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Ni Y, Tracy RP, Cornell E, Kaufman JD, Szpiro AA, Campen MJ, Vedal S. Short-term exposure to air pollution and biomarkers of cardiovascular effect: A repeated measures study. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 279:116893. [PMID: 33765506 PMCID: PMC8087633 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
To help understand the pathophysiologic mechanisms linking air pollutants and cardiovascular disease (CVD), we employed a repeated measures design to investigate the associations of four short-term air pollution exposures - particulate matter less than 2.5 μm in diameter (PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ozone (O3) and sulfur dioxide (SO2), with two blood markers involved in vascular effects of oxidative stress, soluble lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor-1 (sLOX-1) and nitrite, using data from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Seven hundred and forty participants with plasma sLOX-1 and nitrite measurements at three exams between 2002 and 2007 were included. Daily PM2.5, NO2, O3 and SO2 zero to seven days prior to blood draw were estimated from central monitors in six MESA regions, pre-adjusted using site-specific splines of meteorology and temporal trends, and an indicator for day of the week. Unconstrained distributed lag generalized estimating equations were used to estimate net effects over eight days with adjustment for sociodemographic and behavioral factors. The results showed that higher short-term concentrations of PM2.5, but not other pollutants, were associated with increased sLOX-1 analyzed both as a continuous outcome (percent change per interquartile increase: 16.36%, 95%CI: 0.1-35.26%) and dichotomized at the median (odds ratio per interquartile increase: 1.21, 95%CI: 1.01-1.44). The findings were not meaningfully changed after adjustment for additional covariates or in several sensitivity analyses. Pollutant concentrations were not associated with nitrite levels. This study extends earlier experimental findings of increased sLOX-1 levels following PM inhalation to a much larger population and at ambient concentrations. In light of its known mechanistic role in promoting vascular disease, sLOX-1 may be a suitable translational biomarker linking air pollutant exposures and cardiovascular outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ni
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, Seattle, WA, 98105, USA; Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, 3980 15th Ave NE, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
| | - Russell P Tracy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, 360 S. Park Drive, Colchester, VT, 05446, USA.
| | - Elaine Cornell
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, 360 S. Park Drive, Colchester, VT, 05446, USA.
| | - Joel D Kaufman
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, Seattle, WA, 98105, USA; Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, 3980 15th Ave NE, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA; Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, Seattle, WA, 98105, USA.
| | - Adam A Szpiro
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Washington, 1705 NE Pacific St, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
| | - Matthew J Campen
- College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, MSC09 5360, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA.
| | - Sverre Vedal
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, Seattle, WA, 98105, USA.
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Liu M, Zheng B, Liu P, Zhang J, Chu X, Dong C, Shi J, Liang Y, Chu L, Liu Y, Han X. Exploration of the hepatoprotective effect and mechanism of magnesium isoglycyrrhizinate in mice with arsenic trioxide‑induced acute liver injury. Mol Med Rep 2021; 23:438. [PMID: 33846815 PMCID: PMC8060806 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Arsenic trioxide (ATO)-induced hepatotoxicity limits the therapeutic effect of acute myelogenous leukemia treatment. Magnesium isoglycyrrhizinate (MgIG) is a natural compound extracted from licorice and a hepatoprotective drug used in liver injury. It exhibits anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic properties. The aim of the present study was to identify the protective action and underlying mechanism of MgIG against ATO-induced hepatotoxicity. A total of 50 mice were randomly divided into five groups (n=10/group): Control; ATO; MgIG and high- and low-dose MgIG + ATO. Following continuous administration of ATO for 7 days, the relative weight of the liver, liver enzyme, histological data, antioxidant enzymes, pro-inflammatory cytokines, cell apoptosis and changes in Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1/nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Keap1-Nrf2) signaling pathway were observed. MgIG decreased liver injury, decreased the liver weight and liver index, inhibited oxidative stress and decreased the activity of glutathione, superoxide dismutase and catalase, production of reactive oxygen species and levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α. Western blotting showed a decrease in Bax and caspase-3. There was decreased cleaved caspase-3 expression and increased Bcl-2 expression. MgIG notably activated ATO-mediated expression of Keap1 and Nrf2 in liver tissue. MgIG administration was an effective treatment to protect the liver from ATO-induced toxicity. MgIG maintained the level of Nrf2 in the liver and protected the antioxidative defense system to attenuate oxidative stress and prevent ATO-induced liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050200, P.R. China
| | - Bin Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050200, P.R. China
| | - Panpan Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050200, P.R. China
| | - Jianping Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050200, P.R. China
| | - Xi Chu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, P.R. China
| | - Chunhui Dong
- Department of Pharmacy, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, P.R. China
| | - Jing Shi
- Department of Pharmacy, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, P.R. China
| | - Yingran Liang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050200, P.R. China
| | - Li Chu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050200, P.R. China
| | - Yanshuang Liu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Liver‑Kidney Patterns, Institute of Integrative Medicine, College of Integrative Medicine, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050200, P.R. China
| | - Xue Han
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050200, P.R. China
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Zhao Z, Li J, Zheng B, Liang Y, Shi J, Zhang J, Han X, Chu L, Chu X, Gao Y. Ameliorative effects and mechanism of crocetin in arsenic trioxide‑induced cardiotoxicity in rats. Mol Med Rep 2020; 22:5271-5281. [PMID: 33173984 PMCID: PMC7646993 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Arsenic trioxide (ATO) is commonly used to treat patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia since it was authorized by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in the 1970s, but its applicability has been limited by its cardiotoxic effects. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the cardioprotective effects and underlying mechanism of crocetin (CRT), the critical ingredient of saffron. Sprague-Dawley rats were then randomly divided into four groups (n=10/group): i) Control group; ii) ATO group, iii) CRT-low (20 mg/kg) group; and iv) CRT-high (40 mg/kg) group. Rats in the Control and ATO groups were intraperitoneally injected with equal volumes of 0.9% sodium chloride solution, and CRT groups were administered with either 20 and 40 mg/kg CRT. Following 6 h, all groups except the Control group were intraperitoneally injected with 5 mg/kg ATO over 10 days. Cardiotoxicity was indicated by changes in electrocardiographic (ECG) patterns, morphology and marker enzymes. Histomorphological changes in the heart tissue were observed by pathological staining. The levels of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, malondialdehyde and catalase in the serum were analyzed using colometric commercial assay kits, and the levels of reactive oxygen species in the heart tissue were detected using the fluorescent probe dihydroethidium. The expression levels of inflammatory factors and activities of apoptosis-related proteins were analyzed using immunohistochemistry. The protein expression levels of silent information regulator of transcription 1 were measured using western blotting. Cardiotoxicity was induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats with ATO (5 mg/kg). CRT (20 and 40 mg/kg) and ATO were co-administered to evaluate possible cardioprotective effects. CRT significantly reduced the heart rate and J-point elevation induced by ATO in rats. Histological changes were evaluated via hematoxylin and eosin staining. CRT decreased the levels of creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase, increased the activities of superoxide dismutase, glutathione-peroxidase and catalase, and decreased the levels of malondialdehyde and reactive oxygen species. Moreover, CRT downregulated the expression levels of the pro-inflammatory factors IL-1, TNF-α, IL-6, Bax and p65, as well as increased the expression of Bcl-2. It was also identified that CRT enhanced silent information regulator of transcription 1 protein expression. Thus, the present study demonstrated that CRT treatment effectively ameliorated ATO-induced cardiotoxicity. The protective effects of CRT can be attributed to the inhibition of oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis. Therefore, CRT represents a promising therapeutic method for improving the cardiotoxic side effects caused by ATO treatment, and additional clinical applications are possible, but warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifeng Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050200, P.R. China
| | - Jinghan Li
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050200, P.R. China
| | - Bin Zheng
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050200, P.R. China
| | - Yingran Liang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050200, P.R. China
| | - Jing Shi
- Department of Pharmacy, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, P.R. China
| | - Jianping Zhang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Liver‑Kidney Patterns, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050200, P.R. China
| | - Xue Han
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050200, P.R. China
| | - Li Chu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050200, P.R. China
| | - Xi Chu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, P.R. China
| | - Yonggang Gao
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050200, P.R. China
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Giles LV, Tebbutt SJ, Carlsten C, Koehle MS. The effect of low and high-intensity cycling in diesel exhaust on flow-mediated dilation, circulating NOx, endothelin-1 and blood pressure. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192419. [PMID: 29466393 PMCID: PMC5821322 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Exposure to air pollution impairs aspects of endothelial function such as flow-mediated dilation (FMD). Outdoor exercisers are frequently exposed to air pollution, but how exercising in air pollution affects endothelial function and how these effects are modified by exercise intensity are poorly understood. OBJECTIVES Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the effects of low-intensity and high-intensity cycling with diesel exhaust (DE) exposure on FMD, blood pressure, plasma nitrite and nitrate (NOx) and endothelin-1. METHODS Eighteen males performed 30-minute trials of low or high-intensity cycling (30% and 60% of power at VO2peak) or a resting control condition. For each subject, each trial was performed once while breathing filtered air (FA) and once while breathing DE (300ug/m3 of PM2.5, six trials in total). Preceding exposure, immediately post-exposure, 1 hour and 2 hours post-exposure, FMD, blood pressure and plasma endothelin-1 and NOx concentrations were measured. Data were analyzed using repeated-measures ANOVA and linear mixed model. RESULTS Following exercise in DE, plasma NOx significantly increased and was significantly greater than FA (p<0.05). Two hours following DE exposure, endothelin-1 was significantly less than FA (p = 0.037) but exercise intensity did not modify this response. DE exposure did not affect FMD or blood pressure. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that exercising in DE did not adversely affect plasma NOX, endothelin-1, FMD and blood pressure. Therefore, recommendations for healthy individuals to moderate or avoid exercise during bouts of high pollution appear to have no acute protective effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa V. Giles
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Scott J. Tebbutt
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, University of British Columbia and St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Christopher Carlsten
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, University of British Columbia and St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Michael S. Koehle
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Division of Sports Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Schisler JC, Ronnebaum SM, Madden M, Channell M, Campen M, Willis MS. Endothelial inflammatory transcriptional responses to an altered plasma exposome following inhalation of diesel emissions. Inhal Toxicol 2015; 27:272-80. [PMID: 25942053 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2015.1030481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Air pollution, especially emissions derived from traffic sources, is associated with adverse cardiovascular outcomes. However, it remains unclear how inhaled factors drive extrapulmonary pathology. OBJECTIVES Previously, we found that canonical inflammatory response transcripts were elevated in cultured endothelial cells treated with plasma obtained after exposure compared with pre-exposure samples or filtered air (sham) exposures. While the findings confirmed the presence of bioactive factor(s) in the plasma after diesel inhalation, we wanted to better examine the complete genomic response to investigate (1) major responsive transcripts and (2) collected response pathways and ontogeny that may help to refine this method and inform the pathogenesis. METHODS We assayed endothelial RNA with gene expression microarrays, examining the responses of cultured endothelial cells to plasma obtained from six healthy human subjects exposed to 100 μg/m(3) diesel exhaust or filtered air for 2 h on separate occasions. In addition to pre-exposure baseline samples, we investigated samples obtained immediately-post and 24 h-post exposure. RESULTS Microarray analysis of the coronary artery endothelial cells challenged with plasma identified 855 probes that changed over time following diesel exhaust exposure. Over-representation analysis identified inflammatory cytokine pathways were upregulated both at the 2 and 24 h conditions. Novel pathways related to FOXO transcription factors and secreted extracellular factors were also identified in the microarray analysis. CONCLUSIONS These outcomes are consistent with our recent findings that plasma contains bioactive and inflammatory factors following pollutant inhalation and provide a novel pathway to explain the well-reported extrapulmonary toxicity of ambient air pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan C Schisler
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill, NC , USA
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Hemmingsen JG, Rissler J, Lykkesfeldt J, Sallsten G, Kristiansen J, Møller P P, Loft S. Controlled exposure to particulate matter from urban street air is associated with decreased vasodilation and heart rate variability in overweight and older adults. Part Fibre Toxicol 2015; 12:6. [PMID: 25890359 PMCID: PMC4374502 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-015-0081-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Exposure to particulate matter (PM) is generally associated with elevated risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Elderly and obese subjects may be particularly susceptible, although short-term effects are poorly described. Methods Sixty healthy subjects (25 males, 35 females, age 55 to 83 years, body mass index > 25 kg/m2) were included in a cross-over study with 5 hours of exposure to particle- or sham-filtered air from a busy street using an exposure-chamber. The sham- versus particle-filtered air had average particle number concentrations of ~23.000 versus ~1800/cm3 and PM2.5 levels of 24 versus 3μg/m3, respectively. The PM contained similar fractions of elemental and black carbon (~20-25%) in both exposure scenarios. Reactive hyperemia and nitroglycerin-induced vasodilation in finger arteries and heart rate variability (HRV) measured within 1 h after exposure were primary outcomes. Potential explanatory mechanistic variables included markers of oxidative stress (ascorbate/dehydroascorbate, nitric oxide-production cofactor tetrahydrobiopterin and its oxidation product dihydrobiopterin) and inflammation markers (C-reactive protein and leukocyte differential counts). Results Nitroglycerin-induced vasodilation was reduced by 12% [95% confidence interval: −22%; −1.0%] following PM exposure, whereas hyperemia-induced vasodilation was reduced by 5% [95% confidence interval: −11.6%; 1.6%]. Moreover, HRV measurements showed that the high and low frequency domains were significantly decreased and increased, respectively. Redox and inflammatory status did not change significantly based on the above measures. Conclusions This study indicates that exposure to real-life levels of PM from urban street air impairs the vasomotor function and HRV in overweight middle-aged and elderly adults, although this could not be explained by changes in inflammation, oxidative stress or nitric oxide-cofactors. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12989-015-0081-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jette G Hemmingsen
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5A, DK-1014, Copenhagen K, Denmark.
| | - Jenny Rissler
- Division of Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Department of Design Sciences, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-221 00, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Jens Lykkesfeldt
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Ridebanevej 9, 1870 Frb. C., Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Gerd Sallsten
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital and Academy, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Jesper Kristiansen
- The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkalle 105, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Peter Møller P
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5A, DK-1014, Copenhagen K, Denmark.
| | - Steffen Loft
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5A, DK-1014, Copenhagen K, Denmark.
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Seriani R, Junqueira MS, Toledo AC, Corrêa AT, Silva LFF, Martins MA, Saldiva PHN, Mauad T, Macchione M. Organic and inorganic fractions of diesel exhaust particles produce changes in mucin profile of mouse trachea explants. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2015; 78:215-225. [PMID: 25674825 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2014.947456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Diesel exhaust particles (DEP) contain organic and inorganic elements that produce damage to the respiratory epithelium. The aim of this study was to determine the mucus profile of tracheal explants exposed to either crude diesel exhaust particles (DEP) or DEP treated with nitric acid (DEP/NA), with hexane (DEP/HEX), or with methanol (DEP/MET) at concentrations of 50 and 100 μg/ml for 30 and 60 min. Tracheal explants were subjected to morphometric analyses to study acidic (AB+), neutral (PAS+), and mixed (AB+/PAS+) mucus production and vacuolization (V). Incubation with 50 μg/ml crude DEP resulted in a rise in acid mucus production, an increase in vacuolization at 30 min, and reduction in neutral mucus at 30 and 60 min. Tracheas exposed to DEP/MET at 50 μg/ml for 30 or 60 min resulted in a significant decrease in neutral mucus production and an elevation in acid mucus production. DEP/HEX increased vacuolization at both 50 and 100 μg/ml at 30 and 60 min of exposure. Treatment with 50 μg/ml for 30 or 60 min significantly elevated mixed mucus levels. These results suggest that DEP appear to be more toxic when administered in combination with HEX or MET. DEP/MET modified the mucus profile of the epithelium, while DEP/HEX altered mucus extrusion, and these responses might be due to bioavailability of individual elements in DEP fractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robson Seriani
- a Laboratory of Experimental Air Pollution, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine , University of São Paulo , São Paulo , SP. Brazil
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Sparacino-Watkins C, Stolz JF, Basu P. Nitrate and periplasmic nitrate reductases. Chem Soc Rev 2014; 43:676-706. [PMID: 24141308 DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60249d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The nitrate anion is a simple, abundant and relatively stable species, yet plays a significant role in global cycling of nitrogen, global climate change, and human health. Although it has been known for quite some time that nitrate is an important species environmentally, recent studies have identified potential medical applications. In this respect the nitrate anion remains an enigmatic species that promises to offer exciting science in years to come. Many bacteria readily reduce nitrate to nitrite via nitrate reductases. Classified into three distinct types--periplasmic nitrate reductase (Nap), respiratory nitrate reductase (Nar) and assimilatory nitrate reductase (Nas), they are defined by their cellular location, operon organization and active site structure. Of these, Nap proteins are the focus of this review. Despite similarities in the catalytic and spectroscopic properties Nap from different Proteobacteria are phylogenetically distinct. This review has two major sections: in the first section, nitrate in the nitrogen cycle and human health, taxonomy of nitrate reductases, assimilatory and dissimilatory nitrate reduction, cellular locations of nitrate reductases, structural and redox chemistry are discussed. The second section focuses on the features of periplasmic nitrate reductase where the catalytic subunit of the Nap and its kinetic properties, auxiliary Nap proteins, operon structure and phylogenetic relationships are discussed.
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Carll AP, Hazari MS, Perez CM, Krantz QT, King CJ, Haykal-Coates N, Cascio WE, Costa DL, Farraj AK. An autonomic link between inhaled diesel exhaust and impaired cardiac performance: insight from treadmill and dobutamine challenges in heart failure-prone rats. Toxicol Sci 2013; 135:425-36. [PMID: 23872579 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kft155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac disease exacerbation is associated with short-term exposure to vehicular emissions. Diesel exhaust (DE) might impair cardiac performance in part through perturbing efferent sympathetic and parasympathetic autonomic nervous system (ANS) input to the heart. We hypothesized that acute changes in ANS balance mediate decreased cardiac performance upon DE inhalation. Young adult heart failure-prone rats were implanted with radiotelemeters to measure heart rate (HR), HR variability (HRV), blood pressure (BP), core body temperature, and pre-ejection period (PEP, a contractility index). Animals pretreated with sympathetic antagonist (atenolol), parasympathetic antagonist (atropine), or saline were exposed to DE (500 µg/m(3) fine particulate matter, 4h) or filtered air and then treadmill exercise challenged. At 1 day postexposure, separate rats were catheterized for left ventricular pressure (LVP), contractility, and lusitropy and assessed for autonomic influence using the sympathoagonist dobutamine and surgical vagotomy. During DE exposure, atenolol inhibited increases in HR, BP, and contractility, but not body temperature, suggesting a role for sympathetic dominance. During treadmill recovery at 4h post-DE exposure, HR and HRV indicated parasympathetic dominance in saline- and atenolol-pretreated groups that atropine inhibited. Conversely, at treadmill recovery 21h post-DE exposure, HRV and PEP indicated sympathetic dominance and subsequently diminished contractility that only atenolol inhibited. LVP at 1 day postexposure indicated that DE impaired contractility and lusitropy while abolishing parasympathetic-regulated cardiac responses to dobutamine. This is the first evidence that air pollutant inhalation both causes time-dependent oscillations between sympathetic and parasympathetic dominance and decreases cardiac performance via aberrant sympathetic dominance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex P Carll
- * Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
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Langrish JP, Unosson J, Bosson J, Barath S, Muala A, Blackwell S, Söderberg S, Pourazar J, Megson IL, Treweeke A, Sandström T, Newby DE, Blomberg A, Mills NL. Altered nitric oxide bioavailability contributes to diesel exhaust inhalation-induced cardiovascular dysfunction in man. J Am Heart Assoc 2013; 2:e004309. [PMID: 23525434 PMCID: PMC3603248 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.112.004309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Background Diesel exhaust inhalation causes cardiovascular dysfunction including impaired vascular reactivity, increased blood pressure, and arterial stiffness. We investigated the role of nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability in mediating these effects. Methods and Results In 2 randomized double‐blind crossover studies, healthy nonsmokers were exposed to diesel exhaust or filtered air. Study 1: Bilateral forearm blood flow was measured during intrabrachial infusions of acetylcholine (ACh; 5 to 20 μg/min) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP; 2 to 8 μg/min) in the presence of the NO clamp (NO synthase inhibitor NG‐monomethyl‐l‐arginine (l‐NMMA) 8 μg/min coinfused with the NO donor SNP at 90 to 540 ng/min to restore basal blood flow). Study 2: Blood pressure, arterial stiffness, and cardiac output were measured during systemic NO synthase inhibition with intravenous l‐NMMA (3 mg/kg). Following diesel exhaust inhalation, plasma nitrite concentrations were increased (68±48 versus 41±32 nmol/L; P=0.006) despite similar l‐NMMA–induced reductions in basal blood flow (−20.6±14.7% versus −21.1±14.6%; P=0.559) compared to air. In the presence of the NO clamp, ACh and SNP caused dose‐dependent vasodilatation that was not affected by diesel exhaust inhalation (P>0.05 for both). Following exposure to diesel exhaust, l‐NMMA caused a greater increase in blood pressure (P=0.048) and central arterial stiffness (P=0.007), but reductions in cardiac output and increases in systemic vascular resistance (P>0.05 for both) were similar to those seen with filtered air. Conclusions Diesel exhaust inhalation disturbs normal vascular homeostasis with enhanced NO generation unable to compensate for excess consumption. We suggest the adverse cardiovascular effects of air pollution are, in part, mediated through reduced NO bioavailability. Clinical Trial Registration URL: http://www.ClinicalTrials.gov. Unique identifiers: NCT00845767 and NCT01060930.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy P Langrish
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Kodavanti UP, Thomas RF, Ledbetter AD, Schladweiler MC, Bass V, Krantz QT, King C, Nyska A, Richards JE, Andrews D, Gilmour MI. Diesel exhaust induced pulmonary and cardiovascular impairment: the role of hypertension intervention. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 268:232-40. [PMID: 23415681 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2012] [Revised: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to diesel exhaust (DE) and associated gases is linked to cardiovascular impairments; however, the susceptibility of hypertensive individuals is poorly understood. The objectives of this study were (1) to determine cardiopulmonary effects of gas-phase versus whole-DE and (2) to examine the contribution of systemic hypertension in pulmonary and cardiovascular effects. Male Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats were treated with hydralazine to reduce blood pressure (BP) or l-NAME to increase BP. Spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rats were treated with hydralazine to reduce BP. Control and drug-pretreated rats were exposed to air, particle-filtered exhaust (gas), or whole DE (1500μg/m(3)), 4h/day for 2days or 5days/week for 4weeks. Acute and 4-week gas and DE exposures increased neutrophils and γ-glutamyl transferase (γ-GT) activity in lavage fluid of WKY and SH rats. DE (4weeks) caused pulmonary albumin leakage and inflammation in SH rats. Two-day DE increased serum fatty acid binding protein-3 (FABP-3) in WKY. Marked increases occurred in aortic mRNA after 4-week DE in SH (eNOS, TF, tPA, TNF-α, MMP-2, RAGE, and HMGB-1). Hydralazine decreased BP in SH while l-NAME tended to increase BP in WKY; however, neither changed inflammation nor BALF γ-GT. DE-induced and baseline BALF albumin leakage was reduced by hydralazine in SH rats and increased by l-NAME in WKY rats. Hydralazine pretreatment reversed DE-induced TF, tPA, TNF-α, and MMP-2 expression but not eNOS, RAGE, and HMGB-1. ET-1 was decreased by HYD. In conclusion, antihypertensive drug treatment reduces gas and DE-induced pulmonary protein leakage and expression of vascular atherogenic markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urmila P Kodavanti
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory (NHEERL), Office of Research and Development (ORD), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
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12
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Shvedova AA, Yanamala N, Murray AR, Kisin ER, Khaliullin T, Hatfield MK, Tkach AV, Krantz QT, Nash D, King C, Gilmour MI, Gavett SH. Oxidative stress, inflammatory biomarkers, and toxicity in mouse lung and liver after inhalation exposure to 100% biodiesel or petroleum diesel emissions. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2013; 76:907-21. [PMID: 24156694 PMCID: PMC4671493 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2013.825217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, soy biodiesel (BD) has become a first alternative energy source that is economically viable and meets requirements of the Clean Air Act. Due to lower mass emissions and reduced hazardous compounds compared to diesel combustion emissions (CE), BD exposure is proposed to produce fewer adverse health effects. However, considering the broad use of BD and its blends in different industries, this assertion needs to be supported and validated by mechanistic and toxicological data. Here, adverse effects were compared in lungs and liver of BALB/cJ mice after inhalation exposure (0, 50, 150, or 500 μg/m3; 4 h/d, 5 d/wk, for 4 wk) to CE from 100% biodiesel (B100) and diesel (D100). Compared to D100, B100 CE produced a significant accumulation of oxidatively modified proteins (carbonyls), an increase in 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), a reduction of protein thiols, a depletion of antioxidant gluthatione (GSH), a dose-related rise in the levels of biomarkers of tissue damage (lactate dehydrogenase, LDH) in lungs, and inflammation (myeloperoxidase, MPO) in both lungs and liver. Significant differences in the levels of inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, IL-12p70, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, interferon (IFN) γ, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were detected in lungs and liver upon B100 and D100 CE exposures. Overall, the tissue damage, oxidative stress, inflammation, and cytokine response were more pronounced in mice exposed to BD CE. Further studies are required to understand what combustion products in BD CE accelerate oxidative and inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna A. Shvedova
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, National Institute of Occupational and Safety Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Naveena Yanamala
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, National Institute of Occupational and Safety Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Ashley R. Murray
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, National Institute of Occupational and Safety Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Elena R. Kisin
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, National Institute of Occupational and Safety Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Timur Khaliullin
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, National Institute of Occupational and Safety Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Meghan K. Hatfield
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, National Institute of Occupational and Safety Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Alexey V. Tkach
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, National Institute of Occupational and Safety Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Q. T. Krantz
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - David Nash
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
- National Risk Management Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Charly King
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - M. Ian Gilmour
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Stephen H. Gavett
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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13
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Langrish JP, Bosson J, Unosson J, Muala A, Newby DE, Mills NL, Blomberg A, Sandström T. Cardiovascular effects of particulate air pollution exposure: time course and underlying mechanisms. J Intern Med 2012; 272:224-39. [PMID: 22724512 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2012.02566.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Air pollution is now recognized as an important independent risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality and may be responsible for up to 3 million premature deaths each year worldwide. The mechanisms underlying the observed effects are poorly understood but are likely to be multifactorial. Here, we review the acute and chronic effects of air pollution exposure on the cardiovascular system and discuss how these effects may explain the observed increases in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Langrish
- BHF/University Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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14
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Carll AP, Hazari MS, Perez CM, Krantz QT, King CJ, Winsett DW, Costa DL, Farraj AK. Whole and particle-free diesel exhausts differentially affect cardiac electrophysiology, blood pressure, and autonomic balance in heart failure-prone rats. Toxicol Sci 2012; 128:490-9. [PMID: 22543275 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfs162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies strongly link short-term exposures to vehicular traffic and particulate matter (PM) air pollution with adverse cardiovascular (CV) events, especially in those with preexisting CV disease. Diesel engine exhaust is a key contributor to urban ambient PM and gaseous pollutants. To determine the role of gaseous and particulate components in diesel exhaust (DE) cardiotoxicity, we examined the effects of a 4-h inhalation of whole DE (wDE) (target PM concentration: 500 µg/m(3)) or particle-free filtered DE (fDE) on CV physiology and a range of markers of cardiopulmonary injury in hypertensive heart failure-prone rats. Arterial blood pressure (BP), electrocardiography, and heart rate variability (HRV), an index of autonomic balance, were monitored. Both fDE and wDE decreased BP and prolonged PR interval during exposure, with more effects from fDE, which additionally increased HRV triangular index and decreased T-wave amplitude. fDE increased QTc interval immediately after exposure, increased atrioventricular (AV) block Mobitz II arrhythmias shortly thereafter, and increased serum high-density lipoprotein 1 day later. wDE increased BP and decreased HRV root mean square of successive differences immediately postexposure. fDE and wDE decreased heart rate during the 4th hour of postexposure. Thus, DE gases slowed AV conduction and ventricular repolarization, decreased BP, increased HRV, and subsequently provoked arrhythmias, collectively suggesting parasympathetic activation; conversely, brief BP and HRV changes after exposure to particle-containing DE indicated a transient sympathetic excitation. Our findings suggest that whole- and particle-free DE differentially alter CV and autonomic physiology and may potentially increase risk through divergent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex P Carll
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Public Health Division, PO B143-01, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
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