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Serafini MM, Sepehri S, Midali M, Stinckens M, Biesiekierska M, Wolniakowska A, Gatzios A, Rundén-Pran E, Reszka E, Marinovich M, Vanhaecke T, Roszak J, Viviani B, SenGupta T. Recent advances and current challenges of new approach methodologies in developmental and adult neurotoxicity testing. Arch Toxicol 2024; 98:1271-1295. [PMID: 38480536 PMCID: PMC10965660 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-024-03703-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Adult neurotoxicity (ANT) and developmental neurotoxicity (DNT) assessments aim to understand the adverse effects and underlying mechanisms of toxicants on the human nervous system. In recent years, there has been an increasing focus on the so-called new approach methodologies (NAMs). The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), together with European and American regulatory agencies, promote the use of validated alternative test systems, but to date, guidelines for regulatory DNT and ANT assessment rely primarily on classical animal testing. Alternative methods include both non-animal approaches and test systems on non-vertebrates (e.g., nematodes) or non-mammals (e.g., fish). Therefore, this review summarizes the recent advances of NAMs focusing on ANT and DNT and highlights the potential and current critical issues for the full implementation of these methods in the future. The status of the DNT in vitro battery (DNT IVB) is also reviewed as a first step of NAMs for the assessment of neurotoxicity in the regulatory context. Critical issues such as (i) the need for test batteries and method integration (from in silico and in vitro to in vivo alternatives, e.g., zebrafish, C. elegans) requiring interdisciplinarity to manage complexity, (ii) interlaboratory transferability, and (iii) the urgent need for method validation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melania Maria Serafini
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, "Rodolfo Paoletti", Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
| | - Sara Sepehri
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology (IVTD), Vrije Universiteit Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Miriam Midali
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, "Rodolfo Paoletti", Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marth Stinckens
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology (IVTD), Vrije Universiteit Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marta Biesiekierska
- Department of Translational Research, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland
| | - Anna Wolniakowska
- Department of Translational Research, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland
| | - Alexandra Gatzios
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology (IVTD), Vrije Universiteit Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Elise Rundén-Pran
- The Climate and Environmental Research Institute NILU, Kjeller, Norway
| | - Edyta Reszka
- Department of Translational Research, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland
| | - Marina Marinovich
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, "Rodolfo Paoletti", Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Center of Research on New Approach Methodologies (NAMs) in chemical risk assessment (SAFE-MI), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Tamara Vanhaecke
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology (IVTD), Vrije Universiteit Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Joanna Roszak
- Department of Translational Research, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland
| | - Barbara Viviani
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, "Rodolfo Paoletti", Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Center of Research on New Approach Methodologies (NAMs) in chemical risk assessment (SAFE-MI), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Tanima SenGupta
- The Climate and Environmental Research Institute NILU, Kjeller, Norway
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Jiang C, Zhao P, Li W, Tang Y, Liu G. In silico prediction of chemical neurotoxicity using machine learning. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2020; 9:164-172. [PMID: 32670548 DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfaa016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurotoxicity is one of the main causes of drug withdrawal, and the biological experimental methods of detecting neurotoxic toxicity are time-consuming and laborious. In addition, the existing computational prediction models of neurotoxicity still have some shortcomings. In response to these shortcomings, we collected a large number of data set of neurotoxicity and used PyBioMed molecular descriptors and eight machine learning algorithms to construct regression prediction models of chemical neurotoxicity. Through the cross-validation and test set validation of the models, it was found that the extra-trees regressor model had the best predictive effect on neurotoxicity ([Formula: see text] = 0.784). In addition, we get the applicability domain of the models by calculating the standard deviation distance and the lever distance of the training set. We also found that some molecular descriptors are closely related to neurotoxicity by calculating the contribution of the molecular descriptors to the models. Considering the accuracy of the regression models, we recommend using the extra-trees regressor model to predict the chemical autonomic neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changsheng Jiang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Rd, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Piaopiao Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Rd, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Weihua Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Rd, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yun Tang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Rd, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Guixia Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Rd, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200237, China
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Worek F, Thiermann H, Koller M, Wille T. In Vitro Interaction of Organophosphono- and Organophosphorothioates with Human Acetylcholinesterase. Molecules 2020; 25:E3029. [PMID: 32630769 PMCID: PMC7412149 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25133029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The implementation of the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) in 1997 was a milestone in the prohibition of chemical warfare agents (CWA). Yet, the repeated use of CWA underlines the ongoing threat to the population. Organophosphorus (OP) nerve agents still represent the most toxic CWA subgroup. Defensive research on nerve agents is mainly focused on the "classical five", namely tabun, sarin, soman, cyclosarin and VX, although Schedule 1 of the CWC covers an unforeseeable number of homologues. Likewise, an uncounted number of OP pesticides have been produced in previous decades. Our aim was to determine the in vitro inhibition kinetics of selected organophosphono- and organophosphorothioates with human AChE, as well as hydrolysis of the agents in human plasma and reactivation of inhibited AChE, in order to derive potential structure-activity relationships. The investigation of the interactions of selected OP compounds belonging to schedule 1 (V-agents) and schedule 2 (amiton) of the CWC with human AChE revealed distinct structural effects of the P-alkyl, P-O-alkyl and N,N-dialkyl residues on the inhibitory potency of the agents. Irrespective of structural modifications, all tested V-agents presented as highly potent AChE inhibitors. The high stability of the tested agents in human plasma will most likely result in long-lasting poisoning in vivo, having relevant consequences for the treatment regimen. In conclusion, the results of this study emphasize the need to investigate the biological effects of nerve agent analogues in order to assess the efficacy of available medical countermeasures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz Worek
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, D-80937 Munich, Germany; (H.T.); (M.K.); (T.W.)
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Chai PR, Hayes BD, Erickson TB, Boyer EW. Novichok agents: a historical, current, and toxicological perspective. TOXICOLOGY COMMUNICATIONS 2018; 2:45-48. [PMID: 30003185 PMCID: PMC6039123 DOI: 10.1080/24734306.2018.1475151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The Novichok, or “newcomer” class of nerve agents are lesser characterized, weaponized organophosphate agents. The use of known Novichok agents in warfare is banned under the Chemical Weapons Convention of 1997. Novichok agents are considered more potent than VX gas and can be applied in unitary and binary forms. Like other nerve agents, Novichok agents irreversibly bind acetylcholinesterase and produce a cholinergic toxidrome. Uniquely, these agents are thought to also target neurons in the peripheral nervous system. Delayed treatment or massive exposure may therefore cause a debilitating neuropathy. The recent 2018 assassination attempt of Russian dissident Sergei Skripal and his daughter Yulia in the United Kingdom highlights the importance of recognizing the potential lethal effects of these nerve agents. Treatment of Novichok agent poisoning is similar to management of other nerve agents. Given increasing worldwide incidents attributed to chemical weapons such as Novichok agents, clinicians should know how to rapidly recognize symptoms of acute poisoning and administer life-saving antidotal therapy, when indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter R Chai
- Division of Medical Toxicology, Department of Emergency Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, U.S.A.,The Fenway Institute, Boston, MA, U.S.A
| | - Bryan D Hayes
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, U.S.A
| | - Timothy B Erickson
- Harvard Humanitarian Initiative, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, U.S.A
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Makhaeva GF, Rudakova EV, Sigolaeva LV, Kurochkin IN, Richardson RJ. Neuropathy target esterase in mouse whole blood as a biomarker of exposure to neuropathic organophosphorus compounds. J Appl Toxicol 2016; 36:1468-75. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2015] [Revised: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Galina F. Makhaeva
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology; Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences; Chernogolovka Moscow Region 142432 Russia
| | - Elena V. Rudakova
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology; Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences; Chernogolovka Moscow Region 142432 Russia
| | - Larisa V. Sigolaeva
- Laboratory of Postgenomic Chemistry, Division of Chemical Enzymology, Chemistry Department; M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University; 119991 Leninskie Gory Moscow Russia
| | - Ilya N. Kurochkin
- Laboratory of Postgenomic Chemistry, Division of Chemical Enzymology, Chemistry Department; M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University; 119991 Leninskie Gory Moscow Russia
| | - Rudy J. Richardson
- Toxicology Program, Department of Environmental Health Sciences; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor Michigan 48109 USA
- Department of Neurology; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor Michigan 48109 USA
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Makhaeva GF, Rudakova EV, Hein ND, Serebryakova OG, Kovaleva NV, Boltneva NP, Fink JK, Richardson RJ. Further studies toward a mouse model for biochemical assessment of neuropathic potential of organophosphorus compounds. J Appl Toxicol 2014; 34:1426-35. [PMID: 24395470 PMCID: PMC4085144 DOI: 10.1002/jat.2977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Revised: 11/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition and aging of neuropathy target esterase (NTE) by neuropathic organophosphorus (OP) compounds triggers OP compound-induced delayed neuropathy (OPIDN), whereas inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) produces cholinergic toxicity. The neuropathic potential of an OP compound is defined by its relative inhibitory potency toward NTE vs. AChE assessed by enzyme assays following dosing in vivo or after incubations of direct-acting compounds or active metabolites with enzymes in vitro. The standard animal model of OPIDN is the adult hen, but its large size and high husbandry costs make this species a burdensome model for assessing neuropathic potential. Although the mouse does not readily exhibit clinical signs of OPIDN, it displays axonal lesions and expresses brain AChE and NTE. Therefore, the present research was performed as a further test of the hypothesis that inhibition of mouse brain AChE and NTE could be used to assess neuropathic potential using mouse brain preparations in vitro or employing mouse brain assays following dosing of OP compounds in vivo. Excellent correlations were obtained for inhibition kinetics in vitro of mouse brain enzymes vs. hen brain and human recombinant enzymes. Furthermore, inhibition of mouse brain AChE and NTE after dosing with OP compounds afforded ED(50) ratios that agreed with relative inhibitory potencies assessed in vitro. Taken together, results with mouse brain enzymes demonstrated consistent correspondence between in vitro and in vivo predictors of neuropathic potential, thus adding to previous studies supporting the validity of a mouse model for biochemical assessment of the ability of OP compounds to produce OPIDN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina F. Makhaeva
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Moscow Region, 142432, Russia
| | - Elena V. Rudakova
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Moscow Region, 142432, Russia
| | - Nichole D. Hein
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 USA
| | - Olga G. Serebryakova
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Moscow Region, 142432, Russia
| | - Nadezhda V. Kovaleva
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Moscow Region, 142432, Russia
| | - Natalia P. Boltneva
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Moscow Region, 142432, Russia
| | - John K. Fink
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 USA
| | - Rudy J. Richardson
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 USA
- Toxicology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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Makhaeva GF, Radchenko EV, Baskin II, Palyulin VA, Richardson RJ, Zefirov NS. Combined QSAR studies of inhibitor properties of O-phosphorylated oximes toward serine esterases involved in neurotoxicity, drug metabolism and Alzheimer's disease. SAR AND QSAR IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2012; 23:627-647. [PMID: 22587543 DOI: 10.1080/1062936x.2012.679690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Oxime reactivation of serine esterases (EOHs) inhibited by organophosphorus (OP) compounds can produce O-phosphorylated oximes (POXs). Such oxime derivatives are of interest, because some of them can have greater anti-EOH potencies than the OP inhibitors from which they were derived. Accordingly, inhibitor properties of 58 POXs against four EOHs, along with pair-wise selectivities between them, have been analysed using different QSAR approaches. EOHs (with their abbreviations and consequences of inhibition in parentheses) comprised acetylcholinesterase (AChE: acute neurotoxicity; cognition enhancement), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE: inhibition of drug metabolism or stoichiometric scavenging of EOH inhibitors; cognition enhancement), carboxylesterase (CaE: inhibition of drug metabolism or stoichiometric scavenging of EOH inhibitors), and neuropathy target esterase (NTE: delayed neurotoxicity). QSAR techniques encompassed linear regression and backpropagation neural networks in conjunction with fragmental descriptors containing labelled atoms, Molecular Field Topology Analysis (MFTA), Comparative Molecular Similarity Index Analysis (CoMSIA), and molecular modelling. All methods provided mostly consistent and complementary information, and they revealed structural features controlling the 'esterase profiles', i.e. patterns of anti-EOH activities and selectivities of the compounds of interest. In addition, MFTA models were used to design a library of compounds having a cognition-enhancement esterase profile suitable for potential application to the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- G F Makhaeva
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Chernogolovka, Moscow Region, Russia
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Makhaeva GF, Malygin VV, Aksinenko AY, Sokolov VB, Strakhova NN, Rasdolsky AN, Richardson RJ, Martynov IV. Fluorinated alpha-aminophosphonates--a new type of irreversible inhibitors of serine hydrolases. DOKL BIOCHEM BIOPHYS 2005; 400:92-5. [PMID: 15846994 DOI: 10.1007/s10628-005-0041-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G F Makhaeva
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Moscow oblast, 142432 Russia
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