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Brenes-Soto A, Dierenfeld ES, Bosch G, Hendriks WH, Janssens GPJ. Gaining insights in the nutritional metabolism of amphibians: analyzing body nutrient profiles of the African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7365. [PMID: 31410305 PMCID: PMC6689220 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Whole bodies of Xenopus laevis (n = 19) were analysed for chemical composition and morphometrics. The nutrient profile (macronutrients, amino acids, fatty acids and minerals) was evaluated by sex; interactions among variables with body weights and lengths, and comparisons made with different species of marine and fresh water fish. Significant differences were found in morphometric measurements, water content, several minerals and fatty acids between sexes of X. laevis. Amino acid profiles differed in methionine, proline and cysteine, which could underlie different metabolic pathways in frogs when compared to fish. In addition, fatty acid profiles revealed more monounsaturated and n − 6 polyunsaturated fatty acids in frogs than in fish, more similar to values reported for terrestrial than aquatic vertebrates. Important interactions were also found between body measurements and fat, calcium, and phosphorus, as well as between essential and non-essential amino acids. The results indicate that frogs might have particular biochemical pathways for several nutrients, dependent on sex and linked to body weight, which ultimately could reflect specific nutrient needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Brenes-Soto
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.,Animal Science Department, University of Costa Rica, Ciudad Universitaria Rodrigo Facio, San Jose, Costa Rica
| | | | - Guido Bosch
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter H Hendriks
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Geert P J Janssens
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Romero MDM, Roy S, Pouillot K, Feito M, Esteve M, Grasa MDM, Fernández-López JA, Alemany M, Remesar X. Treatment of rats with a self-selected hyperlipidic diet, increases the lipid content of the main adipose tissue sites in a proportion similar to that of the lipids in the rest of organs and tissues. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90995. [PMID: 24603584 PMCID: PMC3946303 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue (AT) is distributed as large differentiated masses, and smaller depots covering vessels, and organs, as well as interspersed within them. The differences between types and size of cells makes AT one of the most disperse and complex organs. Lipid storage is partly shared by other tissues such as muscle and liver. We intended to obtain an approximate estimation of the size of lipid reserves stored outside the main fat depots. Both male and female rats were made overweight by 4-weeks feeding of a cafeteria diet. Total lipid content was analyzed in brain, liver, gastrocnemius muscle, four white AT sites: subcutaneous, perigonadal, retroperitoneal and mesenteric, two brown AT sites (interscapular and perirenal) and in a pool of the rest of organs and tissues (after discarding gut contents). Organ lipid content was estimated and tabulated for each individual rat. Food intake was measured daily. There was a surprisingly high proportion of lipid not accounted for by the main macroscopic AT sites, even when brain, liver and BAT main sites were discounted. Muscle contained about 8% of body lipids, liver 1–1.4%, four white AT sites lipid 28–63% of body lipid, and the rest of the body (including muscle) 38–44%. There was a good correlation between AT lipid and body lipid, but lipid in “other organs” was highly correlated too with body lipid. Brain lipid was not. Irrespective of dietary intake, accumulation of body fat was uniform both for the main lipid storage and handling organs: large masses of AT (but also liver, muscle), as well as in the ”rest” of tissues. These storage sites, in specialized (adipose) or not-specialized (liver, muscle) tissues reacted in parallel against a hyperlipidic diet challenge. We postulate that body lipid stores are handled and regulated coordinately, with a more centralized and overall mechanisms than usually assumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- María del Mar Romero
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red) OBN (Obesidad y Nutrición), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Stéphanie Roy
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Karl Pouillot
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marisol Feito
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Esteve
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red) OBN (Obesidad y Nutrición), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - María del Mar Grasa
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red) OBN (Obesidad y Nutrición), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - José-Antonio Fernández-López
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red) OBN (Obesidad y Nutrición), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marià Alemany
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red) OBN (Obesidad y Nutrición), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Xavier Remesar
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red) OBN (Obesidad y Nutrición), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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