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Fast C, Graham C, Kaatz M, Santiago-Mateo K, Kaatz T, MacPherson K, Balkema-Buschmann A, Ziegler U, Groschup MH, Czub S. Discrimination of Classical and Atypical BSE by a Distinct Immunohistochemical PrP Sc Profile. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12020353. [PMID: 36839625 PMCID: PMC9965285 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12020353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) belongs to the group of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies and is associated with the accumulation of a pathological isoform of the host-encoded glycoprotein, designated prion protein (PrPSc). Classical BSE (C-type) and two atypical BSE forms (L- and H-type) are known, and can be discriminated by biochemical characteristics. The goal of our study was to identify type-specific PrPSc profiles by using Immunohistochemistry. In our study, brain samples from 21 cattle, intracerebrally inoculated with C-, H-, and L-type BSE, were used. In addition, the corresponding samples from three orally C-type BSE infected animals were also included. From all animals, a lesion and PrPSc-profiles of six brain regions were determined. The lesion profile and the neuroanatomical distribution of PrPSc was highly consistent between the groups, but the immunohistochemical analysis revealed a distinct PrPSc profile for the different BSE-types, which included both the topographic and cellular pattern of PrPSc. This qualitative and quantitative analysis of PrPSc affected structures sheds new light into the pathogenesis of the different BSE types. Furthermore, immunohistochemical characterization is supported as an additional diagnostic tool in BSE surveillance programs, especially when only formalin-fixed tissue samples are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Fast
- Friedrich-Loeffler Institut/INEID, 17493 Insel Riems, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-38351-71274
| | | | - Martin Kaatz
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | | | - Tammy Kaatz
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Lethbridge, AB T1J 3Z4, Canada
| | - Kendra MacPherson
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | | | - Ute Ziegler
- Friedrich-Loeffler Institut/INEID, 17493 Insel Riems, Germany
| | | | - Stefanie Czub
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Lethbridge, AB T1J 3Z4, Canada
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
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2
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Gallardo MJ, Delgado FO. Animal prion diseases: A review of intraspecies transmission. Open Vet J 2021; 11:707-723. [PMID: 35070868 PMCID: PMC8770171 DOI: 10.5455/ovj.2021.v11.i4.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal prion diseases are a group of neurodegenerative, transmissible, and fatal disorders that affect several animal species. The causative agent, prion, is a misfolded isoform of normal cellular prion protein, which is found in cells with higher concentration in the central nervous system. This review explored the sources of infection and different natural transmission routes of animal prion diseases in susceptible populations. Chronic wasting disease in cervids and scrapie in small ruminants are prion diseases capable of maintaining themselves in susceptible populations through horizontal and vertical transmission. The other prion animal diseases can only be transmitted through food contaminated with prions. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) is the only animal prion disease considered zoonotic. However, due to its inability to transmit within a population, it could be controlled. The emergence of atypical cases of scrapie and BSE, even the recent report of prion disease in camels, demonstrates the importance of understanding the transmission routes of prion diseases to take measures to control them and to assess the risks to human and animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Julián Gallardo
- Instituto de Patobiología Veterinaria, IPVet, UEDD INTA-CONICET, Hurlingham, Argentina
- Cátedra de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fernando Oscar Delgado
- Instituto de Patobiología Veterinaria, IPVet, UEDD INTA-CONICET, Hurlingham, Argentina
- Facultad de Cs. Agrarias y Veterinarias, Universidad del Salvador, Pilar, Argentina
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3
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Balkema-Buschmann A, Ziegler U, Priemer G, Tauscher K, Köster F, Ackermann I, Fatola OI, Balkema D, Schinköthe J, Hammerschmidt B, Fast C, Ulrich R, Groschup MH. Absence of classical and atypical (H- and L-) BSE infectivity in the blood of bovines in the clinical end stage of disease as confirmed by intraspecies blood transfusion. J Gen Virol 2021; 102. [PMID: 32589123 PMCID: PMC8116782 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
While the presence of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) infectivity in the blood of clinically affected sheep has been proven by intraspecies blood-transfusion experiments, this question has remained open in the case of BSE-affected cattle. Although the absence of infectivity can be anticipated from the restriction of the agent to neuronal tissues in this species, evidence for this was still lacking. This particularly concerns the production and use of medicinal products and other applications containing bovine blood or preparations thereof. We therefore performed a blood-transfusion experiment from cattle in the clinical end stage of disease after experimental challenge with either classical (C-BSE) or atypical (H- and l-) BSE into calves at 4–6 months of age. The animals were kept in a free-ranging group for 10 years. Starting from 24 months post-transfusion, a thorough clinical examination was performed every 6 weeks in order to detect early symptoms of a BSE infection. Throughout the experiment, the clinical picture of all animals gave no indication of a BSE infection. Upon necropsy, the brainstem samples were analysed by BSE rapid test as well as by the highly sensitive Protein Misfolding Cyclic Amplification (PMCA), all with negative results. These results add resilient data to confirm the absence of BSE infectivity in the donor blood collected from C-, H- and l-BSE-affected cattle even in the final clinical phase of the disease. This finding has important implications for the risk assessment of bovine blood and blood products in the production of medicinal products and other preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Balkema-Buschmann
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Greifswald Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Ute Ziegler
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Greifswald Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Grit Priemer
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Greifswald Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Kerstin Tauscher
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Greifswald Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Frauke Köster
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Greifswald Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Ivett Ackermann
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Greifswald Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Olanrewaju I Fatola
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Greifswald Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Daniel Balkema
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Greifswald Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Jan Schinköthe
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Greifswald Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Bärbel Hammerschmidt
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Greifswald Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Christine Fast
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Greifswald Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Reiner Ulrich
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.,Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Greifswald Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Martin H Groschup
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Greifswald Insel Riems, Germany
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4
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Tahir W, Abdulrahman B, Abdelaziz DH, Thapa S, Walia R, Schätzl HM. An astrocyte cell line that differentially propagates murine prions. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:11572-11583. [PMID: 32561641 PMCID: PMC7450132 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.012596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases are fatal infectious neurodegenerative disorders in human and animals caused by misfolding of the cellular prion protein (PrPC) into the pathological isoform PrPSc. Elucidating the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying prion propagation may help to develop disease interventions. Cell culture systems for prion propagation have greatly advanced molecular insights into prion biology, but translation of in vitro to in vivo findings is often disappointing. A wider range of cell culture systems might help overcome these shortcomings. Here, we describe an immortalized mouse neuronal astrocyte cell line (C8D1A) that can be infected with murine prions. Both PrPC protein and mRNA levels in astrocytes were comparable with those in neuronal and non-neuronal cell lines permitting persistent prion infection. We challenged astrocytes with three mouse-adapted prion strains (22L, RML, and ME7) and cultured them for six passages. Immunoblotting results revealed that the astrocytes propagated 22L prions well over all six passages, whereas ME7 prions did not replicate, and RML prions replicated only very weakly after five passages. Immunofluorescence analysis indicated similar results for PrPSc. Interestingly, when we used prion conversion activity as a readout in real-time quaking-induced conversion assays with RML-infected cell lysates, we observed a strong signal over all six passages, comparable with that for 22L-infected cells. These data indicate that the C8D1A cell line is permissive to prion infection. Moreover, the propagated prions differed in conversion and proteinase K–resistance levels in these astrocytes. We propose that the C8D1A cell line could be used to decipher prion strain biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waqas Tahir
- Department of Comparative Biology & Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Calgary Prion Research Unit, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Basant Abdulrahman
- Department of Comparative Biology & Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Calgary Prion Research Unit, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Dalia H Abdelaziz
- Department of Comparative Biology & Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Calgary Prion Research Unit, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Simrika Thapa
- Department of Comparative Biology & Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Calgary Prion Research Unit, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Rupali Walia
- Department of Comparative Biology & Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Calgary Prion Research Unit, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Hermann M Schätzl
- Department of Comparative Biology & Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada .,Calgary Prion Research Unit, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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5
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Balkema-Buschmann A, Priemer G, Ulrich R, Strobelt R, Hills B, Groschup MH. Deciphering the BSE-type specific cell and tissue tropisms of atypical (H and L) and classical BSE. Prion 2020; 13:160-172. [PMID: 31476957 PMCID: PMC6746549 DOI: 10.1080/19336896.2019.1651180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
After the discovery of two atypical bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) forms in France and Italy designated H- and L-BSE, the question arose whether these new forms differed from classical BSE (C-BSE) in their pathogenesis. Samples collected from cattle in the clinical stage of BSE during an intracranial challenge study with L- and H-BSE were analysed using biochemical and histological methods as well as in a transgenic mouse bioassay. Our results generally confirmed what had been described for C-BSE to be true also for both atypical BSE forms, namely the restriction of the pathological prion protein (PrPSc) and BSE infectivity to the nervous system. However, analysis of samples collected under identical conditions from both atypical H- and L-BSE forms allowed us a more precise assessment of the grade of involvement of different tissues during the clinical end stage of disease as compared to C-BSE. One important feature is the involvement of the peripheral nervous and musculoskeletal tissues in both L-BSE and H-BSE affected cattle. We were, however, able to show that in H-BSE cases, the PrPSc depositions in the central and peripheral nervous system are dominated by a glial pattern, whereas a neuronal deposition pattern dominates in L-BSE cases, indicating differences in the cellular and topical tropism of both atypical BSE forms. As a consequence of this cell tropism, H-BSE seems to spread more rapidly from the CNS into the periphery via the glial cell system such as Schwann cells, as opposed to L-BSE which is mostly propagated via neuronal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Balkema-Buschmann
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases , Greifswald , Germany
| | - Grit Priemer
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases , Greifswald , Germany
| | - Reiner Ulrich
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut , Greifswald , Germany
| | - Romano Strobelt
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases , Greifswald , Germany
| | - Bob Hills
- Health Canada, Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Secretariat , Ottawa , Ontario , Canada
| | - Martin H Groschup
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases , Greifswald , Germany
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6
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Kumagai S, Daikai T, Onodera T. Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy
- A Review from the Perspective of Food Safety. Food Saf (Tokyo) 2019; 7:21-47. [PMID: 31998585 PMCID: PMC6978881 DOI: 10.14252/foodsafetyfscj.2018009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease that belongs to transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE). Since the first case was identified in the UK in 1986, BSE spread to other countries including Japan. Its incidence peaked in 1992 in the UK and from 2001 to 2006 in many other countries, but a feed ban aimed at eliminating the recycling of the BSE agent and other control measures aimed at preventing food and feed contamination with the agent were highly effective at reducing the spread of BSE. In 2004, two types of atypical BSE, H-type BSE (H-BSE) and L-type BSE (L-BSE), which differ from classical BSE (C-BSE), were found in France and Italy. Atypical BSE, which is assumed to occur spontaneously, has also been detected among cattle in other countries including Japan. The BSE agent including atypical BSE agent is a unique food-safety hazard with different chemical and biological properties from the microbial pathogens and toxic chemicals that contaminate food. In this review, we summarize the reported findings on the tissue distribution of BSE prions in infected cattle and other aspects of BSE, as well as the control measures against the disease employed in Japan. Topics that require further studies are discussed based on the summarized findings from the perspective of food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susumu Kumagai
- Research Center for Food Safety, The University of
Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657,
Japan
| | - Takateru Daikai
- Food Safety Commission of Japan Secretariat, Akasaka
Park Bld. 22F, Akasaka 5-2-20, Minato-ku,
Tokyo 107-6122, Japan
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine,
Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Iwate University, Morioka-shi,
Iwate 020-8550, Japan
| | - Takashi Onodera
- Research Center for Food Safety, The University of
Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657,
Japan
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7
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Okada H, Iwamaru Y, Imamura M, Miyazawa K, Matsuura Y, Masujin K, Murayama Y, Yokoyama T. Oral Transmission of L-Type Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Agent among Cattle. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 23:284-287. [PMID: 28098532 PMCID: PMC5324790 DOI: 10.3201/eid2302.161416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine oral transmissibility of the L-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) prion, we orally inoculated 16 calves with brain homogenates of the agent. Only 1 animal, given a high dose, showed signs and died at 88 months. These results suggest low risk for oral transmission of the L-BSE agent among cattle.
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8
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Simmons M, Ru G, Casalone C, Iulini B, Cassar C, Seuberlich T. DISCONTOOLS: Identifying gaps in controlling bovine spongiform encephalopathy. Transbound Emerg Dis 2017; 65 Suppl 1:9-21. [PMID: 28795509 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This article summarizes the 2016 update of the DISCONTOOLS project gap analysis on bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), which was based on a combination of literature review and expert knowledge. Uncertainty still exists in relation to the pathogenesis, immunology and epidemiology of BSE, but provided that infected material is prohibited from entering the animal feed chain, cases should continue to decline. BSE does not appear to spread between cattle, but if new strains with this ability appear then control would be considerably more difficult. Atypical types of BSE (L-BSE and H-BSE) have been identified, which have different molecular patterns and pathology, and do not display the same clinical signs as classical BSE. Laboratory transmission experiments indicate that the L-BSE agent has zoonotic potential. There is no satisfactory conclusion regarding the origin of the BSE epidemic. C-BSE case numbers declined rapidly following strict controls banning ruminant protein in animal feed, but occasional cases still occur. It is unclear whether these more recent cases indicate inadequate implementation of the bans, or the possibility that C-BSE might occur spontaneously, as has been postulated for H- and L-BSE. All of this will have implications once existing bans and levels of surveillance are both relaxed. Immunochemical tests can only be applied post-mortem. There is no immunological basis for diagnosis in the live animal. All aspects of disease control are expensive, particularly surveillance, specified risk material removal and feed controls. There is pressure to relax feed controls, and concurrent pressure from other sources to reduce surveillance. While the cost benefit argument can be applied successfully to either of these approaches, it would be necessary to maintain the ban on intraspecies recycling and some baseline surveillance. However, the potential risk is not limited to intraspecies recycling; recycling with cross-species transmission may be an ideal way to select or/and modify properties of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies agents in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Simmons
- OIE, National and EU Reference Laboratory for BSE and Scrapie, Department of Pathology, APHA Weybridge, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | - G Ru
- CEA - National Reference Laboratory for Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies, OIE Reference Laboratories for BSE and Scrapie, Unit of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Risk Analysis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Turin, Italy
| | - C Casalone
- CEA - National Reference Laboratory for Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies, OIE Reference Laboratories for BSE and Scrapie, Neuropathology Laboratory, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Turin, Italy
| | - B Iulini
- CEA - National Reference Laboratory for Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies, OIE Reference Laboratories for BSE and Scrapie, Neuropathology Laboratory, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Turin, Italy
| | - C Cassar
- OIE, National and EU Reference Laboratory for BSE and Scrapie, Department of Pathology, APHA Weybridge, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | - T Seuberlich
- NeuroCenter, OIE and National Reference Laboratories for BSE and Scrapie, Division of Neurological Sciences, Vetsuisse Faculty, Bern, Switzerland
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9
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Okada H, Masujin K, Miyazawa K, Iwamaru Y, Imamura M, Matsuura Y, Arai S, Fukuda S, Murayama Y, Yokoyama T. Experimental Infection of Cattle With a Novel Prion Derived From Atypical H-Type Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy. Vet Pathol 2017; 54:892-900. [PMID: 28731378 DOI: 10.1177/0300985817717769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy (H-BSE) is an atypical form of BSE in cattle. During passaging of H-BSE in transgenic bovinized (TgBoPrP) mice, a novel phenotype of BSE, termed BSE-SW emerged and was characterized by a short incubation time and host weight loss. To investigate the biological and biochemical properties of the BSE-SW prion, a transmission study was conducted in cattle, which were inoculated intracerebrally with brain homogenate from BSE-SW-infected TgBoPrP mice. The disease incubation period was approximately 15 months. The animals showed characteristic neurological signs of dullness, and severe spongiform changes and a widespread, uniform distribution of disease-associated prion protein (PrPSc) were observed throughout the brain of infected cattle. Immunohistochemical PrPSc staining of the brain revealed the presence of intraglial accumulations and plaque-like deposits. No remarkable differences were identified in vacuolar lesion scores, topographical distribution patterns, and staining types of PrPSc in the brains of BSE-SW- vs H-BSE-infected cattle. PrPSc deposition was detected in the ganglia, vagus nerve, spinal nerve, cauda equina, adrenal medulla, and ocular muscle. Western blot analysis revealed that the specific biochemical properties of the BSE-SW prion, with an additional 10- to 12-kDa fragment, were well maintained after transmission. These findings indicated that the BSE-SW prion has biochemical properties distinct from those of H-BSE in cattle, although clinical and pathologic features of BSW-SW in cattle are indistinguishable from those of H-BSE. The results suggest that the 2 infectious agents, BSE-SW and H-BSE, are closely related strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Okada
- 1 National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kentaro Masujin
- 1 National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kohtaro Miyazawa
- 1 National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yoshihumi Iwamaru
- 1 National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Morikazu Imamura
- 1 National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yuichi Matsuura
- 1 National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Shozo Arai
- 1 National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Shigeo Fukuda
- 2 Hokkaido Animal Research Center, Hokkaido Research Organization, Shintoku, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yuichi Murayama
- 1 National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takashi Yokoyama
- 1 National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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10
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Laurindo EE, Barros Filho IRD. Encefalopatia espongiforme bovina atípica: uma revisão. ARQUIVOS DO INSTITUTO BIOLÓGICO 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/1808-1657000392015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
RESUMO: A encefalopatia espongiforme bovina (EEB), causada por um príon infectante, surgiu na década de 1980 na Europa como uma nova doença nos rebanhos bovinos e, desde então, estão sendo tomadas várias ações para sua prevenção e controle. A restrição da alimentação de ruminantes com subprodutos de origem animal e a remoção e destruição dos materiais de risco específico para a doença das carcaças em frigoríficos se mostraram efetivas medidas para o controle da doença, além de reduzirem a exposição humana ao agente, pois se trata de uma importante zoonose. No entanto, em 2004 os primeiros casos atípicos de EEB foram diagnosticados, nos quais os agentes causais apresentavam alterações de peso molecular na prova de Western blot, em relação ao agente da forma clássica. Além das diferenças moleculares dos agentes, as apresentações clínicas mostraram-se diferenciadas nas formas atípicas, acometendo principalmente bovinos com idade superior a oito anos. Por se tratar de uma nova forma da doença, muitos estudos estão sendo conduzidos buscando elucidar a patogenia, epidemiologia e seu potencial zoonótico. Objetivou-se neste estudo revisar os principais aspectos relacionados às EEB atípicas enfatizando sua etiologia, epidemiologia, sinais clínicos, diagnóstico e medidas de controle.
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11
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Intra- and Interspecies Transmission of Atypical BSE - What Can We Learn from It? Food Saf (Tokyo) 2016; 4:121-129. [PMID: 32231916 DOI: 10.14252/foodsafetyfscj.2016023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
After the detection of the first cases of atypical bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) more than ten years ago, the etiology, pathogenesis and agent distribution of these novel BSE forms in cattle were completely unknown. Many studies have been performed in the meantime to elucidate the pathogenic mechanisms of these diseases. A wealth of data has been accumulated regarding the distribution of the abnormal isoform of the prion protein, PrPSc, in tissues of affected cattle, confirming the general restriction of the PrPSc and agent distribution to the central and peripheral nervous system, albeit at slightly higher levels as compared to classical BSE. However, due to lack of data, the assumptions regarding the spontaneous etiology of both atypical BSE forms (H-BSE and L-BSE) and also the origin of the classical BSE epidemic are still mainly speculative. By performing subpassage experiments of both the atypical BSE forms in a variety of conventional and transgenic mice and Syrian Gold hamsters, we aimed to improve our understanding of the strain stability of these BSE forms. It turned out that under these experimental conditions, both the atypical BSE forms may alter their phenotypes and become indistinguishable from classical BSE. Information about the classical and atypical BSE strain characteristics help to improve our understanding of the correlation between all three BSE forms.
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12
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Simmons MM, Chaplin MJ, Konold T, Casalone C, Beck KE, Thorne L, Everitt S, Floyd T, Clifford D, Spiropoulos J. L-BSE experimentally transmitted to sheep presents as a unique disease phenotype. Vet Res 2016; 47:112. [PMID: 27825366 PMCID: PMC5101820 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-016-0394-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Apart from prion protein genotype, the factors determining the host range and susceptiblity for specific transmissible spongiform encephalopathy agents remain unclear. It is known that bovine atypical L-BSE can transmit to a range of species including primates and humanised transgenic mice. It is important, therefore, that there is as broad an understanding as possible of how such isolates might present in food animal species and how robust they are on inter- and intra-species transmission to inform surveillance sytems and risk assessments. This paper demonstrates that L-BSE can be intracerebrally transmitted to sheep of several genotypes, with the exception of ARR/ARR animals. Positive animals mostly present with a cataplectic form of disease characterized by collapsing episodes and reduced muscle tone. PrP accumulation is confined to the nervous system, with the exception of one animal with lymphoreticular involvement. In Western blot there was maintenance of the low molecular mass and glycoform profile associated with L-BSE, irrespective of ovine host genotype, but there was a substantially higher N-terminal antibody signal relative to the core-specific antibody, which is similar to the ratio associated with classical scrapie. The disease phenotype was maintained on experimental subpassage, but with a shortened survival time indicative of an original species barrier and subsequent adaptation. Passive surveillance approaches would be unlikely to identify such cases as TSE suspects, but current statutory active screening methods would be capable of detecting such cases and classifying them as unusual and requiring further investigation if they were to occur in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion M Simmons
- Department of Pathology, APHA Weybridge, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK.
| | - Melanie J Chaplin
- Department of Pathology, APHA Weybridge, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Timm Konold
- Department of Pathology, APHA Weybridge, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK.,Animal Sciences Unit, APHA Weybridge, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Cristina Casalone
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta Sede Centrale di Torino, via Bologna, 148, 10154, Turin, Italy
| | - Katy E Beck
- Department of Pathology, APHA Weybridge, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Leigh Thorne
- Department of Virology, APHA Weybridge, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Sharon Everitt
- Department of Pathology, APHA Weybridge, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Tobias Floyd
- Department of Pathology, APHA Weybridge, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Derek Clifford
- Department of Pathology, APHA Weybridge, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK.,Animal Sciences Unit, APHA Weybridge, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - John Spiropoulos
- Department of Pathology, APHA Weybridge, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
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Moore SJ, West Greenlee MH, Smith JD, Vrentas CE, Nicholson EM, Greenlee JJ. A Comparison of Classical and H-Type Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Associated with E211K Prion Protein Polymorphism in Wild-Type and EK211 Cattle Following Intracranial Inoculation. Front Vet Sci 2016; 3:78. [PMID: 27695695 PMCID: PMC5023952 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2016.00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In 2006, a case of H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE-H) was diagnosed in a cow that was associated with a heritable polymorphism in the bovine prion protein gene (PRNP) resulting in a lysine for glutamate amino acid substitution at codon 211 (called E211K) of the prion protein. Although the prevalence of this polymorphism is low, cattle carrying the K211 allele may be predisposed to rapid onset of BSE-H when exposed or to the potential development of a genetic BSE. This study was conducted to better understand the relationship between the K211 polymorphism and its effect on BSE phenotype. BSE-H from the US 2006 case was inoculated intracranially (IC) in one PRNP wild-type (EE211) calf and one EK211 calf. In addition, one wild-type calf and one EK211 calf were inoculated IC with brain homogenate from a US 2003 classical BSE case. All cattle developed clinical disease. The survival time of the E211K BSE-H inoculated EK211 calf (10 months) was shorter than the wild-type calf (18 months). This genotype effect was not observed in classical BSE inoculated cattle (both 26 months). Significant changes in retinal function were observed in H-type BSE challenged cattle only. Cattle challenged with the same inoculum showed similar severity and neuroanatomical distribution of vacuolation and disease-associated prion protein deposition in the brain, though differences in neuropathology were observed between E211K BSE-H and classical BSE inoculated animals. Western blot results for brain tissue from challenged animals were consistent with the inoculum strains. This study demonstrates that the phenotype of E211K BSE-H remains stable when transmitted to cattle without the K211 polymorphism, and exhibits a number of features that differ from classical BSE in both wild-type and heterozygous EK211 animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Jo Moore
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture , Ames, IA , USA
| | - M Heather West Greenlee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Interdepartmental Toxicology Program, Iowa State University , Ames, IA , USA
| | - Jodi D Smith
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture , Ames, IA , USA
| | - Catherine E Vrentas
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture , Ames, IA , USA
| | - Eric M Nicholson
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture , Ames, IA , USA
| | - Justin J Greenlee
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture , Ames, IA , USA
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14
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Okada H, Miyazawa K, Masujin K, Yokoyama T. Coexistence of two forms of disease-associated prion protein in extracerebral tissues of cattle infected with H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy. J Vet Med Sci 2016; 78:1189-93. [PMID: 27010466 PMCID: PMC4976277 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.16-0068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy (H-BSE) is an atypical form of BSE in aged
cattle. H-BSE is characterized by the presence of two proteinase K-resistant forms of
disease-associated prion protein (PrPSc), identified as PrPSc #1 and
PrPSc #2, in the brain. To investigate the coexistence of different
PrPSc forms in the extracerebral tissues of cattle experimentally infected
with H-BSE, immunohistochemical and molecular analyses were performed by using
N-terminal-, core-region- and C-terminal-specific anti-prion protein antibodies. Our
results demonstrated that two distinct forms of PrPSc coexisted in the various
extracerebral tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Okada
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
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15
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Emergence of a novel bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) prion from an atypical H-type BSE. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22753. [PMID: 26948374 PMCID: PMC4780101 DOI: 10.1038/srep22753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The H-type of atypical bovine spongiform encephalopathy (H-BSE) was serially passaged in bovinized transgenic (TgBoPrP) mice. At the fourth passage, most challenged mice showed a typical H-BSE phenotype with incubation periods of 223 ± 7.8 days. However, a different phenotype of BSE prion with shorter incubation periods of 109 ± 4 days emerged in a minor subset of the inoculated mice. The latter showed distinct clinical signs, brain pathology, and abnormal prion protein profiles as compared to H-BSE and other known BSE strains in mice. This novel prion was transmitted intracerebrally to cattle, with incubation periods of 14.8 ± 1.5 months, with phenotypes that differed from those of other bovine prion strains. These data suggest that intraspecies transmission of H-BSE in cattle allows the emergence of a novel BSE strain. Therefore, the continuation of feed ban programs may be necessary to exclude the recycling of H-BSE prions, which appear to arise spontaneously, in livestock. Such measures should help to reduce the risks from both novel and known strains of BSE.
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16
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Abstract
Prion diseases or transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) are fatal protein-misfolding neurodegenerative diseases. TSEs have been described in several species, including bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in cattle, scrapie in sheep and goats, chronic wasting disease (CWD) in cervids, transmissible mink encephalopathy (TME) in mink, and Kuru and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) in humans. These diseases are associated with the accumulation of a protease-resistant, disease-associated isoform of the prion protein (called PrP(Sc)) in the central nervous system and other tissues, depending on the host species. Typically, TSEs are acquired through exposure to infectious material, but inherited and spontaneous TSEs also occur. All TSEs share pathologic features and infectious mechanisms but have distinct differences in transmission and epidemiology due to host factors and strain differences encoded within the structure of the misfolded prion protein. The possibility that BSE can be transmitted to humans as the cause of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease has brought attention to this family of diseases. This review is focused on the TSEs of livestock: bovine spongiform encephalopathy in cattle and scrapie in sheep and goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin J Greenlee
- Justin J. Greenlee, DVM, PhD, Diplomate ACVP, is a research veterinary medical officer in the Virus and Prion Research Unit of the National Animal Disease Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service in Ames, Iowa. M. Heather West Greenlee, PhD, is an associate professor of biomedical sciences at the Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine
| | - M Heather West Greenlee
- Justin J. Greenlee, DVM, PhD, Diplomate ACVP, is a research veterinary medical officer in the Virus and Prion Research Unit of the National Animal Disease Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service in Ames, Iowa. M. Heather West Greenlee, PhD, is an associate professor of biomedical sciences at the Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine
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Okada H, Masujin K, Miyazawa K, Yokoyama T. Transmissibility of H-Type Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy to Hamster PrP Transgenic Mice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138977. [PMID: 26466381 PMCID: PMC4605493 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Two distinct forms of atypical bovine spongiform encephalopathies (H-BSE and L-BSE) can be distinguished from classical (C-) BSE found in cattle based on biochemical signatures of disease-associated prion protein (PrPSc). H-BSE is transmissible to wild-type mice—with infected mice showing a long survival period that is close to their normal lifespan—but not to hamsters. Therefore, rodent-adapted H-BSE with a short survival period would be useful for analyzing H-BSE characteristics. In this study, we investigated the transmissibility of H-BSE to hamster prion protein transgenic (TgHaNSE) mice with long survival periods. Although none of the TgHaNSE mice manifested the disease during their lifespan, PrPSc accumulation was observed in some areas of the brain after the first passage. With subsequent passages, TgHaNSE mice developed the disease with a mean survival period of 220 days. The molecular characteristics of proteinase K-resistant PrPSc (PrPres) in the brain were identical to those observed in first-passage mice. The distribution of immunolabeled PrPSc in the brains of TgHaNSE mice differed between those infected with H-BSE as compared to C-BSE or L-BSE, and the molecular properties of PrPres in TgHaNSE mice infected with H-BSE differed from those of the original isolate. The strain-specific electromobility, glycoform profiles, and proteolytic cleavage sites of H-BSE in TgHaNSE mice were indistinguishable from those of C-BSE, in which the diglycosylated form was predominant. These findings indicate that strain-specific pathogenic characteristics and molecular features of PrPres in the brain are altered during cross-species transmission. Typical H-BSE features were restored after back passage from TgHaNSE to bovinized transgenic mice, indicating that the H-BSE strain was propagated in TgHaNSE mice. This could result from the overexpression of the hamster prion protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Okada
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- * E-mail: (HO); (KM)
| | - Kentaro Masujin
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- * E-mail: (HO); (KM)
| | - Kohtaro Miyazawa
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takashi Yokoyama
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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18
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Murdoch BM, Murdoch GK. Genetics of Prion Disease in Cattle. Bioinform Biol Insights 2015; 9:1-10. [PMID: 26462233 PMCID: PMC4589088 DOI: 10.4137/bbi.s29678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) is a prion disease that is invariably fatal in cattle and has been implicated as a significant human health risk. As a transmissible disease of livestock, it has impacted food safety, production practices, global trade, and profitability. Genetic polymorphisms that alter the prion protein in humans and sheep are associated with transmissible spongiform encephalopathy susceptibility or resistance. In contrast, there is no strong evidence that nonsynonymous mutations in the bovine prion gene (PRNP) are associated with classical BSE (C-BSE) disease susceptibility, though two bovine PRNP insertion/deletion polymorphisms, in the putative region, are associated with susceptibility to C-BSE. However, these associations do not explain the full extent of BSE susceptibility, and loci outside of PRNP appear to be associated with disease incidence in some cattle populations. This article provides a review of the current state of genetic knowledge regarding prion diseases in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda M Murdoch
- Animal and Veterinary Science, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| | - Gordon K Murdoch
- Animal and Veterinary Science, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
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19
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Konold T, Nonno R, Spiropoulos J, Chaplin MJ, Stack MJ, Hawkins SAC, Cawthraw S, Wilesmith JW, Wells GAH, Agrimi U, Di Bari MA, Andréoletti O, Espinosa JC, Aguilar-Calvo P, Torres JM. Further characterisation of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy phenotypes after inoculation of cattle with two temporally separated sources of sheep scrapie from Great Britain. BMC Res Notes 2015. [PMID: 26205536 PMCID: PMC4618938 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-015-1260-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The infectious agent responsible for the bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) epidemic in Great Britain is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) strain with uniform properties but the origin of this strain remains unknown. Based on the hypothesis that classical BSE may have been caused by a TSE strain present in sheep, cattle were inoculated intracerebrally with two different pools of brains from scrapie-affected sheep sourced prior to and during the BSE epidemic to investigate resulting disease phenotypes and characterise their causal agents by transmission to rodents. Results As reported in 2006, intracerebral inoculation of cattle with pre-1975 and post-1990 scrapie brain pools produced two distinct disease phenotypes, which were unlike classical BSE. Subsequent to that report none of the remaining cattle, culled at 10 years post inoculation, developed a TSE. Retrospective Western immunoblot examination of the brains from TSE cases inoculated with the pre-1975 scrapie pool revealed a molecular profile similar to L-type BSE. The inoculation of transgenic mice expressing the bovine, ovine, porcine, murine or human prion protein gene and bank voles with brains from scrapie-affected cattle did not detect classical or atypical BSE strains but identified two previously characterised scrapie strains of sheep. Conclusions Characterisation of the causal agents of disease resulting from exposure of cattle to naturally occurring scrapie agents sourced in Great Britain did not reveal evidence of classical or atypical BSE, but did identify two distinct previously recognised strains of scrapie. Although scrapie was still recognizable upon cattle passage there were irreconcilable discrepancies between the results of biological strain typing approaches and molecular profiling methods, suggesting that the latter may not be appropriate for the identification and differentiation of atypical, particularly L-type, BSE agents from cattle experimentally infected with a potential mixture of classical scrapie strains from sheep sources. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13104-015-1260-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timm Konold
- Specialist Scientific Support Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK.
| | - Romolo Nonno
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| | - John Spiropoulos
- Pathology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK.
| | - Melanie J Chaplin
- Prion Unit, Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK.
| | - Michael J Stack
- Prion Unit, Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK.
| | - Steve A C Hawkins
- Pathology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK.
| | - Saira Cawthraw
- Specialist Scientific Support Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK.
| | - John W Wilesmith
- Formerly Epidemiology Department, Veterinary Laboratories Agency Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK.
| | - Gerald A H Wells
- Formerly Neuropathology, Veterinary Laboratories Agency Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK.
| | - Umberto Agrimi
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| | - Michele A Di Bari
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| | - Olivier Andréoletti
- UMR INRA-ENVT 1225, Interactions Hôte Agent Pathogène, École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, 31076, Toulouse Cedex 3, France.
| | - Juan C Espinosa
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Madrid, Spain.
| | | | - Juan M Torres
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Madrid, Spain.
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Okada H, Masujin K, Miyazawa K, Yokoyama T. Acquired transmissibility of sheep-passaged L-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy prion to wild-type mice. Vet Res 2015; 46:81. [PMID: 26169916 PMCID: PMC4499898 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-015-0211-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
L-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy (L-BSE) is an atypical form of BSE that is transmissible to cattle and several lines of prion protein (PrP) transgenic mice, but not to wild-type mice. In this study, we examined the transmissibility of sheep-passaged L-BSE prions to wild-type mice. Disease-associated prion protein (PrPSc) was detected in the brain and/or lymphoid tissues during the lifespan of mice that were asymptomatic subclinical carriers, indicating that wild-type mice were susceptible to sheep-passaged L-BSE. The morphological characteristics of the PrPSc of sheep-passaged L-BSE included florid plaques that were distributed mainly in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of subsequent passaged mice. The PrPSc glycoform profiles of wild-type mice infected with sheep-passaged L-BSE were similar to those of the original isolate. The data indicate that sheep-passaged L-BSE has an altered host range and acquired transmissibility to wild-type mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Okada
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
| | - Kentaro Masujin
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
| | - Kohtaro Miyazawa
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
| | - Takashi Yokoyama
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
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21
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Konold T, Phelan LJ, Clifford D, Chaplin MJ, Cawthraw S, Stack MJ, Simmons MM. The pathological and molecular but not clinical phenotypes are maintained after second passage of experimental atypical bovine spongiform encephalopathy in cattle. BMC Vet Res 2014; 10:243. [PMID: 25274502 PMCID: PMC4190426 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-014-0243-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Atypical bovine spongiform encephalopathies (BSEs), classified as H-type and L-type BSE based on the Western immunoblot profiles, are naturally occurring diseases in cattle, which are phenotypically different to classical BSE. Transmission studies in cattle using the intracerebral route resulted in disease where the phenotypes were maintained irrespective of BSE type but clinically affected cattle with a shorter survival time displayed a nervous form whereas cattle with a longer survival time displayed a dull form. A second transmission study is reported here where four cattle were intracerebrally inoculated with brain tissue from experimentally infected cattle presenting with either the nervous or dull form of H- or L-type BSE to determine whether the phenotype is maintained. Results The four inoculated cattle were culled at 16.5-19.5 months post inoculation after presenting with difficulty getting up, a positive scratch response (all) and dullness (three cattle), which was not observed in two non-inoculated control cattle, each housed with either group of inoculated cattle. Only the inoculated cattle had detectable prion protein in the brain based on immunohistochemical examination, and the Western immunoblot profile was consistent with the H-type or L-type BSE of the respective donor cattle. Conclusions Second passage of H-type and L-type BSE in cattle produced a TSE where the majority of cattle displayed the dull form regardless of clinical disease form of the donor cattle. The pathological and molecular phenotypes of H- and L-type BSE were maintained. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12917-014-0243-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timm Konold
- Animal Sciences Unit, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, New Haw, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK.
| | - Laura J Phelan
- Pathology Department, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, New Haw, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK.
| | - Derek Clifford
- Animal Sciences Unit, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, New Haw, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK.
| | - Melanie J Chaplin
- Prion Unit, Virology Department, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, New Haw, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK.
| | - Saira Cawthraw
- Central Sequencing Unit, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, New Haw, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK.
| | - Michael J Stack
- Prion Unit, Virology Department, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, New Haw, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK.
| | - Marion M Simmons
- Pathology Department, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, New Haw, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK.
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22
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Protocol for further laboratory investigations into the distribution of infectivity of Atypical BSE. EFSA J 2014. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
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23
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Consideration of Risk Variations in Japan Derived from the Proposed Revisions of the Current Countermeasures against BSE. Food Saf (Tokyo) 2014. [DOI: 10.14252/foodsafetyfscj.2014019f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Priemer G, Balkema-Buschmann A, Hills B, Groschup MH. Biochemical Characteristics and PrP(Sc) Distribution Pattern in the Brains of Cattle Experimentally Challenged with H-type and L-type Atypical BSE. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67599. [PMID: 23805320 PMCID: PMC3689710 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Besides the classical form of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) that has been known for almost three decades, two atypical forms designated H-type and L-type BSE have recently been described. While the main diagnostic feature of these forms is the altered biochemical profile of the accumulated PrPSc, it was also observed in the initial analysis that L-type BSE displays a distribution pattern of the pathological prion protein (PrPSc), which clearly differs from that observed in classical BSE (C-type). Most importantly, the obex region in the brainstem is not the region with the highest PrPSc concentrations, but PrPSc is spread more evenly throughout the entire brain. A similar distribution pattern has been revealed for H-type BSE by rapid test analysis. Based on these findings, we performed a more detailed Western blot study of the anatomical PrPSc distribution pattern and the biochemical characteristics (molecular mass, glycoprofile as well as PK sensitivity) in ten different anatomical locations of the brain from cattle experimentally challenged with H- or L-type BSE, as compared to cattle challenged with C-type BSE. Results of this study revealed distinct differences in the PrPSc deposition patterns between all three BSE forms, while the biochemical characteristics remained stable for each BSE type among all analysed brain areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grit Priemer
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
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25
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Head MW, Ironside JW. Review: Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: prion protein type, disease phenotype and agent strain. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2012; 38:296-310. [PMID: 22394291 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2990.2012.01265.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The human transmissible spongiform encephalopathies or human prion diseases are one of the most intensively investigated groups of rare human neurodegenerative conditions. They are generally held to be unique in terms of their complex epidemiology and phenotypic variability, but they may also serve as a paradigm with which other more common protein misfolding disorders might be compared and contrasted. The clinico-pathological phenotype of human prion diseases appears to depend on a complex interaction between the prion protein genotype of the affected individual and the physico-chemical properties of the neurotoxic and transmissible agent, thought to comprise of misfolded prion protein. A major focus of research in recent years has been to define the phenotypic heterogeneity of the recognized human prion diseases, correlate this with molecular-genetic features and then determine whether this molecular-genetic classification of human prion disease defines the biological properties of the agent as determined by animal transmission studies. This review seeks to survey the field as it currently stands, summarize what has been learned, and explore what remains to be investigated in order to obtain a more complete scientific understanding of prion diseases and to protect public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W Head
- National CJD Research & Surveillance Unit, School of Molecular & Clinical Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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Greenlee JJ, Smith JD, West Greenlee MH, Nicholson EM. Clinical and pathologic features of H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy associated with E211K prion protein polymorphism. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38678. [PMID: 22715405 PMCID: PMC3371052 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2012] [Accepted: 05/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) cases have been ascribed to the classical form of the disease. H-type and L-type BSE cases have atypical molecular profiles compared to classical BSE and are thought to arise spontaneously. However, one case of H-type BSE was associated with a heritable E211K mutation in the prion protein gene. The purpose of this study was to describe transmission of this unique isolate of H-type BSE when inoculated into a calf of the same genotype by the intracranial route. Electroretinograms were used to demonstrate preclinical deficits in retinal function, and optical coherence tomography was used to demonstrate an antemortem decrease in retinal thickness. The calf rapidly progressed to clinical disease (9.4 months) and was necropsied. Widespread distribution of abnormal prion protein was demonstrated within neural tissues by western blot and immunohistochemistry. While this isolate is categorized as BSE-H due to a higher molecular mass of the unglycosylated PrPSc isoform, a strong labeling of all 3 PrPSc bands with monoclonal antibodies 6H4 and P4, and a second unglycosylated band at approximately 14 kDa when developed with antibodies that bind in the C-terminal region, it is unique from other described cases of BSE-H because of an additional band 23 kDa demonstrated on western blots of the cerebellum. This work demonstrates that this isolate is transmissible, has a BSE-H phenotype when transmitted to cattle with the K211 polymorphism, and has molecular features that distinguish it from other cases of BSE-H described in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin J Greenlee
- National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, Iowa, United States of America.
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Sala C, Morignat E, Oussaïd N, Gay E, Abrial D, Ducrot C, Calavas D. Individual factors associated with L- and H-type Bovine Spongiform encephalopathy in France. BMC Vet Res 2012; 8:74. [PMID: 22647660 PMCID: PMC3514362 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-8-74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cattle with L-type (L-BSE) and H-type (H-BSE) atypical Bovine Spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) were identified in 2003 in Italy and France respectively before being identified in other countries worldwide. As of December 2011, around 60 atypical BSE cases have currently been reported in 13 countries, with over one third in France. While the epidemiology of classical BSE (C-BSE) has been widely described, atypical BSEs are still poorly documented, but appear to differ from C-BSE. We analysed the epidemiological characteristics of the 12 cases of L-BSE and 11 cases of H-BSE detected in France from January 2001 to late 2009 and looked for individual risk factors. As L-BSE cases did not appear to be homogeneously distributed throughout the country, two complementary methods were used: spatial analysis and regression modelling. L-BSE and H-BSE were studied separately as both the biochemical properties of their pathological prion protein and their features differ in animal models. RESULTS The median age at detection for L-BSE and H-BSE cases was 12.4 (range 8.4-18.7) and 12.5 (8.3-18.2) years respectively, with no significant difference between the two distributions. However, this median age differed significantly from that of classical BSE (7.0 (range 3.5-15.4) years). A significant geographical cluster was detected for L-BSE. Among animals over eight years of age, we showed that the risk of being detected as a L-BSE case increased with age at death. This was not the case for H-BSE. CONCLUSION To the best of our knowledge this is the first study to describe the epidemiology of the two types of atypical BSE. The geographical cluster detected for L-BSE could be partly due to the age structure of the background-tested bovine population. Our regression analyses, which adjusted for the effect of age and birth cohort showed an age effect for L-BSE and the descriptive analysis showed a particular age structure in the area where the cluster was detected. No birth cohort effect was evident. The relatively small number of cases of atypical BSE and the few individual data available for the tested population limited our analysis to the investigation of age and cohort effect only. We conclude that it is essential to maintain BSE surveillance to further elucidate our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole Sala
- ANSES-Lyon, 31 avenue Tony Garnier, Lyon cedex 7, 69364, France
| | - Eric Morignat
- ANSES-Lyon, 31 avenue Tony Garnier, Lyon cedex 7, 69364, France
| | - Nadia Oussaïd
- ANSES-Lyon, 31 avenue Tony Garnier, Lyon cedex 7, 69364, France
| | - Emilie Gay
- ANSES-Lyon, 31 avenue Tony Garnier, Lyon cedex 7, 69364, France
| | | | | | - Didier Calavas
- ANSES-Lyon, 31 avenue Tony Garnier, Lyon cedex 7, 69364, France
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Konold T, Bone GE, Clifford D, Chaplin MJ, Cawthraw S, Stack MJ, Simmons MM. Experimental H-type and L-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy in cattle: observation of two clinical syndromes and diagnostic challenges. BMC Vet Res 2012; 8:22. [PMID: 22401036 PMCID: PMC3378435 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-8-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The majority of atypical bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) cases so far identified worldwide have been detected by active surveillance. Consequently the volume and quality of material available for detailed characterisation is very limiting. Here we report on a small transmission study of both atypical forms, H- and L-type BSE, in cattle to provide tissue for test evaluation and research, and to generate clinical, molecular and pathological data in a standardised way to enable more robust comparison of the two variants with particular reference to those aspects most relevant to case ascertainment and confirmatory diagnosis within existing regulated surveillance programmes. RESULTS Two groups of four cattle, intracerebrally inoculated with L-type or H-type BSE, all presented with a nervous disease form with some similarities to classical BSE, which progressed to a more dull form in one animal from each group. Difficulty rising was a consistent feature of both disease forms and not seen in two BSE-free, non-inoculated cattle that served as controls. The pathology and molecular characteristics were distinct from classical BSE, and broadly consistent with published data, but with some variation in the pathological characteristics. Both atypical BSE types were readily detectable as BSE by current confirmatory methods using the medulla brain region at the obex, but making a clear diagnostic distinction between the forms was not consistently straightforward in this brain region. Cerebellum proved a more reliable sample for discrimination when using immunohistochemistry. CONCLUSIONS The prominent feature of difficulty rising in atypical BSE cases may explain the detection of naturally occurring cases in emergency slaughter cattle and fallen stock. Current confirmatory diagnostic methods are effective for the detection of such atypical cases, but consistently and correctly identifying the variant forms may require modifications to the sampling regimes and methods that are currently in use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timm Konold
- TSE Department, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, UK.
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Wilson R, Hart P, Piccardo P, Hunter N, Casalone C, Baron T, Barron RM. Bovine PrP expression levels in transgenic mice influence transmission characteristics of atypical bovine spongiform encephalopathy. J Gen Virol 2012; 93:1132-1140. [PMID: 22302882 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.040030-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Until recently, transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) disease in cattle was thought to be caused by a single agent strain, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) (classical BSE or BSE-C). However, due to the initiation of a large-scale surveillance programme throughout Europe, two atypical BSE strains, bovine amyloidotic spongiform encephalopathy (BASE, also named BSE-L) and BSE-H have since been discovered. These atypical BSE isolates have been previously transmitted to a range of transgenic mouse models overexpressing PrP from different species at different levels, on a variety of genetic backgrounds. To control for genetic background and expression level in the analysis of these isolates, we performed here a comprehensive comparison of the neuropathological and molecular properties of all three BSE agents (BASE, BSE-C and BSE-H) upon transmission into the same gene-targeted transgenic mouse line expressing the bovine prion protein (Bov6) and a wild-type control of the same genetic background. Significantly, upon challenge with these BSE agents, we found that BASE did not produce shorter survival times in these mice compared with BSE-C, contrary to previous studies using overexpressing bovine transgenic mice. Amyloid plaques were only present in mice challenged with atypical BSE and neuropathological features, including intensity of PrP deposition in the brain and severity of vacuolar degeneration were less pronounced in BASE compared with BSE-C-challenged mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rona Wilson
- Neurobiology Division, The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, UK
| | - Patricia Hart
- Neurobiology Division, The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, UK
| | - Pedro Piccardo
- Laboratory of Bacterial and TSE-agents, Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, MD 20852, USA.,Neurobiology Division, The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, UK
| | - Nora Hunter
- Neurobiology Division, The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, UK
| | - Cristina Casalone
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Turin, Italy
| | - Thierry Baron
- Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire, Lyon, France
| | - Rona M Barron
- Neurobiology Division, The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, UK
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Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy: A Tipping Point in One Health and Food Safety. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-45791-7_264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Balkema-Buschmann A, Fast C, Kaatz M, Eiden M, Ziegler U, McIntyre L, Keller M, Hills B, Groschup M. Pathogenesis of classical and atypical BSE in cattle. Prev Vet Med 2011; 102:112-7. [PMID: 21592603 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2011.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Experimental H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy characterized by plaques and glial- and stellate-type prion protein deposits. Vet Res 2011; 42:79. [PMID: 21699704 PMCID: PMC3132711 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-42-79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2011] [Accepted: 06/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Atypical bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) has recently been identified in Europe, North America, and Japan. It is classified as H-type and L-type BSE according to the molecular mass of the disease-associated prion protein (PrPSc). To investigate the topographical distribution and deposition patterns of immunolabeled PrPSc, H-type BSE isolate was inoculated intracerebrally into cattle. H-type BSE was successfully transmitted to 3 calves, with incubation periods between 500 and 600 days. Moderate to severe spongiform changes were detected in the cerebral and cerebellar cortices, basal ganglia, thalamus, and brainstem. H-type BSE was characterized by the presence of PrP-immunopositive amyloid plaques in the white matter of the cerebrum, basal ganglia, and thalamus. Moreover, intraglial-type immunolabeled PrPSc was prominent throughout the brain. Stellate-type immunolabeled PrPSc was conspicuous in the gray matter of the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, and thalamus, but not in the brainstem. In addition, PrPSc accumulation was detected in the peripheral nervous tissues, such as trigeminal ganglia, dorsal root ganglia, optic nerve, retina, and neurohypophysis. Cattle are susceptible to H-type BSE with a shorter incubation period, showing distinct and distinguishable phenotypes of PrPSc accumulation.
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