1
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Saito-Tarashima N, Kinoshita M, Igata Y, Kashiwabara Y, Minakawa N. Replacement of oxygen with sulfur on the furanose ring of cyclic dinucleotides enhances the immunostimulatory effect via STING activation. RSC Med Chem 2021; 12:1519-1524. [PMID: 34671735 DOI: 10.1039/d1md00114k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs) are secondary messengers composed of two purine nucleotides linked via two phosphodiester linkages: c-di-GMP, c-di-AMP, 3',3'-cGAMP, and 2',3'-cGAMP. CDNs activate the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) and trigger immune responses in mammalian species. CDNs are thus fascinating molecules as drug candidates, and chemically stable CDN analogues that act as STING agonists are highly desired at present. We herein report the practical synthesis of 4'-thiomodified c-di-AMP analogues, which have sulfur atoms at the 4'-position on the furanose ring instead of oxygen atoms, using simple phosphoramidite chemistry. The resulting 4'-thiomodified c-di-AMP analogues acted as potent STING agonists with long-term activity. Our results show that replacing O4' on CDNs with sulfur can lead to enhanced immunostimulatory effects via STING activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Saito-Tarashima
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Tokushima University Shomachi 1-78-1 Tokushima 770-8505 Japan +81 88 633 7288 +81 88 633 9539
| | - Mao Kinoshita
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Tokushima University Shomachi 1-78-1 Tokushima 770-8505 Japan +81 88 633 7288 +81 88 633 9539
| | - Yosuke Igata
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Tokushima University Shomachi 1-78-1 Tokushima 770-8505 Japan +81 88 633 7288 +81 88 633 9539
| | - Yuta Kashiwabara
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Tokushima University Shomachi 1-78-1 Tokushima 770-8505 Japan +81 88 633 7288 +81 88 633 9539
| | - Noriaki Minakawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Tokushima University Shomachi 1-78-1 Tokushima 770-8505 Japan +81 88 633 7288 +81 88 633 9539
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2
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Launer-Felty KD, Strobel SA. Enzymatic synthesis of cyclic dinucleotide analogs by a promiscuous cyclic-AMP-GMP synthetase and analysis of cyclic dinucleotide responsive riboswitches. Nucleic Acids Res 2019. [PMID: 29514227 PMCID: PMC5888326 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gky137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic dinucleotides are second messenger molecules produced by both prokaryotes and eukaryotes in response to external stimuli. In bacteria, these molecules bind to RNA riboswitches and several protein receptors ultimately leading to phenotypic changes such as biofilm formation, ion transport and secretion of virulence factors. Some cyclic dinucleotide analogs bind differentially to biological receptors and can therefore be used to better understand cyclic dinucleotide mechanisms in vitro and in vivo. However, production of some of these analogs involves lengthy, multistep syntheses. Here, we describe a new, simple method for enzymatic synthesis of several 3′, 5′ linked cyclic dinucleotide analogs of c-di-GMP, c-di-AMP and c-AMP-GMP using the cyclic-AMP-GMP synthetase, DncV. The enzymatic reaction efficiently produced most cyclic dinucleotide analogs, such as 2′-amino sugar substitutions and phosphorothioate backbone modifications, for all three types of cyclic dinucleotides without the use of protecting groups or organic solvents. We used these novel analogs to explore differences in phosphate backbone and 2′-hydroxyl recognition between GEMM-I and GEMM-Ib riboswitches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine D Launer-Felty
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry and Department of Chemistry, Chemical Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
| | - Scott A Strobel
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry and Department of Chemistry, Chemical Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
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3
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Dialer CR, Stazzoni S, Drexler DJ, Müller FM, Veth S, Pichler A, Okamura H, Witte G, Hopfner KP, Carell T. A Click-Chemistry Linked 2'3'-cGAMP Analogue. Chemistry 2019; 25:2089-2095. [PMID: 30536650 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201805409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
2'3'-cGAMP is an uncanonical cyclic dinucleotide where one A and one G base are connected via a 3'-5' and a unique 2'-5' linkage. The molecule is produced by the cyclase cGAS in response to cytosolic DNA binding. cGAMP activates STING and hence one of the most powerful pathways of innate immunity. cGAMP analogues with uncharged linkages that feature better cellular penetrability are currently highly desired. Here, the synthesis of a cGAMP analogue with one amide and one triazole linkage is reported. The molecule is best prepared via a first CuI -catalyzed click reaction, which establishes the triazole, while the cyclization is achieved by macrolactamization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Reto Dialer
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Samuele Stazzoni
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - David Jan Drexler
- Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 25, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Felix Moritz Müller
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Simon Veth
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander Pichler
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Hidenori Okamura
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Gregor Witte
- Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 25, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Karl-Peter Hopfner
- Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 25, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Carell
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
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4
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Christen M, Kamischke C, Kulasekara HD, Olivas KC, Kulasekara BR, Christen B, Kline T, Miller SI. Identification of Small-Molecule Modulators of Diguanylate Cyclase by FRET-Based High-Throughput Screening. Chembiochem 2018; 20:394-407. [PMID: 30395379 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The bacterial second messenger cyclic diguanosine monophosphate (c-di-GMP) is a key regulator of cellular motility, the cell cycle, and biofilm formation with its resultant antibiotic tolerance, which can make chronic infections difficult to treat. Therefore, diguanylate cyclases, which regulate the spatiotemporal production of c-di-GMP, might be attractive drug targets for control of biofilm formation that is part of chronic infections. We present a FRET-based biochemical high-throughput screening approach coupled with detailed structure-activity studies to identify synthetic small-molecule modulators of the diguanylate cyclase DgcA from Caulobacter crescentus. We identified a set of seven small molecules that regulate DgcA enzymatic activity in the low-micromolar range. Subsequent structure-activity studies on selected scaffolds revealed a remarkable diversity of modulatory behavior, including slight chemical substitutions that reverse the effects from allosteric enzyme inhibition to activation. The compounds identified represent new chemotypes and are potentially developable into chemical genetic tools for the dissection of c-di-GMP signaling networks and alteration of c-di-GMP-associated phenotypes. In sum, our studies underline the importance of detailed mechanism-of-action studies for inhibitors of c-di-GMP signaling and demonstrate the complex interplay between synthetic small molecules and the regulatory mechanisms that control the activity of diguanylate cyclases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Christen
- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, Department of Biology, Auguste-Piccard-Hof 1, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Cassandra Kamischke
- University of Washington, Department of Microbiology, 1959 NE Pacific St., Box 357710, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Hemantha D Kulasekara
- University of Washington, Department of Microbiology, 1959 NE Pacific St., Box 357710, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Kathleen C Olivas
- Seattle Genetics, Inc., 21823 30th Drive SE, Bothell, WA, 98021, USA
| | - Bridget R Kulasekara
- University of Washington, Department of Genome Sciences, 1959 NE Pacific St., Box 357710, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Beat Christen
- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, Department of Biology, Otto-Stern-Weg-3, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Toni Kline
- Sutro Biopharma, 310 Utah Avenue, Suite 150, San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Samuel I Miller
- University of Washington, Department of Microbiology, 1959 NE Pacific St., Box 357710, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
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5
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Fletcher MH, Burns-Lynch CE, Knouse KW, Abraham LT, DeBrosse CW, Wuest WM. A novel application of the Staudinger ligation to access neutral cyclic di-nucleotide analog precursors via a divergent method. RSC Adv 2017; 7:29835-29838. [PMID: 28670448 PMCID: PMC5472050 DOI: 10.1039/c7ra06045a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Our efforts to develop a scalable and divergent synthesis of cyclic di-nucleotide analog precursors have resulted in (1) an orthogonally protected di-amino carbohydrate as well as (2) the novel application of the Staudinger ligation to provide medium-sized macrocycles featuring carbamate or urea linkages.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Fletcher
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - C E Burns-Lynch
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - K W Knouse
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - L T Abraham
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - C W DeBrosse
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - W M Wuest
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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6
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Fernicola S, Torquati I, Paiardini A, Giardina G, Rampioni G, Messina M, Leoni L, Del Bello F, Petrelli R, Rinaldo S, Cappellacci L, Cutruzzolà F. Synthesis of Triazole-Linked Analogues of c-di-GMP and Their Interactions with Diguanylate Cyclase. J Med Chem 2015; 58:8269-84. [PMID: 26426545 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic di-GMP (c-di-GMP) is a widespread second messenger that plays a key role in bacterial biofilm formation. The compound's ability to assume multiple conformations allows it to interact with a diverse set of target macromolecules. Here, we analyzed the binding mode of c-di-GMP to the allosteric inhibitory site (I-site) of diguanylate cyclases (DGCs) and compared it to the conformation adopted in the catalytic site of the EAL phosphodiesterases (PDEs). An array of novel molecules has been designed and synthesized by simplifying the native c-di-GMP structure and replacing the charged phosphodiester backbone with an isosteric nonhydrolyzable 1,2,3-triazole moiety. We developed the first neutral small molecule able to selectively target DGCs discriminating between the I-site of DGCs and the active site of PDEs; this molecule represents a novel tool for mechanistic studies, particularly on those proteins bearing both DGC and PDE modules, and for future optimization studies to target DGCs in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Fernicola
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome , 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Ilaria Torquati
- Medicinal Chemistry Unit, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino , 62032 Camerino, MC, Italy
| | - Alessandro Paiardini
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Charles Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome , 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgio Giardina
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome , 00185 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Marco Messina
- Department of Science, University Roma Tre , 00154 Rome, Italy
| | - Livia Leoni
- Department of Science, University Roma Tre , 00154 Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Del Bello
- Medicinal Chemistry Unit, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino , 62032 Camerino, MC, Italy
| | - Riccardo Petrelli
- Medicinal Chemistry Unit, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino , 62032 Camerino, MC, Italy
| | - Serena Rinaldo
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome , 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Loredana Cappellacci
- Medicinal Chemistry Unit, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino , 62032 Camerino, MC, Italy
| | - Francesca Cutruzzolà
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome , 00185 Rome, Italy
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7
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Kinzie CR, Steele AD, Pasciolla SM, Wuest WM. Synthesis of cyclic dimeric methyl morpholinoside—a common synthetic precursor to cyclic dinucleotide analogs. Tetrahedron Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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8
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Fujino T, Okada K, Isobe H. Conformational restriction of cyclic dinucleotides with triazole-linked cyclophane analogues. Tetrahedron Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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9
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De S, Groaz E, Herdewijn P. Tailoring Peptide-Nucleotide Conjugates (PNCs) for Nucleotide Delivery in Bacterial Cells. European J Org Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201301781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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10
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Gaffney BL, Jones RA. Synthesis of c-di-GMP analogs with thiourea, urea, carbodiimide, and guanidinium linkages. Org Lett 2013; 16:158-61. [PMID: 24313312 DOI: 10.1021/ol403154w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The first syntheses of neutral thiourea, urea, and carbodiimide analogs, along with two guanidinium analogs, of the bacterial signaling molecule cyclic diguanosine monophosphate (c-di-GMP) are reported. The key intermediate, obtained in nine steps, is a 3'-amino-5'-azido-3',5'-dideoxy derivative. The 5'-azide serves as a masked amine from which the amine is obtained by Staudinger reduction, while the 3'-amine is converted to an isothiocyanate that, while stable to chromatography, and Staudinger conditions, nevertheless reacts well with the 5'-amine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara L Gaffney
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey , 610 Taylor Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
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11
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Cyclic di-GMP: the first 25 years of a universal bacterial second messenger. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2013; 77:1-52. [PMID: 23471616 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00043-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1224] [Impact Index Per Article: 111.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Twenty-five years have passed since the discovery of cyclic dimeric (3'→5') GMP (cyclic di-GMP or c-di-GMP). From the relative obscurity of an allosteric activator of a bacterial cellulose synthase, c-di-GMP has emerged as one of the most common and important bacterial second messengers. Cyclic di-GMP has been shown to regulate biofilm formation, motility, virulence, the cell cycle, differentiation, and other processes. Most c-di-GMP-dependent signaling pathways control the ability of bacteria to interact with abiotic surfaces or with other bacterial and eukaryotic cells. Cyclic di-GMP plays key roles in lifestyle changes of many bacteria, including transition from the motile to the sessile state, which aids in the establishment of multicellular biofilm communities, and from the virulent state in acute infections to the less virulent but more resilient state characteristic of chronic infectious diseases. From a practical standpoint, modulating c-di-GMP signaling pathways in bacteria could represent a new way of controlling formation and dispersal of biofilms in medical and industrial settings. Cyclic di-GMP participates in interkingdom signaling. It is recognized by mammalian immune systems as a uniquely bacterial molecule and therefore is considered a promising vaccine adjuvant. The purpose of this review is not to overview the whole body of data in the burgeoning field of c-di-GMP-dependent signaling. Instead, we provide a historic perspective on the development of the field, emphasize common trends, and illustrate them with the best available examples. We also identify unresolved questions and highlight new directions in c-di-GMP research that will give us a deeper understanding of this truly universal bacterial second messenger.
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12
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Blackledge MS, Worthington RJ, Melander C. Biologically inspired strategies for combating bacterial biofilms. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2013; 13:699-706. [PMID: 23871261 PMCID: PMC3795836 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2013.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Revised: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Infections caused by bacterial biofilms are a significant global health problem, causing considerable patient morbidity and mortality and contributing to the economic burden of infectious disease. This review describes diverse strategies to combat bacterial biofilms, focusing firstly on small molecule interference with bacterial communication and signaling pathways, including quorum sensing and two-component signal transduction systems. Secondly we discuss enzymatic approaches to the degradation of extracellular matrix components to effect biofilm dispersal. Both of these approaches are based upon non-microbicidal mechanisms of action, and thereby do not place a direct evolutionary pressure on the bacteria to develop resistance. Such approaches have the potential to, in combination with conventional antibiotics, play an important role in the eradication of biofilm based bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan S. Blackledge
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695
| | | | - Christian Melander
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695
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13
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Clivio P, Coantic-Castex S, Guillaume D. (3'-5')-Cyclic dinucleotides: synthetic strategies and biological potential. Chem Rev 2013; 113:7354-401. [PMID: 23767818 DOI: 10.1021/cr300011s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pascale Clivio
- UMR 6229, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims, CNRS-Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne , UFR Médecine-Pharmacie, 51 Rue Cognacq Jay, 51096 Reims Cedex, France
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14
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Kalia D, Merey G, Nakayama S, Zheng Y, Zhou J, Luo Y, Guo M, Roembke BT, Sintim HO. Nucleotide, c-di-GMP, c-di-AMP, cGMP, cAMP, (p)ppGpp signaling in bacteria and implications in pathogenesis. Chem Soc Rev 2012; 42:305-41. [PMID: 23023210 DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35206k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
For an organism to survive, it must be able to sense its environment and regulate physiological processes accordingly. Understanding how bacteria integrate signals from various environmental factors and quorum sensing autoinducers to regulate the metabolism of various nucleotide second messengers c-di-GMP, c-di-AMP, cGMP, cAMP and ppGpp, which control several key processes required for adaptation is key for efforts to develop agents to curb bacterial infections. In this review, we provide an update of nucleotide signaling in bacteria and show how these signals intersect or integrate to regulate the bacterial phenotype. The intracellular concentrations of nucleotide second messengers in bacteria are regulated by synthases and phosphodiesterases and a significant number of these metabolism enzymes had been biochemically characterized but it is only in the last few years that the effector proteins and RNA riboswitches, which regulate bacterial physiology upon binding to nucleotides, have been identified and characterized by biochemical and structural methods. C-di-GMP, in particular, has attracted immense interest because it is found in many bacteria and regulate both biofilm formation and virulence factors production. In this review, we discuss how the activities of various c-di-GMP effector proteins and riboswitches are modulated upon c-di-GMP binding. Using V. cholerae, E. coli and B. subtilis as models, we discuss how both environmental factors and quorum sensing autoinducers regulate the metabolism and/or processing of nucleotide second messengers. The chemical syntheses of the various nucleotide second messengers and the use of analogs thereof as antibiofilm or immune modulators are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimpy Kalia
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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15
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Veliath E, Kim S, Gaffney BL, Jones RA. Synthesis and characterization of C8 analogs of c-di-GMP. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2012; 30:961-78. [PMID: 22060558 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2011.624567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
We have synthesized five analogs of c-di-GMP with different substituents at the guanine C8 position, to study their effects on the metal-dependent polymorphism we had previously demonstrated for the parent compound. Of these, only the K(+) salt of c-di-Br-GMP, 2, forms higher order complexes, predominantly two different syn octamolecular ones. Its Na(+) salt, as well as both the K(+) and Na(+) salts of c-di-thio-GMP, 3, c-di-methylthio-GMP, 4, c-di-phenyl-GMP, 5, and c-di-acetylphenyl-GMP, 6, all form primarily a syn bimolecular structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Veliath
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
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16
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Mills E, Pultz IS, Kulasekara HD, Miller SI. The bacterial second messenger c-di-GMP: mechanisms of signalling. Cell Microbiol 2011; 13:1122-9. [PMID: 21707905 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2011.01619.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic-di-GMP (c-di-GMP) regulates many important bacterial processes. Freely diffusible intracellular c-di-GMP is determined by the action of metabolizing enzymes that allow integration of numerous input signals. c-di-GMP specifically regulates multiple cellular processes by binding to diverse target molecules. This review highlights important questions in research into the mechanisms of c-di-GMP signalling and its role in bacterial physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erez Mills
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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17
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Zhao J, Veliath E, Kim S, Gaffney BL, Jones RA. Thiophosphate analogs of c-di-GMP: impact on polymorphism. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2010; 28:352-78. [PMID: 20183589 DOI: 10.1080/15257770903044523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Seven phosphorothioate analogs of c-di-GMP (all diastereomers of mono-, di-, and trithiophosphates) were prepared to assess the impact of the thioate substitutions on c-di-GMP polymorphism using 1D (1)H and (31)P NMR, along with 2D NOESY and DOSY, for both the Na(+) and K(+) salts. The K(+) salts display more extensive higher order complex formation than the Na(+) salts, resulting primarily in octamolecular complexes with K(+), but tetramolecular complexes with Na(+). Further, the presence of one or two [S(P)] sulfurs specifically stabilizes anti complexes and/or destabilizes syn complexes, while the presence of two [S(P)] sulfurs promotes extensive aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
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18
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Ishihara Y, Hyodo M, Hayakawa Y, Kamegaya T, Yamada K, Okamoto A, Hasegawa T, Ohta M. Effect of cyclic bis(3'-5')diguanylic acid and its analogs on bacterial biofilm formation. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2010; 301:193-200. [PMID: 20169626 PMCID: PMC2784870 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2009.01825.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic bis(3'-5')diguanylic acid (cyclic-di-GMP) functions as a second messenger in diverse species of bacteria to trigger wide-ranging physiological changes. We measured cyclic-di-GMP and its structural analogs such as cyclic bis(3'-5')guanylic/adenylic acid (cyclic-GpAp), cyclic bis(3'-5')guanylic/inosinic acid (cyclic-GpIp) and monophosphorothioic acid of cyclic-di-GMP (cyclic-GpGps) for effects on the biofilm formation of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. We constructed a knockout mutant of SA0701, which is a GGDEF motif protein relevant to diguanylate cyclase from S. aureus 2507. We confirmed that the biofilm formation of this mutant (MS2507 Delta SA0701) was reduced. Cyclic-di-GMP corresponding to physiological intracellular levels given in the culture recovered the biofilm formation of MS2507 Delta SA0701, whereas its analogs did not, indicating that unlike a previous suggestion, cyclic-di-GMP was involved in the positive regulation of the biofilm formation of S. aureus and its action was structurally specific. At a high concentration (200 microM), cyclic-di-GMP and its analogs showed suppression effects on the biofilm formation of S. aureus and P. aeruginosa, and according to the quantification study using costat analysis, the suppression potential was in the order of cyclic-di-GMP, cyclic-GpGps, cyclic-GpAp and cyclic-GpIp, suggesting that the suppression effect was not strictly specific and the change of base structure quantitatively affected the suppression activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Ishihara
- Department of Bacteriology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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Jonas K, Melefors O, Römling U. Regulation of c-di-GMP metabolism in biofilms. Future Microbiol 2009; 4:341-58. [PMID: 19327118 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.09.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclic (5 to 3 )-diguanosine monophosphate (c-di-GMP) is a small molecule that regulates the transition between the sessile and motile lifestyle, an integrative part of biofilm formation and other multicellular behavior, in many bacteria. The recognition of c-di-GMP as a novel secondary messenger soon raised the question about the specificity of the signaling system, as individual bacterial genomes frequently encode numerous c-di-GMP metabolizing proteins. Recent work has demonstrated that several global regulators concertedly modify the expression of selected panels of c-di-GMP metabolizing proteins, which act on targets with physiological functions. Within complex feed-forward arrangements, the global regulators commonly combine the control of c-di-GMP metabolism with the direct regulation of proteins with functions in motility or biofilm formation, leading to precise and fine-tuned output responses that determine bacterial behavior. c-di-GMP metabolizing proteins are also controlled at the post-translational level by mechanisms including phosphorylation, localization, protein-protein interactions or protein stability. A detailed understanding of such complex regulatory mechanisms will not only help to explain the specificity in c-di-GMP signaling systems, but will also be necessary to understand the high phenotypic diversity within bacterial biofilms at the single cell level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Jonas
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor & Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
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