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Golomb BA, Han JH. Adverse effect propensity: A new feature of Gulf War illness predicted by environmental exposures. iScience 2023; 26:107363. [PMID: 37554469 PMCID: PMC10405325 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
A third of 1990-1 Gulf-deployed personnel developed drug/chemical-induced multisymptom illness, "Gulf War illness" (GWI). Veterans with GWI (VGWI) report increased drug/exposure adverse effects (AEs). Using previously collected data from a case-control study, we evaluated whether the fraction of exposures that engendered AEs ("AE Propensity") is increased in VGWI (it was); whether AE Propensity is related to self-rated "chemical sensitivity" (it did); and whether specific exposures "predicted" AE Propensity (they did). Pesticides and radiation exposure were significant predictors, with copper significantly "protective"-in the total sample (adjusted for GWI-status) and separately in VGWI and controls, on multivariable regression. Mitochondrial impairment and oxidative stress (OS) underlie AEs from many exposures irrespective of nominal specific mechanism. We hypothesize that mitochondrial toxicity and interrelated OS from pesticides and radiation position people on the steep part of the curve of mitochondrial impairment and OS versus symptom/biological disruption, amplifying impact of new exposures. Copper, meanwhile, is involved in critical OS detoxification processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice A. Golomb
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jun Hee Han
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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2
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Jin Q, Zhang Y, Cui Y, Shi M, Shi J, Zhu S, Shi T, Zhang R, Chen X, Zong X, Wang C, Li L. PGC 1α-Mediates Mitochondrial Damage in the Liver by Inhibiting the Mitochondrial Respiratory Chain as a Non-cholinergic Mechanism of Repeated Low-Level Soman Exposure. Biol Pharm Bull 2023; 46:563-573. [PMID: 37005300 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b22-00633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
This work aimed to assess whether mitochondrial damage in the liver induced by subacute soman exposure is caused by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PGC-1α) and whether PGC-1α regulates mitochondrial respiratory chain damage. Toxicity mechanism research may provide theoretical support for developing anti-toxic drugs in the future. First, a soman animal model was established in male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats by subcutaneous soman injection. Then, liver damage was biochemically evaluated, and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was also determined. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was performed to examine liver mitochondrial damage, and high-resolution respirometry was carried out for assessing mitochondrial respiration function. In addition, complex I-IV levels were quantitatively evaluated in isolated liver mitochondria by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). PGC-1α levels were detected with a Jess capillary-based immunoassay device. Finally, oxidative stress was analyzed by quantifying superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), oxidized glutathione (GSSG), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. Repeated low-level soman exposure did not alter AChE activity, while increasing morphological damage of liver mitochondria and liver enzyme levels in rat homogenates. Complex I, II and I + II activities were 2.33, 4.95, and 5.22 times lower after treatment compared with the control group, respectively. Among complexes I-IV, I-III decreased significantly (p < 0.05), and PGC-1α levels were 1.82 times lower after soman exposure than in the control group. Subacute soman exposure significantly increased mitochondrial ROS production, which may cause oxidate stress. These findings indicated dysregulated mitochondrial energy metabolism involves PGC-1α protein expression imbalance, revealing non-cholinergic mechanisms for soman toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Jin
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian
| | - Yi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian
| | - Yalan Cui
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian
| | - Meng Shi
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian
| | - Jingjing Shi
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian
| | - Siqing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian
| | - Tong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian
| | - Ruihua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian
| | - Xuejun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian
| | | | - Chen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian
| | - Liqin Li
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian
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Singh J, Phogat A, Kumar V, Malik V. N-acetylcysteine ameliorates monocrotophos exposure-induced mitochondrial dysfunctions in rat liver. Toxicol Mech Methods 2022; 32:686-694. [DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2022.2064258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jagjeet Singh
- Department of Zoology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak-124001, Haryana, India
| | - Annu Phogat
- Department of Zoology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak-124001, Haryana, India
| | - Vijay Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak-124001, Haryana, India
| | - Vinay Malik
- Department of Zoology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak-124001, Haryana, India
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Rives C, Fougerat A, Ellero-Simatos S, Loiseau N, Guillou H, Gamet-Payrastre L, Wahli W. Oxidative Stress in NAFLD: Role of Nutrients and Food Contaminants. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E1702. [PMID: 33371482 PMCID: PMC7767499 DOI: 10.3390/biom10121702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is often the hepatic expression of metabolic syndrome and its comorbidities that comprise, among others, obesity and insulin-resistance. NAFLD involves a large spectrum of clinical conditions. These range from steatosis, a benign liver disorder characterized by the accumulation of fat in hepatocytes, to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which is characterized by inflammation, hepatocyte damage, and liver fibrosis. NASH can further progress to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The etiology of NAFLD involves both genetic and environmental factors, including an unhealthy lifestyle. Of note, unhealthy eating is clearly associated with NAFLD development and progression to NASH. Both macronutrients (sugars, lipids, proteins) and micronutrients (vitamins, phytoingredients, antioxidants) affect NAFLD pathogenesis. Furthermore, some evidence indicates disruption of metabolic homeostasis by food contaminants, some of which are risk factor candidates in NAFLD. At the molecular level, several models have been proposed for the pathogenesis of NAFLD. Most importantly, oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage have been reported to be causative in NAFLD initiation and progression. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the contribution of nutrients and food contaminants, especially pesticides, to oxidative stress and how they may influence NAFLD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémence Rives
- Toxalim (Research Center in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, EVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31300 Toulouse, France; (C.R.); (A.F.); (S.E.-S.); (N.L.); (H.G.)
| | - Anne Fougerat
- Toxalim (Research Center in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, EVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31300 Toulouse, France; (C.R.); (A.F.); (S.E.-S.); (N.L.); (H.G.)
| | - Sandrine Ellero-Simatos
- Toxalim (Research Center in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, EVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31300 Toulouse, France; (C.R.); (A.F.); (S.E.-S.); (N.L.); (H.G.)
| | - Nicolas Loiseau
- Toxalim (Research Center in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, EVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31300 Toulouse, France; (C.R.); (A.F.); (S.E.-S.); (N.L.); (H.G.)
| | - Hervé Guillou
- Toxalim (Research Center in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, EVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31300 Toulouse, France; (C.R.); (A.F.); (S.E.-S.); (N.L.); (H.G.)
| | - Laurence Gamet-Payrastre
- Toxalim (Research Center in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, EVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31300 Toulouse, France; (C.R.); (A.F.); (S.E.-S.); (N.L.); (H.G.)
| | - Walter Wahli
- Toxalim (Research Center in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, EVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31300 Toulouse, France; (C.R.); (A.F.); (S.E.-S.); (N.L.); (H.G.)
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Clinical Sciences Building, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore 308232, Singapore
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Université de Lausanne, Le Génopode, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Mahmoud AR, Kamel EO, Ahmed MA, Ahmed EA, Abd-Elhamid TH. Alleviation of Simvastatin-Induced Myopathy in Rats by the Standardized Extract of Ginkgo Biloba (EGb761): Insights into the Mechanisms of Action. Cells Tissues Organs 2020; 208:158-176. [PMID: 32369804 DOI: 10.1159/000507048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Statins are the most widely prescribed cholesterol-lowering drugs to reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Statin-induced myopathy is the major side effect of this class of drugs. Here, we studied whether standardized leaf extracts of ginkgo biloba (EGb761) would improve simvastatin (SIM)-induced muscle changes. Sixty Wistar rats were allotted into six groups: control group, vehicle group receiving 0.5% carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) for 30 days, SIM group receiving 80 mg/kg/day SIM in 0.5% CMC orally for 30 days, SIM withdrawal group treated with SIM for 16 days and sacrificed 14 days later, and EGb761-100 and EGb761-200 groups posttreated with either 100 or 200 mg/kg/day EGb761 orally. Muscle performance on the rotarod, serum creatine kinase (CK), coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), serum and muscle nitrite, muscle malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) activities were estimated. Additionally, muscle samples were processed for histopathological evaluation. We found that SIM decreased muscle performance on the rotarod, serum CoQ10, as well as muscle SOD and CAT activities while it increased serum CK, serum and muscle nitrite, as well as muscle MDA levels. SIM also induced sarcoplasmic vacuolation, splitting of myofibers, disorganization of sarcomeres, and disintegration of myofilaments. In contrast, posttreatment with EGb761 increased muscle performance, serum CoQ10, as well as muscle SOD and CAT activities while it reduced serum CK as well as serum and muscle nitrite levels in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, EGb761 reversed SIM-induced histopathological changes with better results obtained by its higher dose. Interestingly, SIM withdrawal increased muscle performance on the rotarod, reduce serum CK and CoQ10, and reduced serum and muscle nitrite while it reversed SIM-induced histopathological changes. However, SIM withdrawal was not effective enough to restore their normal values. Additionally, SIM withdrawal did not improve SIM-induce muscle MDA, SOD, or CAT activities during the period studied. Our results suggest that EGb761 posttreatment reversed SIM-induces muscle changes possibly through its antioxidant effects, elevation of CoQ10 levels, and antagonizing mitochondrial damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amany R Mahmoud
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt.,Anatomy Unit, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Unaizah College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Unaizah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Esam Omar Kamel
- Department of Medical Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Marwa A Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Esraa A Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt.,Centre of Excellence in Environmental Studies, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tarek Hamdy Abd-Elhamid
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt,
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Biological impacts of organophosphates chlorpyrifos and diazinon on development, mitochondrial bioenergetics, and locomotor activity in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Neurotoxicol Teratol 2018; 70:18-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Karami-Mohajeri S, Ahmadipour A, Rahimi HR, Abdollahi M. Adverse effects of organophosphorus pesticides on the liver: a brief summary of four decades of research. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 2018; 68:261-275. [DOI: 10.1515/aiht-2017-68-2989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) are widely used volatile pesticides that have harmful effects on the liver in acute and chronic exposures. This review article summarises and discusses a wide collection of studies published over the last 40 years reporting on the effects of OPs on the liver, in an attempt to propose general mechanisms of OP hepatotoxicity and possible treatment. Several key biological processes have been reported as involved in OP-induced hepatotoxicity such as disturbances in the antioxidant defence system, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and mitochondrial and microsomal metabolism. Most studies show that antioxidants can attenuate oxidative stress and the consequent changes in liver function. However, few studies have examined the relationship between OP structures and the severity and mechanism of their action. We hope that future in vitro, in vivo, and clinical trials will answer the remaining questions about the mechanisms of OP hepatotoxicity and its management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayyeh Karami-Mohajeri
- Pharmaceutics Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Tehran , Iran
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran , Iran
| | - Ahmad Ahmadipour
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran , Iran
| | - Hamid-Reza Rahimi
- Pharmaceutics Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Tehran , Iran
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran , Iran
| | - Mohammad Abdollahi
- Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman , Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Iran
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology4, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran , Iran
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Rivero Osimani VL, Valdez SR, Guiñazú N, Magnarelli G. Alteration of syncytiotrophoblast mitochondria function and endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression in the placenta of rural residents. Reprod Toxicol 2016; 61:47-57. [PMID: 26939719 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2016.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The impact of environmental organophosphate (OP) pesticide exposure on respiratory complexes, enzymatic antioxidant defense activities, and oxidative damage markers in the syncytiotrophoblast and cytotrophoblast mitochondria was evaluated. Placental progesterone (PG) levels and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expression were studied. Samples from women non-exposed (control group-CG) and women living in a rural area (rural group-RG) were collected during pesticide spraying season (RG-SS) and non-spraying season (RG-NSS). In RG-SS, the exposure biomarker placental carboxylesterase decreased and syncytiotrophoblast cytochrome c oxidase activity increased, while 4-hydroxynonenal levels decreased. PG levels decreased in RG-SS and in the RG. Nitric oxide synthase expression decreased in RG, RG-SS and RG-NSS. No significant changes in mitochondrial antioxidant enzyme activities were found. These results suggest that the alteration of syncytiotrophoblast mitochondrial complex IV activity and steroidogenic function may be associated to pesticide exposure. Reduction in placental PG and eNOS expression may account for low newborn weight in RG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria L Rivero Osimani
- LIBIQUIMA, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Neuquén, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Cipolletti, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Susana R Valdez
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina; IMBECU-CONICET, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Natalia Guiñazú
- LIBIQUIMA, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Neuquén, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias del Ambiente y la Salud, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Neuquén, Argentina.
| | - Gladis Magnarelli
- LIBIQUIMA, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Neuquén, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Cipolletti, Río Negro, Argentina
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9
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Mitochondrial dysfunction and organophosphorus compounds. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 270:39-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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10
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Karami-Mohajeri S, Hadian MR, Fouladdel S, Azizi E, Ghahramani MH, Hosseini R, Abdollahi M. Mechanisms of muscular electrophysiological and mitochondrial dysfunction following exposure to malathion, an organophosphorus pesticide. Hum Exp Toxicol 2013; 33:251-63. [PMID: 23774768 DOI: 10.1177/0960327113493300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Muscle dysfunction in acute organophosphorus (OP) poisoning is a cause of death in human. The present study was conducted to identify the mechanism of action of OP in terms of muscle mitochondrial dysfunction. Electromyography (EMG) was conducted on rats exposed to the acute oral dose of malathion (400 mg/kg) that could inhibit acetylcholinesterase activity up to 70%. The function of mitochondrial respiratory chain and the rate of production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) from intact mitochondria were measured. The bioenergetic pathways were studied by measurement of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), lactate, and glycogen. To identify mitochondrial-dependent apoptotic pathways, the messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of bax and bcl-2, protein expression of caspase-9, mitochondrial cytochrome c release, and DNA damage were measured. The EMG confirmed muscle weakness. The reduction in activity of mitochondrial complexes and muscular glycogen with an elevation of lactate was in association with impairment of cellular respiration. The reduction in mitochondrial proapoptotic stimuli is indicative of autophagic process inducing cytoprotective effects in the early stage of stress. Downregulation of apoptotic signaling may be due to reduction in ATP and ROS, and genotoxic potential of malathion. The maintenance of mitochondrial integrity by means of artificial electron donors and increasing exogenous ATP might prevent toxicity of OPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Karami-Mohajeri
- 1Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
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Prolonged monocrotophos intake induces cardiac oxidative stress and myocardial damage in rats. Toxicology 2013; 307:103-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2012.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Revised: 11/24/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Liu ZH, Yu LP, Xu T, Zhang XW, Yuan YQ, Xiao YB, Li J, Hao YC, Zhao YP, Wang XF. Abnormal lipid metabolism down-regulates adenosine triphosphate synthase β-subunit protein expression in corpus cavernosum smooth musclein vitroandin vivo. Andrologia 2013; 46:487-94. [PMID: 23635034 DOI: 10.1111/and.12105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Z-H Liu
- Department of Urology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
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Huang X, Huang HQ. Alteration of the kidney membrane proteome of Mizuhopecten yessoensis induced by low-level methyl parathion exposure. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2012; 114-115:189-199. [PMID: 22446831 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2012.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2011] [Revised: 01/25/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Methyl parathion (MP) is a widely used organophosphorus pesticide that causes severe health and environmental effects. We investigated the alteration of the proteomic profile in the membrane enriched fraction of the kidneys of the scallop Mizuhopecten yessoensis exposed to low-level MP. Gas chromatography analysis showed that MP residues were significantly accumulated in the kidneys and the digestive glands of the scallops. According to two-dimensional electrophoresis, 17 proteins were differentially modulated under MP exposure. The mRNA expressions of 12 differential proteins were analyzed using quantitative PCR, and 10 showed consistent alteration of mRNA level with that of protein expression level. Altered expressions of two proteins (mitochondrial processing peptidase and α-tubulin) were also examined using Western blotting, showing that the mitochondrial processing peptidase was down-regulated but α-tubulin remained unchanged in response to MP exposure. Subcellular locations of all the identified proteins that were predicted using bioinformatics tools indicate that few of them are permanently located in the membrane. The differentially expressed proteins are involved in several critical biological processes, and their relevance to human health has been illuminated. These data taken together have provided some novel insights into the chronic toxicity mechanism of MP and have suggested mitochondrial processing peptidase as a potential biomarker for human health and environmental monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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14
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Kazi AI, Oommen A. Monocrotophos induced oxidative damage associates with severe acetylcholinesterase inhibition in rat brain. Neurotoxicology 2012; 33:156-61. [PMID: 22285544 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2012.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Revised: 12/30/2011] [Accepted: 01/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurotoxicity of organophosphate pesticide poisoning, a lead cause of death in South Asia, has not been clearly elucidated. Organophosphates inhibit acetylcholinesterase and neurotoxicity is primarily a result of acetylcholine induced hyperactivation in different regions of the brain. Neurotoxicity also results from oxidative stress induced by acetylcholinesterase inhibition in the brain. Determining the severity of acetylcholinesterase inhibition that induces oxidative damage may help in developing strategies that protect the brain from organophosphate induced toxicity. AIM To determine the level of acetylcholinesterase inhibition that induces oxidative stress in the brain following organophosphate pesticide poisoning. METHODS Brains of rats subject to acute monocrotophos poisoning (0.8 LD(50) by gavage) were assessed for acetylcholinesterase activity, antioxidant response and oxidative damage 2.5 and 8h after poisoning and on recovery from poisoning 24h later after poisoning. Assessments were made in the cortex, striatum and hippocampus, cholinergic rich regions and cerebellum, targets of organophosphate pesticide poisoning. Analysis was in comparison to non poisoned controls. RESULTS High acetylcholinesterase activities were noted in striatum followed by hippocampus, cerebellum and cortex. Acute severe monocrotophos poisoning inhibited acetylcholinesterase 87% in striatum, 67% in hippocampus, 58% in cerebellum, 53% in cortex and increased glutathione levels significantly in all brain regions 2.5h after poisoning. Significant lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes were induced 8h after poisoning, directly correlated to high acetylcholinesterase inhibition (>67%). Recovery from monocrotophos poisoning was associated with absence of lipid peroxidation in the brain although acetylcholinesterase inhibition persisted. CONCLUSIONS Neurotoxicity of monocrotophos poisoning is characterized by oxidative damage in regions of the brain that exhibit high acetylcholinesterase activity and severe acetylcholinesterase inhibition. Recovery from poisoning is associated with prolonged induction of antioxidants that protect against oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amajad Iqbal Kazi
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Neurological Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India.
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Du Y, Wang T, Jiang N, Ren RT, Zhao DL, Li C, Fu FH. Protective effect of sodium aescinate on lung injury induced by methyl parathion. Hum Exp Toxicol 2010; 30:1584-91. [DOI: 10.1177/0960327110393764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Methyl parathion (MP) is a high venenosus insecticide. It has been used in pest control of agriculture for several years. The present study is performed to investigate the protective effect of sodium aescinate (SA) on lung injury induced by MP. Forty male Sprague-Dawley rats are randomly divided into five groups, with 8 animals in each group: control group, MP administration group, MP plus SA at doses of 0.45 mg/kg, 0.9 mg/kg and 1.8 mg/kg groups. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and nitric oxide (NO) level in plasma, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, NO level, and antioxidative parameters in lung tissue are assayed. Histopathological examination of lung is also performed. The results show that SA has no effect on AChE. Treatment with SA decreases the activity of MPO in lung and the level of NO in plasma and lung. The level of malondialdehyde in lung is decreased after SA treatments. SA increases the activities of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and the content of glutathione in lung. SA administration also ameliorates lung injury induced by MP. The findings indicate that SA could protect lung injury induced by MP and the mechanism of action is related to the anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effect of SA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Du
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, NO. 32, Qingquan Road, Yantai 264005, Shandong, China
| | - Tian Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, NO. 32, Qingquan Road, Yantai 264005, Shandong, China
| | - Na Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, NO. 32, Qingquan Road, Yantai 264005, Shandong, China
| | - Ru-Tong Ren
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, NO. 32, Qingquan Road, Yantai 264005, Shandong, China
| | - De-Lu Zhao
- Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Taiping Road, Beijing, China
| | - Chong Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, NO. 32, Qingquan Road, Yantai 264005, Shandong, China
| | - Feng-Hua Fu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, NO. 32, Qingquan Road, Yantai 264005, Shandong, China
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Karami-Mohajeri S, Abdollahi M. Toxic influence of organophosphate, carbamate, and organochlorine pesticides on cellular metabolism of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates: a systematic review. Hum Exp Toxicol 2010; 30:1119-40. [PMID: 21071550 DOI: 10.1177/0960327110388959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pesticides, including organophosphate (OP), organochlorine (OC), and carbamate (CB) compounds, are widely used in agricultural and indoor purposes. OP and CB act as acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors that affect lots of organs such as peripheral and central nervous systems, muscles, liver, pancreas, and brain, whereas OC are neurotoxic involved in alteration of ion channels. There are several reports about metabolic disorders, hyperglycemia, and also oxidative stress in acute and chronic exposures to pesticides that are linked with diabetes and other metabolic disorders. In this respect, there are several in vitro and in vivo but few clinical studies about mechanism underlying these effects. Bibliographic databases were searched for the years 1963-2010 and resulted in 1652 articles. After elimination of duplicates or irrelevant papers, 204 papers were included and reviewed. Results indicated that OP and CB impair the enzymatic pathways involved in metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and protein within cytoplasm, mitochondria, and proxisomes. It is believed that OP and CB show this effect through inhibition of AChE or affecting target organs directly. OC mostly affect lipid metabolism in the adipose tissues and change glucose pathway in other cells. As a shared mechanism, all OP, CB and OC induce cellular oxidative stress via affecting mitochondrial function and therefore disrupt neuronal and hormonal status of the body. Establishing proper epidemiological studies to explore exact relationships between exposure levels to these pesticides and rate of resulted metabolic disorders in human will be helpful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayyeh Karami-Mohajeri
- Faculty of Pharmacy, and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Raghupathy V, Poornima S, Sivaguru J, Ramachandran A, Zachariah A, Oommen A. Monocrotophos toxicity and bioenergetics of muscle weakness in the rat. Toxicology 2010; 277:6-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2010.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2010] [Revised: 08/13/2010] [Accepted: 08/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Ren R, Wang T, Jiang N, Liu T, Du Y, Li C, Zhang L, Fu F. Protective effects of Danshensu on liver injury induced by omethoate in rats. Toxicol Mech Methods 2010; 20:510-4. [DOI: 10.3109/15376516.2010.514963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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