1
|
Wu X, Jeong CB, Huang W, Ip JCH, Guo J, Lai KP, Liu W, Mo J. Environmental occurrence, biological effects, and health implications of zinc pyrithione: A review. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 203:116466. [PMID: 38713926 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Abstract
Due to the detrimental effects on aquatic organisms and ecosystem, tributyltin as a antifouling agent have been banned worldwide since 1990s. As a replacement for tributyltin, zinc pyrithione (ZnPT) has emerged as a new environmentally friendly antifouling agent. However, the widespread use of ZnPT unavoidably leads to the occurrence and accumulation in aquatic environments, especially in waters with limited sunlight. Despite empirical evidence demonstrating the ecotoxicity and health risks of ZnPT to different organisms, there has been no attempt to compile and interpret this data. The present review revealed that over the past 50 years, numerous studies have documented the toxicity of ZnPT in various organisms, both in vitro and in vivo. However, long-term effects and underlying mechanisms of ZnPT on biota, particularly at environmentally realistic exposure levels, remain largely unexplored. In-depth studies are thus necessary to generate detailed ecotoxicological information of ZnPT for environmental risk assessment and management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xintong Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Disaster Prediction and Prevention, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Chang-Bum Jeong
- Department of Marine Science, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, South Korea
| | - Wenlong Huang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China
| | | | - Jiahua Guo
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
| | - Keng Po Lai
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Integrative Omics, Guilin Medical University, Education Department of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Wenhua Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Disaster Prediction and Prevention, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Jiezhang Mo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Disaster Prediction and Prevention, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mangion SE, Mackenzie L, Roberts MS, Holmes AM. Seborrheic dermatitis: topical therapeutics and formulation design. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2023; 185:148-164. [PMID: 36842718 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2023.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
Abstract
Seborrheic dermatitis (SD) is a common dermatological disorder with symptoms that include skin flaking, erythema and pruritus. This review discusses the topical products available for treating SD, which target several aspects of disease pathobiology, including cutaneous microbial dysbiosis (driven by Malassezia yeast), inflammation, sebum production and skin barrier disruption. Among the various treatments available, zinc pyrithione (ZnPT) based products that exhibit anti-fungal action are the market leaders. A skin compartment approach is presented here for combining ZnPT exposure information with threshold levels for anti-fungal efficacy and toxicity, overall providing a comprehensive picture of ZnPT therapeutics and safety. While Malassezia yeast on the surface are effectively targeted, yeast residing beyond the superficial follicle may not receive adequate ZnPT for anti-fungal effect forming the basis for skin re-colonisation. Levels entering systemic circulation from topical delivery are well below toxic thresholds, however the elevated zinc levels within the viable epidermis warrants further investigation. Strategies to improve formulation design can be broadly classified as influencing 1) topical delivery, 2) therapeutic bioactivity, 3) skin mildness, and 4) sensory attributes. Successful SD treatment ultimately requires formulations that can balance efficacy, safety, and consumer appeal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sean E Mangion
- UniSA: Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5000, South Australia, Australia; Therapeutics Research Centre, Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville South 5011, South Australia, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown 2050, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lorraine Mackenzie
- UniSA: Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5000, South Australia, Australia; Therapeutics Research Centre, Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville South 5011, South Australia, Australia
| | - Michael S Roberts
- UniSA: Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5000, South Australia, Australia; Therapeutics Research Centre, Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville South 5011, South Australia, Australia; Therapeutics Research Centre, Frazer Institute, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba 4102, Queensland, Australia
| | - Amy M Holmes
- UniSA: Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5000, South Australia, Australia; Therapeutics Research Centre, Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville South 5011, South Australia, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang YS, Yang SJ, Ahmad MJ, Ding ZM, Duan ZQ, Chen YW, Liu M, Liang AX, Hua GH, Huo LJ. Zinc pyrithione exposure compromises oocyte maturation through involving in spindle assembly and zinc accumulation. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 234:113393. [PMID: 35278989 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Zinc Pyrithione (ZPT), a Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved chemical, is widely used for topical antimicrobials and cosmetic consumer products, including anti-dandruff shampoos. ZPT and its degraded byproducts have detected in large quantities in the environment, and identified to pose healthy risks on aquatic organisms and human. However, so far, knowledge about ZPT effects on female reproduction, particularly oocyte maturation and quality, is limited. Herein, we investigated the adverse impact of ZPT on mouse oocyte maturation and quality in vitro and found exposure to ZPT significantly compromises oocyte maturation. The results revealed that ZPT disturbed the meiotic cell cycle by impairing cytoskeletal dynamics, kinetochore-microtubule attachment (K-MT), and causing spindle assembly checkpoints (SAC) continuous activation. Further, we observed the microtubule-organizing centers (MTOCs) associated proteins p-MAPK and Aurora-A were disrupted in ZPT-treated oocytes, signified by decreased expression and abnormal localization, responsible for the severe cytoskeletal defects. In addition, ZPT exposure induced a significant increase in the levels of H3K9me2, H3K9me3, H3K27me1, and H3K27me3, suggesting the alterations of epigenetic modifications. Moreover, the accumulation of zinc ions (Zn2+) was observed in ZPT-treated oocytes, which was detrimental because overmuch intracellular Zn2+ disrupted oocyte meiosis. Finally, these above alterations impaired spindle organization and chromosome alignment in metaphase-II (MII) oocytes, indicative of damaged oocytes quality. In conclusion, ZPT exposure influenced oocyte maturation and quality via involvement in MTOCs-associated proteins mediated spindle defects, altered epigenetic modifications and zinc accumulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Sheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Ministry of China, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China; National Center for International Research on Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction (NCIRAGBR), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng-Ji Yang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Ministry of China, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China; National Center for International Research on Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction (NCIRAGBR), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Muhammad Jamil Ahmad
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Ministry of China, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China; National Center for International Research on Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction (NCIRAGBR), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Ming Ding
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Ministry of China, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China; National Center for International Research on Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction (NCIRAGBR), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Ze-Qun Duan
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Ministry of China, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China; National Center for International Research on Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction (NCIRAGBR), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang-Wu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Ministry of China, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China; National Center for International Research on Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction (NCIRAGBR), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Ministry of China, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China; National Center for International Research on Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction (NCIRAGBR), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Ai-Xin Liang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Ministry of China, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China; National Center for International Research on Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction (NCIRAGBR), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo-Hua Hua
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Ministry of China, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China; National Center for International Research on Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction (NCIRAGBR), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China.
| | - Li-Jun Huo
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Ministry of China, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China; National Center for International Research on Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction (NCIRAGBR), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Mangion SE, Holmes AM, Roberts MS. Targeted Delivery of Zinc Pyrithione to Skin Epithelia. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9730. [PMID: 34575891 PMCID: PMC8465279 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc pyrithione (ZnPT) is an anti-fungal drug delivered as a microparticle to skin epithelia. It is one of the most widely used ingredients worldwide in medicated shampoo for treating dandruff and seborrheic dermatitis (SD), a disorder with symptoms that include skin flaking, erythema and pruritus. SD is a multi-factorial disease driven by microbiol dysbiosis, primarily involving Malassezia yeast. Anti-fungal activity of ZnPT depends on the cutaneous availability of bioactive monomeric molecular species, occurring upon particle dissolution. The success of ZnPT as a topical therapeutic is underscored by the way it balances treatment efficacy with formulation safety. This review demonstrates how ZnPT achieves this balance, by integrating the current understanding of SD pathogenesis with an up-to-date analysis of ZnPT pharmacology, therapeutics and toxicology. ZnPT has anti-fungal activity with an average in vitro minimum inhibitory concentration of 10-15 ppm against the most abundant scalp skin Malassezia species (Malassezia globosa and Malassezia restrica). Efficacy is dependent on the targeted delivery of ZnPT to the skin sites where these yeasts reside, including the scalp surface and hair follicle infundibulum. Imaging and quantitative analysis tools have been fundamental for critically evaluating the therapeutic performance and safety of topical ZnPT formulations. Toxicologic investigations have focused on understanding the risk of local and systemic adverse effects following exposure from percutaneous penetration. Future research is expected to yield further advances in ZnPT formulations for SD and also include re-purposing towards a range of other dermatologic applications, which is likely to have significant clinical impact.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sean E. Mangion
- Therapeutics Research Centre, Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, SA 5011, Australia; (S.E.M.); (A.M.H.)
- UniSA: Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Amy M. Holmes
- Therapeutics Research Centre, Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, SA 5011, Australia; (S.E.M.); (A.M.H.)
- UniSA: Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Michael S. Roberts
- Therapeutics Research Centre, Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, SA 5011, Australia; (S.E.M.); (A.M.H.)
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
- Therapeutics Research Centre, Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Diamond GL, Skoulis NP, Jeffcoat AR, Nash JF. A Physiological-Based Pharmacokinetic Model For The Broad Spectrum Antimicrobial Zinc Pyrithione: II. Dermal Absorption And Dosimetry In The Rat. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2021; 84:609-631. [PMID: 33886436 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2021.1912678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The broad spectrum antimicrobial/antifungal zinc pyrithione (ZnPT) is used in products ranging from antifouling paint to antidandruff shampoo. The hazard profile of ZnPT was established based upon comprehensive toxicological testing, and products containing this biocide have been safely used for years. The purpose of this study was to create a dermal physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for ZnPT in the rat for improving dose-response analysis of ZnPT-induced toxicity where reversible hindlimb weakness was the endpoint used as the basis for ZnPT risk assessments. Previously, we developed a PBPK model which simulated the kinetics of pyrithione (PT) and its major metabolites 2-(methylsulfonyl)pyridine and S-glucuronide conjugates in blood and tissues of rats following oral ZnPT administration. The dermal model was optimized utilizing in vitro dermal penetration investigations conducted with rat skin and with historical data from a dermal repeat dose study using rats. The model replicated the observed temporal patterns and elimination kinetics of [14C]PT equivalents in blood and urine during and following repeated dermal dosing and replicated the observed dose-dependencies of absorption, blood [14C]PT equivalents and plasma PT concentrations. The model provided internal dosimetry predictions for a benchmark dose analysis of hindlimb weakness in rats that combined dermal, gavage and dietary studies into a single internal dose-response model with area-under-the-curve (AUC) for plasma PT, the toxic moiety in the rat, as the internal dose metric. This PBPK model has predictive validity for calculating internal doses of PT and/or [14C]PT equivalents from different routes of exposure in the rat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicholas P Skoulis
- SFA Toxicology & Risk Management Services., Glastonbury, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - J Frank Nash
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Global Product Stewardship, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zoller A, Wehmeyer K, Krivos K, Karb M, Stoffolano P, Nash JF, Balan G, Behymer L, Seeck M, Brum J, Zou Y, Price J. UHPLC-MS/HRMS method for the quantitation of pyrithione metabolites in human urine. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1173:122614. [PMID: 33819797 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.122614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Pyrithione glucuronide (PTG) and 2-thiopyridine glucuronide (ThPG) have been reported to be the major urinary metabolites in multiple animal species following administration of zinc pyrithione (ZnPT). However, the formation of these metabolites has never been confirmed in humans. A simple and rugged ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography high resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/HRMS) method was developed and validated for the quantification of PTG and ThPG to investigate human metabolism of pyrithione following topical application of ZnPT as a shampoo. A UHPLC-MS/HRMS method was required due to the matrix interferences that were observed with the typical industry standard HPLC/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) methodology based on nominal mass triple quadrupole (QQQ) platform approach. Using UPLC-MS/HRMS, both PTG and ThPG were identified in human urine following topical application of ZnPT. The presence of these human urinary metabolites of pyrithione are consistent with findings from earlier studies in multiple animal species and suggest the metabolism of pyrithione is similar amongst those mammalian species studied.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ann Zoller
- Corporate Analytical, The Procter & Gamble Company, 8700 Mason-Montgomery Rd, Mason, OH 45040, United States
| | - Kenneth Wehmeyer
- Corporate Analytical, The Procter & Gamble Company, 8700 Mason-Montgomery Rd, Mason, OH 45040, United States
| | - Kady Krivos
- Corporate Analytical, The Procter & Gamble Company, 8700 Mason-Montgomery Rd, Mason, OH 45040, United States
| | - Michael Karb
- Corporate Analytical, The Procter & Gamble Company, 8700 Mason-Montgomery Rd, Mason, OH 45040, United States
| | - Peter Stoffolano
- Corporate Analytical, The Procter & Gamble Company, 8700 Mason-Montgomery Rd, Mason, OH 45040, United States
| | - J F Nash
- Global Product Stewardship, The Procter & Gamble Company, 8700 Mason-Montgomery Rd, Mason, OH 45040, United States
| | - Guhan Balan
- Global Clinical Sciences, The Procter & Gamble Company, 8700 Mason-Montgomery Rd, Mason, OH 45040, United States
| | - Lynda Behymer
- Global Clinical Sciences, The Procter & Gamble Company, 8700 Mason-Montgomery Rd, Mason, OH 45040, United States
| | - Molly Seeck
- Global Clinical Sciences, The Procter & Gamble Company, 8700 Mason-Montgomery Rd, Mason, OH 45040, United States
| | - Jose Brum
- Global Clinical Sciences, The Procter & Gamble Company, 8700 Mason-Montgomery Rd, Mason, OH 45040, United States
| | - Yuanshu Zou
- Global Clinical Sciences, The Procter & Gamble Company, 8700 Mason-Montgomery Rd, Mason, OH 45040, United States
| | - Jason Price
- Corporate Analytical, The Procter & Gamble Company, 8700 Mason-Montgomery Rd, Mason, OH 45040, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lim DS, Roh TH, Kim MK, Kwon YC, Choi SM, Kwack SJ, Kim KB, Yoon S, Kim HS, Lee BM. Risk assessment of N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA) and N-nitrosodiethanolamine (NDELA) in cosmetics. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2018; 81:465-480. [PMID: 29694274 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2018.1460782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
N-nitrosamines and their precursors found in cosmetics may be carcinogenic in humans. Thus the aim of this study was to carry out risk assessment for N-nitrosamines (N-nitrosodiethanolamine [NDELA], N-nitrosodiethylamine [NDEA]) and amines (triethanolamine [TEA], diethanolamine [DEA]) levels in cosmetics determined using validated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) procedures. NDELA and NDEA concentrations were present at levels of "not detected" (N.D.) to 596.5 μg/kg and N.D. to 40.9 μg/kg, respectively. TEA and DEA concentrations ranged from N.D. to 860 μg/kg and N.D. to 26.22 μg/kg, respectively. The nitrite concentration (3-2250 mg/l), number of nitrosating agents to a maximum 5, and pH (3.93-10.09) were also assessed. The impact of N-nitrosamine formation on the levels of TEA, DEA, nitrite, and other nitrosating agents was also examined. N-nitrosamine concentrations correlated with the number of nitrosating agents and nitrite concentrations. Data demonstrated that higher nitrite concentrations and a greater number of nitrosating agents increased NDELA and NDEA yields. Further, the presence of TEA and DEA exerted a significant influence on N-nitrosamine formation. Risk assessments, including the margin of exposure (MOE) and lifetime cancer risk (LCR) for N-nitrosamines and margin of safety (MOS) for amines, were calculated using product type, use pattern, and concentrations. Exposure to maximum amounts of NDELA and NDEA resulted in MOE > 10,000 (based upon the benchmark dose lower confidence limit 10%) and LCR <1 × 10-5, respectively. In addition, TEA and DEA concentrations in cosmetic samples resulted in MOS values >100. Therefore, no apparent safety concerns were associated with cosmetic products containing NDELA, NDEA, TEA, and DEA in this study. However, since amines and nitrosating agents produce carcinogenic nitrosamines, their use in cosmetics needs to be minimized to levels as low as technically feasible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Duck Soo Lim
- a Division of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon , Gyeonggi-do , South Korea
| | - Tae Hyun Roh
- a Division of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon , Gyeonggi-do , South Korea
| | - Min Kook Kim
- a Division of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon , Gyeonggi-do , South Korea
| | - Yong Chan Kwon
- a Division of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon , Gyeonggi-do , South Korea
| | - Seul Min Choi
- a Division of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon , Gyeonggi-do , South Korea
| | - Seung Jun Kwack
- b Department of Biochemistry and Health Science, College of Natural Sciences , Changwon National University , Changwon , Gyeongnam , South Korea
| | - Kyu Bong Kim
- c College of Pharmacy , Dankook University , Cheonan , Chungnam , Republic of Korea
| | - Sungpil Yoon
- a Division of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon , Gyeonggi-do , South Korea
| | - Hyung Sik Kim
- a Division of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon , Gyeonggi-do , South Korea
| | - Byung-Mu Lee
- a Division of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon , Gyeonggi-do , South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lee DY, Kim JH, Shim HJ, Jeong HU, Lee HS. Absorption, metabolism, and excretion of [ 14C]evogliptin tartrate in male rats and dogs. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2018; 81:453-464. [PMID: 29557727 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2018.1451194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the absorption, excretion, and metabolism of a novel, oral antihyperglycemic drug, evogliptin, in male rats and dogs. Plasma, urine, feces, and expired air samples were collected after a single oral dose administration of [14C]evogliptin, samples were analyzed by measuring overall radioactivity levels using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and radioactivity levels were measured by utilizing LC-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The total amounts of radioactivity excreted in urine, feces, and expired air up to 168 h after administration of [14C]evogliptin tartrate to rats (30 mg evogliptin/kg) and dogs (10 mg evogliptin/kg) were 96.7% and 96.8% of initial doses administered, respectively. The extent of urinary and fecal excretion in the rat up to 168 h constituted 29.7% and 66.5% of the given dose, respectively; and in dog was 43.3% and 53.5%, respectively. A total of 23 possible metabolites were detected with radiochromatograms of plasma, urinary, and fecal samples, but only the structures of 12 metabolites were identified via LC-MS/MS analysis. Evogliptin was the major component. Regarding the total radiochromatographic peak areas, peaks 9 (evogliptin acid) and 11 (hydroxyevogliptin) were the major metabolites in rats, and peaks 8 [4(S)-hydroxyevogliptin glucuronide], 15 [4(S)-hydroxyevogliptin], and 17 [4(R)-hydroxyevogliptin] were the predominant metabolites in dogs. Data demonstrated that evogliptin was the major component excreted in urine and feces of rats and dogs, but the metabolite profiles varied between species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dae Young Lee
- a R & D Center , Dong-A Socio Co ., Yongin , Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Hyun Kim
- b BK21 PLUS Team for Creative Leader Program for Pharmacomics-based Future Pharmacy and Drug Metabolism & Bioanalysis Laboratory, College of Pharmacy , The Catholic University of Korea , Bucheon , Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Joo Shim
- a R & D Center , Dong-A Socio Co ., Yongin , Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon-Uk Jeong
- a R & D Center , Dong-A Socio Co ., Yongin , Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Suk Lee
- b BK21 PLUS Team for Creative Leader Program for Pharmacomics-based Future Pharmacy and Drug Metabolism & Bioanalysis Laboratory, College of Pharmacy , The Catholic University of Korea , Bucheon , Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Pleil JD, Wallace MAG, Stiegel MA, Funk WE. Human biomarker interpretation: the importance of intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC) and their calculations based on mixed models, ANOVA, and variance estimates. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2018; 21:161-180. [PMID: 30067478 PMCID: PMC6704467 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2018.1490128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Human biomonitoring is the foundation of environmental toxicology, community public health evaluation, preclinical health effects assessments, pharmacological drug development and testing, and medical diagnostics. Within this framework, the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) serves as an important tool for gaining insight into human variability and responses and for developing risk-based assessments in the face of sparse or highly complex measurement data. The analytical procedures that provide data for clinical and public health efforts are continually evolving to expand our knowledge base of the many thousands of environmental and biomarker chemicals that define human systems biology. These chemicals range from the smallest molecules from energy metabolism (i.e., the metabolome), through larger molecules including enzymes, proteins, RNA, DNA, and adducts. In additiona, the human body contains exogenous environmental chemicals and contributions from the microbiome from gastrointestinal, pulmonary, urogenital, naso-pharyngeal, and skin sources. This complex mixture of biomarker chemicals from environmental, human, and microbiotic sources comprise the human exposome and generally accessed through sampling of blood, breath, and urine. One of the most difficult problems in biomarker assessment is assigning probative value to any given set of measurements as there are generally insufficient data to distinguish among sources of chemicals such as environmental, microbiotic, or human metabolism and also deciding which measurements are remarkable from those that are within normal human variability. The implementation of longitudinal (repeat) measurement strategies has provided new statistical approaches for interpreting such complexities, and use of descriptive statistics based upon intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC) has become a powerful tool in these efforts. This review has two parts; the first focuses on the history of repeat measures of human biomarkers starting with occupational toxicology of the early 1950s through modern applications in interpretation of the human exposome and metabolic adverse outcome pathways (AOPs). The second part reviews different methods for calculating the ICC and explores the strategies and applications in light of different data structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joachim D. Pleil
- Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - M. Ariel Geer Wallace
- Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Matthew A. Stiegel
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Safety, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - William E. Funk
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|