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Schacht CM, Meade AE, Bernstein AS, Prasad B, Schlosser PM, Tran HT, Kapraun DF. Evaluating the impact of anatomical and physiological variability on human equivalent doses using PBPK models. Toxicol Sci 2024; 200:241-264. [PMID: 38796678 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfae067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Addressing human anatomical and physiological variability is a crucial component of human health risk assessment of chemicals. Experts have recommended probabilistic chemical risk assessment paradigms in which distributional adjustment factors are used to account for various sources of uncertainty and variability, including variability in the pharmacokinetic behavior of a given substance in different humans. In practice, convenient assumptions about the distribution forms of adjustment factors and human equivalent doses (HEDs) are often used. Parameters such as tissue volumes and blood flows are likewise often assumed to be lognormally or normally distributed without evaluating empirical data for consistency with these forms. In this work, we performed dosimetric extrapolations using physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models for dichloromethane (DCM) and chloroform that incorporate uncertainty and variability to determine if the HEDs associated with such extrapolations are approximately lognormal and how they depend on the underlying distribution shapes chosen to represent model parameters. We accounted for uncertainty and variability in PBPK model parameters by randomly drawing their values from a variety of distribution types. We then performed reverse dosimetry to calculate HEDs based on animal points of departure for each set of sampled parameters. Corresponding samples of HEDs were tested to determine the impact of input parameter distributions on their central tendencies, extreme percentiles, and degree of conformance to lognormality. This work demonstrates that the measurable attributes of human variability should be considered more carefully and that generalized assumptions about parameter distribution shapes may lead to inaccurate estimates of extreme percentiles of HEDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia M Schacht
- Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Durham, North Carolina 27711, USA
| | - Annabel E Meade
- Applied Research Associates, Inc. Raleigh, North Carolina 27615, USA
| | - Amanda S Bernstein
- Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Durham, North Carolina 27711, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, USA
| | | | - Paul M Schlosser
- Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Durham, North Carolina 27711, USA
| | - Hien T Tran
- Center for Research in Scientific Computation, NC State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607, USA
| | - Dustin F Kapraun
- Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Durham, North Carolina 27711, USA
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2
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Zhu Y, Jen A, Overmyer KA, Gao AW, Shishkova E, Auwerx J, Coon JJ. Mass Spectrometry-Based Multi-omics Integration with a Single Set of C. elegans Samples. Anal Chem 2023; 95:10930-10938. [PMID: 37432911 PMCID: PMC10863427 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c00734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry-based large-scale multi-omics research has proven to be powerful in answering biological questions; nonetheless, it faces many challenges from sample preparation to downstream data integration. To efficiently extract biomolecules of different physicochemical properties, preparation of various sample type needs specific tailoring, especially of difficult ones, such as Caenorhabditis elegans. In this study, we sought to develop a multi-omics sample preparation method starting with a single set ofC. elegans samples to save time, minimize variability, expand biomolecule coverage, and promote multi-omics integration. We investigated tissue disruption methods to effectively release biomolecules and optimized extraction strategies to achieve broader and more reproducible biomolecule coverage in proteomics, lipidomics, and metabolomics workflows. In our assessment, we also considered speediness and usability of the approaches. The developed method was validated through a study of 16C. elegans samples designed to shine light on mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt), induced by three unique stressors─knocking down electron transfer chain element cco-1, mitochondrial ribosome protein S5 mrps-5, and antibiotic treatment Doxycycline. Our findings suggested that the method achieved great coverage of proteome, lipidome, and metabolome with high reproducibility and validated that all stressors triggered UPRmt in C. elegans, although generating unique molecular signatures. Innate immune response was activated, and triglycerides were decreased under all three stressor conditions. Additionally, Doxycycline treatment elicited more distinct proteomic, lipidomic, and metabolomic response than the other two treatments. This method has been successfully used to process Saccharomyces cerevisiae (data not shown) and can likely be applied to other organisms for multi-omics research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyun Zhu
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53506, USA
| | - Annie Jen
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53506, USA
| | - Katherine A Overmyer
- National Center for Quantitative Biology of Complex Systems, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53515, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53506, USA
| | - Arwen W Gao
- Laboratory of Integrative Systems Physiology, Interfaculty Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Evgenia Shishkova
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53506, USA
- National Center for Quantitative Biology of Complex Systems, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Johan Auwerx
- Laboratory of Integrative Systems Physiology, Interfaculty Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Joshua J Coon
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53506, USA
- National Center for Quantitative Biology of Complex Systems, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53515, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53506, USA
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3
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DeMarini DM. A review on the 40th anniversary of the first regulation of drinking water disinfection by-products. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2020; 61:588-601. [PMID: 32374889 PMCID: PMC7640377 DOI: 10.1002/em.22378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Water disinfection, primarily by chlorination, is one of the greatest achievements of public health. However, more than half a century after its introduction, studies in the 1970s reported that (a) chlorine interacted with organic matter in the water to form disinfection by-products (DBPs); (b) two DBPs, chloroform and bromoform, both trihalomethanes (THMs), were rodent carcinogens; (c) three brominated THMs were mutagenic; in six studies chlorinated drinking waters in the United States and Canada were mutagenic; and (d) in one epidemiological study there was an association between bladder cancer mortality and THM exposure. This led the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to issue its first DBP regulation in 1979. Forty years later, >600 DBPs have been characterized, 20/22 have been shown to be rodent carcinogens, >100 have been shown to be genotoxic, and 1000s of water samples have been found to be mutagenic. Data support a hypothesis that long-term dermal/inhalation exposure to certain levels of the three brominated THMs, as well as oral exposure to the haloacetic acids, combined with a specific genotype may increase the risk for bladder cancer for a small but significant population group. Improved water-treatment methods and stricter regulations have likely reduced such risks over the years, and further reductions in potential risk are anticipated with the application of advanced water-treatment methods and wider application of drinking water regulations. This 40-year research effort is a remarkable example of sustained cooperation between academic and government scientists, along with public/private water companies, to find answers to a pressing public health question.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M. DeMarini
- Biomolecular and Computational Toxicology Division, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
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4
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Wood PL, Cebak JE. Lipidomics biomarker studies: Errors, limitations, and the future. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 504:569-575. [PMID: 29596837 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.03.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Lipidomics is an ever-expanding subfield of metabolomics that surveys 3000 to 5000 individual lipids across more than 56 lipid subclasses, including lipid peroxidation products. Unfortunately, there exists a large number of publications with poor quality data obtained with unit mass resolution leading to many lipid misidentifications. This is further complicated by poor scientific oversight with regard to recognition of isobar issues, sample collection, and sample storage issues that inexplicably requires more detailed attention. Inadvertent or intentional obfuscation of relative quantification data represented as absolute quantification is a subtle but profound difference that may readers outside of the field may not realize, therefore, instigating disservice and unnecessary distrust in the scientific community. These issues need to be addressed aggressively as high quality data are essential for the translation of biomarker research to clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul L Wood
- Metabolomics Unit, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, 6965 Cumberland Gap Pkwy, Harrogate, TN 37752, USA.
| | - John E Cebak
- Metabolomics Unit, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, 6965 Cumberland Gap Pkwy, Harrogate, TN 37752, USA; Department of Medicine, DeBusk College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, 6965 Cumberland Gap Pkwy, Harrogate, TN 37752, USA
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5
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Le Pogam P, Doué M, Le Page Y, Habauzit D, Zhadobov M, Sauleau R, Le Dréan Y, Rondeau D. Untargeted Metabolomics Reveal Lipid Alterations upon 2-Deoxyglucose Treatment in Human HaCaT Keratinocytes. J Proteome Res 2018; 17:1146-1157. [PMID: 29430917 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.7b00805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The glucose analogue 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) impedes cancer progression in animal models and is currently being assessed as an anticancer therapy, yet the mode of action of this drug of high clinical significance has not been fully delineated. In an attempt to better characterize its pharmacodynamics, an integrative UPLC-Q-Exactive-based joint metabolomic and lipidomic approach was undertaken to evaluate the metabolic perturbations induced by this drug in human HaCaT keratinocyte cells. R-XCMS data processing and subsequent multivariate pattern recognition, metabolites identification, and pathway analyses identified eight metabolites that were most significantly changed upon a 3 h 2-DG exposure. Most of these dysregulated features were emphasized in the course of lipidomic profiling and could be identified as ceramide and glucosylceramide derivatives, consistently with their involvement in cell death programming. Even though metabolomic analyses did not generally afford such clear-cut dysregulations, some alterations in phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine derivatives could be highlighted as well. Overall, these results support the adequacy of the proposed analytical workflow and might contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying the promising effects of 2-DG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Le Pogam
- Institute of Electronics and Telecommunications of Rennes (IETR), UMR CNRS 6164, University of Rennes , Campus de Beaulieu, 263 avenue du Général Leclerc, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Mickael Doué
- Institute of Electronics and Telecommunications of Rennes (IETR), UMR CNRS 6164, University of Rennes , Campus de Beaulieu, 263 avenue du Général Leclerc, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Yann Le Page
- Transcription, Environment and Cancer Group, Institute for Research on Environmental and Occupational Health (IRSET), Inserm UMR1085, University of Rennes 1 , 9 avenue du Prof. Léon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Denis Habauzit
- Transcription, Environment and Cancer Group, Institute for Research on Environmental and Occupational Health (IRSET), Inserm UMR1085, University of Rennes 1 , 9 avenue du Prof. Léon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Maxim Zhadobov
- Institute of Electronics and Telecommunications of Rennes (IETR), UMR CNRS 6164, University of Rennes , Campus de Beaulieu, 263 avenue du Général Leclerc, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Ronan Sauleau
- Institute of Electronics and Telecommunications of Rennes (IETR), UMR CNRS 6164, University of Rennes , Campus de Beaulieu, 263 avenue du Général Leclerc, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Yves Le Dréan
- Transcription, Environment and Cancer Group, Institute for Research on Environmental and Occupational Health (IRSET), Inserm UMR1085, University of Rennes 1 , 9 avenue du Prof. Léon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - David Rondeau
- Institute of Electronics and Telecommunications of Rennes (IETR), UMR CNRS 6164, University of Rennes , Campus de Beaulieu, 263 avenue du Général Leclerc, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France.,Département de Chimie, Université de Bretagne Occidentale , 6 avenue Victor Le Gorgeu, 29238 Brest Cedex, France
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6
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LU HY, ZHANG JY, ZHOU W, WEI YP, CHEN HW. Direct Analysis of Phospholipids in Biological Tissues Using Internal Extractive Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(16)60910-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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7
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Willers C, Jansen van Rensburg P, Claassens S. Microbial signature lipid biomarker analysis - an approach that is still preferred, even amid various method modifications. J Appl Microbiol 2015; 118:1251-63. [PMID: 25765073 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Willers
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management; North-West University; Potchefstroom South Africa
| | | | - S. Claassens
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management; North-West University; Potchefstroom South Africa
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8
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Lin T, Wu S, Chen W. Formation potentials of bromate and brominated disinfection by-products in bromide-containing water by ozonation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:13987-14003. [PMID: 25035057 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3329-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The ozonation involved in drinking water treatment raises issues of water quality security when the raw water contains bromide (Br(-)). Br(-) ions may be converted to bromate (BrO3 (-)) during ozonation and some brominated disinfection by-products (Br-DBPs) in the following chlorination. In this study, the effects of ozone (O3) dosage, contact time, pH, and Br(-) and ammonia (NH3-N) concentrations on the formation of BrO3 (-) and Br-DBPs have been investigated. The results show that decreasing the initial Br(-) concentration is an effective means of controlling the formation of BrO3 (-). When the concentration of Br(-) was lower than 100 μg/L, by keeping the ratio of O3 dosage to dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration at less than 1, BrO3 (-) production was effectively suppressed. The concentration of BrO3 (-) steadily increased with increasing O3 dosage at high Br(-) concentration (>900 μg/L). Additionally, a longer ozonation time increased the concentrations of BrO3 (-) and total organic bromine (TOBr), while it had less impact on the formation potentials of brominated trihalomethanes (Br-THMFP) and haloacetic acids (Br-HAAFP). Higher pH value and the presence of ammonia may lead to an increase in the formation potential of BrO3 (-) and Br-DBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Lin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, People's Republic of China,
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9
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Take M, Takeuchi T, Haresaku M, Matsumoto M, Nagano K, Yamamoto S, Takamura-Enya T, Fukushima S. Estimation of chloroform inhalation dose by other routes based on the relationship of area under the blood concentration-time curve (AUC)-inhalation dose to chloroform distribution in the blood of rats. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2014; 49:253-261. [PMID: 24279616 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2014.846191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated the time-course changes of concentration of chloroform (CHCl3) in the blood during and after exposure of male rats to CHCl3 by inhalation. Increasing the dose of CHCl3 in the inhalation exposed groups caused a commensurate increase in the concentration of CHCl3 in the blood and the area under the blood concentration-time curve (AUC). There was good correlation (r = 0.988) between the inhalation dose and the AUC/kg body weight. Based on the AUC/kg body weight-inhalation dose curve and the AUC/kg body weight after oral administration, inhalation equivalent doses of orally administered CHCl3 were calculated. Calculation of inhalation equivalent doses allows the body burden due to CHCl3 by inhalation exposure and oral exposure to be directly compared. This type of comparison facilitates risk assessment in humans exposed to CHCl3 by different routes. Our results indicate that when calculating inhalation equivalent doses of CHCl3, it is critical to include the AUC from the exposure period in addition to the AUC after the end of the exposure period. Thus, studies which measure the concentration of volatile organic compounds in the blood during the inhalation exposure period are crucial. The data reported here makes an important contribution to the physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) database of CHCl3 in rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Take
- a Japan Bioassay Research Center, Japan Industrial Safety and Health Association , Hadano , Kanagawa , Japan
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10
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Sasso AF, Schlosser PM, Kedderis GL, Genter MB, Snawder JE, Li Z, Rieth S, Lipscomb JC. Application of an updated physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for chloroform to evaluate CYP2E1-mediated renal toxicity in rats and mice. Toxicol Sci 2012; 131:360-74. [PMID: 23143927 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfs320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models are tools for interpreting toxicological data and extrapolating observations across species and route of exposure. Chloroform (CHCl(3)) is a chemical for which there are PBPK models available in different species and multiple sites of toxicity. Because chloroform induces toxic effects in the liver and kidneys via production of reactive metabolites, proper characterization of metabolism in these tissues is essential for risk assessment. Although hepatic metabolism of chloroform is adequately described by these models, there is higher uncertainty for renal metabolism due to a lack of species-specific data and direct measurements of renal metabolism. Furthermore, models typically fail to account for regional differences in metabolic capacity within the kidney. Mischaracterization of renal metabolism may have a negligible effect on systemic chloroform levels, but it is anticipated to have a significant impact on the estimated site-specific production of reactive metabolites. In this article, rate parameters for chloroform metabolism in the kidney are revised for rats, mice, and humans. New in vitro data were collected in mice and humans for this purpose and are presented here. The revised PBPK model is used to interpret data of chloroform-induced kidney toxicity in rats and mice exposed via inhalation and drinking water. Benchmark dose (BMD) modeling is used to characterize the dose-response relationship of kidney toxicity markers as a function of PBPK-derived internal kidney dose. Applying the PBPK model, it was also possible to characterize the dose response for a recent data set of rats exposed via multiple routes simultaneously. Consistent BMD modeling results were observed regardless of species or route of exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan F Sasso
- National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC 20460, USA.
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11
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Improved Methods for the Fatty Acid Analysis of Blood Lipid Classes. Lipids 2011; 46:297-306. [DOI: 10.1007/s11745-011-3531-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2010] [Accepted: 01/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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12
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Take M, Yamamoto S, Ohnishi M, Matsumoto M, Nagano K, Hirota T, Fukushima S. Chloroform distribution and accumulation by combined inhalation plus oral exposure routes in rats. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2010; 45:1616-1624. [PMID: 20730654 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2010.506121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The present investigation was undertaken to determine the distribution and accumulation of chloroform in the blood, liver, kidney and abdominal fat of rats after simultaneous exposure by two routes, inhalation and oral. To distinguish the contribution of each route, unmodified chloroform (CHCl3) was administered by inhalation and deuterated chloroform (CDCl3) was administered orally. Exposure by inhalation and oral administration resulted in CHCl3 and CDCl3 concentrations in the tissues which were significantly higher than when exposure was by either inhalation or oral administration alone. This is the first study to follow the contribution of each of two routes of chloroform exposure on chloroform distribution and accumulation in target tissues. Our results indicate that when assessing the toxicity and carcinogenicity of chloroform, exposure routes, especially the effects of exposure by multiple routes, must be taken into consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Take
- Japan Bioassay Research Center, Japan Industrial Safety and Health Association, Hadano, Kanagawa, Japan.
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13
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Take M, Ohnishi M, Nagano K, Yamamoto S, Fukushima S. Design and performance of a system for blood collection of rats under whole-body inhalation exposure. J Toxicol Sci 2009; 34:221-6. [DOI: 10.2131/jts.34.221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Take
- Japan Bioassay Research Center, Japan Industrial Safety and Health Association
| | - Makoto Ohnishi
- Japan Bioassay Research Center, Japan Industrial Safety and Health Association
| | - Kasuke Nagano
- Japan Bioassay Research Center, Japan Industrial Safety and Health Association
| | - Seigo Yamamoto
- Japan Bioassay Research Center, Japan Industrial Safety and Health Association
| | - Shoji Fukushima
- Japan Bioassay Research Center, Japan Industrial Safety and Health Association
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14
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Matyash V, Liebisch G, Kurzchalia TV, Shevchenko A, Schwudke D. Lipid extraction by methyl-tert-butyl ether for high-throughput lipidomics. J Lipid Res 2008; 49:1137-46. [PMID: 18281723 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d700041-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1527] [Impact Index Per Article: 95.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate profiling of lipidomes relies upon the quantitative and unbiased recovery of lipid species from analyzed cells, fluids, or tissues and is usually achieved by two-phase extraction with chloroform. We demonstrated that methyl-tert-butyl ether (MTBE) extraction allows faster and cleaner lipid recovery and is well suited for automated shotgun profiling. Because of MTBE's low density, lipid-containing organic phase forms the upper layer during phase separation, which simplifies its collection and minimizes dripping losses. Nonextractable matrix forms a dense pellet at the bottom of the extraction tube and is easily removed by centrifugation. Rigorous testing demonstrated that the MTBE protocol delivers similar or better recoveries of species of most all major lipid classes compared with the "gold-standard" Folch or Bligh and Dyer recipes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitali Matyash
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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15
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Sun Z, Li B, Hu X, Shi M, Hou Q, Peng Y. Electrochemical dechlorination of chloroform in neutral aqueous solution on palladium/foam-nickel and palladium/polymeric pyrrole film/foam-nickel electrodes. J Environ Sci (China) 2008; 20:268-272. [PMID: 18595391 DOI: 10.1016/s1001-0742(08)60042-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical dechlorination of chloroform in neutral aqueous solution was investigated using palladium-loaded electrodes at ambient temperature. Palladium/foam-nickel (Pd/foam-Ni) and palladium/polymeric pyrrole film/foam-nickel (Pd/PPy/foam-Ni) composite electrodes which provided catalytic surface for reductive dechlorination of chloroform in aqueous solution were prepared using an electrodepositing method. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) micrographs showed that polymeric pyrrole film modified the electrode-surface characteristics and resulted in the uniform dispersion of needle-shaped palladium particles on foam-Ni supporting electrode. The experimental results of dechlorination indicated that the removal efficiency of chloroform and current efficiency in neutral aqueous solution on Pd/PPy/foam-Ni electrode could be up to 36.8% and 33.0% at dechlorination current of 0.1 mA and dechlorination time of 180 min, which is much higher than that of Pd/foam-Ni electrode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhirong Sun
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality Science and Water Environment Recovery Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100022, China.
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