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Sicińska P, Mokra K, Wozniak K, Michałowicz J, Bukowska B. Genotoxic risk assessment and mechanism of DNA damage induced by phthalates and their metabolites in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1658. [PMID: 33462290 PMCID: PMC7814068 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79932-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The human genome is persistently exposed to damage caused by xenobiotics, therefore the assessment of genotoxicity of substances having a direct contact with humans is of importance. Phthalates are commonly used in industrial applications. Widespread exposure to phthalates has been evidenced by their presence in human body fluids. We have assessed the genotoxic potential of selected phthalates and mechanism of their action in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Studied cells were incubated with di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), butylbenzyl phthalate (BBP) and their metabolites: mono-n-butylphthalate (MBP), mono-benzylphthalate (MBzP) in the concentrations range of 0.1-10 µg/mL for 24 h. Analyzed compounds induced DNA single and double strand-breaks (DBP and BBP ≥ 0.5 µg/mL, MBP and MBzP ≥ 1 µg/mL) and more strongly oxidized purines than pyrimidines. None of the compounds examined was capable of creating adducts with DNA. All studied phthalates caused an increase of total ROS level, while hydroxyl radical was generated mostly by DBP and BBP. PBMCs exposed to DBP and BBP could not completely repair DNA strand-breaks during 120 min of postincubation, in opposite to damage caused by their metabolites, MBP and MBzP. We have concluded that parent phthalates: DBP and BBP caused more pronounced DNA damage compared to their metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Sicińska
- Department of Biophysics of Environmental Pollution, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska Str. 141/143, 90-236, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Mokra
- Department of Biophysics of Environmental Pollution, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska Str. 141/143, 90-236, Lodz, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Wozniak
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska Str. 141/143, 90-236, Lodz, Poland
| | - Jaromir Michałowicz
- Department of Biophysics of Environmental Pollution, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska Str. 141/143, 90-236, Lodz, Poland
| | - Bożena Bukowska
- Department of Biophysics of Environmental Pollution, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska Str. 141/143, 90-236, Lodz, Poland
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Lee KF, Tsai MM, Tsai CY, Huang CG, Ou YH, Hsieh CC, Hsieh HL, Wang CS, Lin KH. DEK Is a Potential Biomarker Associated with Malignant Phenotype in Gastric Cancer Tissues and Plasma. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E5689. [PMID: 31766266 PMCID: PMC6888682 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is the second most widespread cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. The discovery of novel biomarkers of oncoproteins can facilitate the development of therapeutic strategies for GC treatment. In this study, we identified novel biomarkers by integrating isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ), a human plasma proteome database, and public Oncomine datasets to search for aberrantly expressed oncogene-associated proteins in GC tissues and plasma. One of the most significantly upregulated biomarkers, DEK, was selected and its expression validated. Our immunohistochemistry (IHC) (n = 92) and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) (n = 72) analyses disclosed a marked increase in DEK expression in tumor tissue, compared with paired nontumor mucosa. Importantly, significantly higher preoperative plasma DEK levels were detected in GC patients than in healthy controls via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In clinicopathological analysis, higher expression of DEK in both tissue and plasma was significantly associated with advanced stage and poorer survival outcomes of GC patients. Data from receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis disclosed a better diagnostic accuracy of plasma DEK than carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), carbohydrate antigen 19.9 (CA 19.9), and C-reactive protein (CRP), highlighting its potential as an effective plasma biomarker for GC. Plasma DEK is also more sensitive in tumor detection than the other three biomarkers. Knockdown of DEK resulted in inhibition of GC cell migration via a mechanism involving modulation of matrix metalloproteinase MMP-2/MMP-9 level and vice versa. Our results collectively support plasma DEK as a useful biomarker for making diagnosis and prognosis of GC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kam-Fai Lee
- Department of Pathology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 613, Taiwan;
| | - Ming-Ming Tsai
- Department of Nursing, Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Chang-Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (M.-M.T.); (H.-L.H.)
- Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Department of General Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chia-yi 613, Taiwan;
| | - Chung-Ying Tsai
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (C.-Y.T.); (Y.-H.O.)
- Kidney Research Center and Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Guei Huang
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, and Graduate Institute of Biomedical Science, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan;
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsiang Ou
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (C.-Y.T.); (Y.-H.O.)
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Chuan Hsieh
- Department of General Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chia-yi 613, Taiwan;
| | - Hsi-Lung Hsieh
- Department of Nursing, Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Chang-Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (M.-M.T.); (H.-L.H.)
- Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Siu Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chia-yi 613, Taiwan;
| | - Kwang-Huei Lin
- Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (C.-Y.T.); (Y.-H.O.)
- Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
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Smith EA, Krumpelbeck EF, Jegga AG, Greis KD, Ali AM, Meetei AR, Wells SI. The nuclear DEK interactome supports multi-functionality. Proteins 2018; 86:88-97. [PMID: 29082557 PMCID: PMC5730476 DOI: 10.1002/prot.25411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
DEK is an oncoprotein that is overexpressed in many forms of cancer and participates in numerous cellular pathways. Of these different pathways, relevant interacting partners and functions of DEK are well described in regard to the regulation of chromatin structure, epigenetic marks, and transcription. Most of this understanding was derived by investigating DNA-binding and chromatin processing capabilities of the oncoprotein. To facilitate the generation of mechanism-driven hypotheses regarding DEK activities in underexplored areas, we have developed the first DEK interactome model using tandem-affinity purification and mass spectrometry. With this approach, we identify IMPDH2, DDX21, and RPL7a as novel DEK binding partners, hinting at new roles for the oncogene in de novo nucleotide biosynthesis and ribosome formation. Additionally, a hydroxyurea-specific interaction with replication protein A (RPA) was observed, suggesting that a DEK-RPA complex may form in response to DNA replication fork stalling. Taken together, these findings highlight diverse activities for DEK across cellular pathways and support a model wherein this molecule performs a plethora of functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A. Smith
- Department of Oncology; Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center; Cincinnati, OH, 45219; USA
| | - Eric F. Krumpelbeck
- Department of Oncology; Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center; Cincinnati, OH, 45219; USA
| | - Anil G. Jegga
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45219, USA
| | - Kenneth D. Greis
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine; Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA
| | - Abdullah M. Ali
- Department of Oncology; Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center; Cincinnati, OH, 45219; USA
| | - Amom R. Meetei
- Department of Oncology; Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center; Cincinnati, OH, 45219; USA
| | - Susanne I. Wells
- Department of Oncology; Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center; Cincinnati, OH, 45219; USA
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Dissecting the Potential Interplay of DEK Functions in Inflammation and Cancer. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2015; 2015:106517. [PMID: 26425120 PMCID: PMC4575739 DOI: 10.1155/2015/106517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
There is a long-standing correlation between inflammation, inflammatory cell signaling pathways, and tumor formation. Understanding the mechanisms behind inflammation-driven tumorigenesis is of great research and clinical importance. Although not entirely understood, these mechanisms include a complex interaction between the immune system and the damaged epithelium that is mediated by an array of molecular signals of inflammation—including reactive oxygen species (ROS), cytokines, and NFκB signaling—that are also oncogenic. Here, we discuss the association of the unique DEK protein with these processes. Specifically, we address the role of DEK in chronic inflammation via viral infections and autoimmune diseases, the overexpression and oncogenic activity of DEK in cancers, and DEK-mediated regulation of NFκB signaling. Combined, evidence suggests that DEK may play a complex, multidimensional role in chronic inflammation and subsequent tumorigenesis.
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Tsai CF, Hsieh TH, Lee JN, Hsu CY, Wang YC, Lai FJ, Kuo KK, Wu HL, Tsai EM, Kuo PL. Benzyl butyl phthalate induces migration, invasion, and angiogenesis of Huh7 hepatocellular carcinoma cells through nongenomic AhR/G-protein signaling. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:556. [PMID: 25081364 PMCID: PMC4131049 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The widespread use of phthalates as plasticizers has raised public health concerns regarding their adverse effects, including an association with cancer. Although animal investigations have suggested an association between phthalate exposure and hepatocellular carcinoma, the mechanisms are unknown. Methods The hepatocellular carcinoma cell line Huh7 was treated with benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP), and then analyzed by total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy, confocal microscopy and double immunogold transmission electron microscopy. Following BBP treatment, mRNA levels were measured by RT-PCR, protein levels were measured using western blot, and vascular endothelial growth factor levels were measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Cell migration and invasion assays were evaluated by transwell, and angiogenesis were performed by a tube formation assay. Nude mice were used to investigate metastasis and angiogenesis in vivo. Results BBP affected hepatocellular carcinoma progression through the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and that benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP) stimulated AhR at the cell surface, which then interacted with G proteins and triggered a downstream signaling cascade. BBP activated AhR through a nongenomic action involving G-protein signaling rather than the classical genomic AhR action. BBP treatment promoted cell migration and invasion in vitro and metastasis in vivo via the AhR/Gβ/PI3K/Akt/NF-κB pathway. In addition, BBP induced both in vitro and in vivo angiogenesis through the AhR/ERK/VEGF pathway. Conclusions These findings suggest a novel nongenomic AhR mechanism involving G-protein signaling induced by phthalates, which contributes to tumor progression of hepatocellular carcinoma. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2407-14-556) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Eing-Mei Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan.
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Abstract
PCSK9 interacts with the LDLR (LDL receptor) in the ER (endoplasmic reticulum). Binding of the LDLR to PCSK9 in the ER promotes autocatalytic cleavage of PCSK9. The cleaved PCSK9 promotes the exit of the LDLR out of the ER.
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Benzyl butyl phthalate induces necrosis by AhR mediation of CYP1B1 expression in human granulosa cells. Reprod Toxicol 2012; 33:67-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2011.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2011] [Revised: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 11/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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