dual or even triple therapy, of the aforementioned efficacious and safe therapies is greatly recommended for COVID-19. Further, patients should have a routine assessment for their coagulation and bleeding profiles as well as their inflammatory and cytokine concentrations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Mosaad Elhusseiny
- Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University , Cairo, Egypt.,Sayed Galal University Hospital , Cairo, Egypt.,Egyptian Collaborative Research Team , Egypt
| | | | | |
Collapse
|