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Fruh V, Babalola T, Sears C, Wellenius GA, Webster TF, Mann KK, Harrington J, Tjønneland A, Raaschou-Nielsen O, Claus Henn B, Meliker JR. Dietary Minerals and Incident Cardiovascular Outcomes among Never-Smokers in a Danish Case-Cohort Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2024; 21:932. [PMID: 39063508 PMCID: PMC11277515 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph21070932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Background: Diet is known to impact cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, but evidence for the essential minerals of magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), and potassium (K) is inconsistent. Methods: We conducted a case-cohort study within a non-smoking subgroup of the Danish Diet, Cancer and Health cohort, a prospective study of 50-64-year-olds recruited between 1993-1997. We identified incident heart failure (HF), acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and stroke cases through 2015 with an 1135-member subcohort. We measured the dietary intake of minerals, also known as elements, and calculated a combined dietary intake (CDI) score based on joint Ca, Mg and K intakes (mg/d) from Food Frequency Questionnaires. We estimated adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) with Cox proportional hazard models. Results: Most HRs examining associations between CDI score and CVD were null. However, the third quartile of CDI was associated with a lower risk for heart failure (HR: 0.89; 95% CI: 0.67, 1.17), AMI (HR: 0.79; 95% CI: 0.60, 1.04), and stroke (HR: 0.63; 95% CI: 0.44, 0.88). Conclusions: We did not find consistent evidence to suggest that higher levels of essential minerals are associated with incident HF, AMI, and stroke, though results suggest a potential U-shaped relationship between select minerals and CVD outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Fruh
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, 715 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA (T.F.W.)
| | - Tesleem Babalola
- Program in Public Health, Department of Family, Population, & Preventive Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; (T.B.)
| | - Clara Sears
- Division of Environmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA;
| | - Gregory A. Wellenius
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, 715 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA (T.F.W.)
| | - Thomas F. Webster
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, 715 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA (T.F.W.)
| | - Koren K. Mann
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - James Harrington
- Center for Analytical Science, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Anne Tjønneland
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (A.T.)
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, 1353 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ole Raaschou-Nielsen
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (A.T.)
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Birgit Claus Henn
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, 715 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA (T.F.W.)
| | - Jaymie R. Meliker
- Program in Public Health, Department of Family, Population, & Preventive Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; (T.B.)
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Jolly RA, Bandara S, Bercu J, Callis CM, Dolan DG, Graham J, HaMai D, Barle EL, Maier A, Masuda-Herrera M, Moudgal C, Parker JA, Reichard J, Sandhu R, Fung ES. Setting impurity limits for endogenous substances: Recommendations for a harmonized procedure and an example using fatty acids. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 134:105242. [PMID: 35964842 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2022.105242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Endogenous substances, such as fatty, amino, and nucleic acids, are often purposefully used in parenterally pharmaceuticals, but may be present as impurities. Currently, no consensus guidance exists on setting impurity limits for these substances. Specific procedures are needed, as the amount and types of toxicity data available for endogenous substances are typically far less than those for other chemical impurities. Additionally, the parenteral route of administration of these substances is inherently non-physiological, resulting in potentially different or increased severity of toxicity. Risk Assessment Process Maps (RAPMAPs) are proposed as a model to facilitate the development of health-based exposure limits (HBELs) for endogenous substances. This yielded a framework that was applied to derive HBELs for several fatty acids commonly used in parenteral pharmaceuticals. This approach was used to derive HBELs with further vetting based on anticipated perturbations in physiological serum levels, impacts of dose-rate, and consideration of intermittent dosing. Parenteral HBELs of 100-500 mg/day were generated for several fatty acids, and a proposed class-based limit of 50 mg/day to be used in the absence of chemical-specific data. This default limit is consistent with the low toxicity of this chemical class and ICH Q3C value for Class 3 solvents.
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Parker M, Acland A, Armstrong HJ, Bellingham JR, Bland J, Bodmer HC, Burall S, Castell S, Chilvers J, Cleevely DD, Cope D, Costanzo L, Dolan JA, Doubleday R, Feng WY, Godfray HCJ, Good DA, Grant J, Green N, Groen AJ, Guilliams TT, Gupta S, Hall AC, Heathfield A, Hotopp U, Kass G, Leeder T, Lickorish FA, Lueshi LM, Magee C, Mata T, McBride T, McCarthy N, Mercer A, Neilson R, Ouchikh J, Oughton EJ, Oxenham D, Pallett H, Palmer J, Patmore J, Petts J, Pinkerton J, Ploszek R, Pratt A, Rocks SA, Stansfield N, Surkovic E, Tyler CP, Watkinson AR, Wentworth J, Willis R, Wollner PKA, Worts K, Sutherland WJ. Identifying the science and technology dimensions of emerging public policy issues through horizon scanning. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96480. [PMID: 24879444 PMCID: PMC4039428 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Public policy requires public support, which in turn implies a need to enable the public not just to understand policy but also to be engaged in its development. Where complex science and technology issues are involved in policy making, this takes time, so it is important to identify emerging issues of this type and prepare engagement plans. In our horizon scanning exercise, we used a modified Delphi technique. A wide group of people with interests in the science and policy interface (drawn from policy makers, policy adviser, practitioners, the private sector and academics) elicited a long list of emergent policy issues in which science and technology would feature strongly and which would also necessitate public engagement as policies are developed. This was then refined to a short list of top priorities for policy makers. Thirty issues were identified within broad areas of business and technology; energy and environment; government, politics and education; health, healthcare, population and aging; information, communication, infrastructure and transport; and public safety and national security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miles Parker
- Centre for Science and Policy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Jim R. Bellingham
- School of the Physical Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Helen C. Bodmer
- Department for Business, Innovation and Skills, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Jason Chilvers
- Science, Society and Sustainability (3S) Group, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - David D. Cleevely
- Centre for Science and Policy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Lucia Costanzo
- Department for Business, Innovation and Skills, London, United Kingdom
| | - James A. Dolan
- NanoDTC, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Doubleday
- Centre for Science and Policy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Wai Yi Feng
- Faculty of Education, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - H. Charles J. Godfray
- Oxford Martin Programme on the Future of Food, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - David A. Good
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Nick Green
- The Royal Society, London, United Kingdom
| | - Arnoud J. Groen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Tim T. Guilliams
- Centre for Science and Policy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Amanda C. Hall
- Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ulrike Hotopp
- Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gary Kass
- Natural England, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tim Leeder
- University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | | | - Leila M. Lueshi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Magee
- Understanding Animal Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tiago Mata
- Department of History and Philosophy of Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Alan Mercer
- Sciencewise, Harwell, Didcot, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jackie Ouchikh
- Centre for Science and Policy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Edward J. Oughton
- Cambridge Centre for Climate Change Mitigation Research (4CMR), Department of Land Economy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - David Oxenham
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Pallett
- Science, Society and Sustainability (3S) Group, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Judith Petts
- University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Jan Pinkerton
- Department for Business, Innovation and Skills, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Andrew R. Watkinson
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Jonny Wentworth
- Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Patrick K. A. Wollner
- Engineering Design Centre, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kim Worts
- Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, London, United Kingdom
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Vinceti M, Crespi CM, Bonvicini F, Malagoli C, Ferrante M, Marmiroli S, Stranges S. The need for a reassessment of the safe upper limit of selenium in drinking water. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2013; 443:633-42. [PMID: 23220755 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Revised: 11/06/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Results of recent epidemiologic studies suggest the need to reassess the safe upper limit in drinking water of selenium, a metalloid with both toxicological and nutritional properties. Observational and experimental human studies on health effects of organic selenium compounds consumed through diet or supplements, and of inorganic selenium consumed through drinking water, have shown that human toxicity may occur at much lower levels than previously surmised. Evidence indicates that the chemical form of selenium strongly influences its toxicity, and that its biological activity may differ in different species, emphasizing the importance of the few human studies on health effects of the specific selenium compounds found in drinking water. Epidemiologic studies that investigated the effects of selenate, an inorganic selenium species commonly found in drinking water, together with evidence of toxicity of inorganic selenium at low levels in from in vitro and animal studies, indicate that health risks may occur at exposures below the current European Union and World Health Organization upper limit and guideline of 10 and 40 μg/l, respectively, and suggest reduction to 1 μg/l in order to adequately protect human health. Although few drinking waters are currently known to have selenium concentrations exceeding this level, the public health importance of this issue should not be overlooked, and further epidemiologic research is critically needed in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Vinceti
- CREAGEN - Environmental, Genetic and Nutritional Epidemiology Research Center, Department of Diagnostic and Clinical Medicine and of Public Health, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
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