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Lehner AF, Rebolloso S, Calle PP, Ingerman K, Lewbart GA, Muñoz-Pérez JP, Valle CA, Buchweitz JP. Dried blood spot analysis for elements of nutritional concern as demonstrated in studies of Galápagos land iguanas (Conolophus species). J Trace Elem Med Biol 2024; 81:127322. [PMID: 37890447 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2023.127322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dried blood spot (DBS) technology is valuable in providing simple means of storing blood samples from wildlife with small blood volumes. Methods designed for heavy metal analysis on DBS become more useful if extended to elements of nutritional significance. PURPOSE (1) Development of procedures for measuring Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Zn, Se and Mo in DBS; (2) use the designed methods in health assessments of Galápagos land iguanas (Conolophus species). PROCEDURES Elements were measured by inductively coupled plasma/mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) following acid digestion of whole blood or DBS from the same animal for direct comparison. Study animals comprised free-ranging iguanas from separate islands in the Galápagos archipelago. MAIN FINDINGS DBS spikes (Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Zn, Se and Mo) demonstrated accuracy to ∼100 ppb; reporting limits were set there except for Fe and Zn which were set at 1000 ppb. Plasma samples - generally preferable for nutritional element diagnostics - were submitted from Galápagos land iguanas along with DBS as part of a large-scale health assessment. In plasma versus DBS concentration comparisons, Fe, Cu, Se and Mn correlated well with R^2 values of 0.799, 0.818, 0.896 and 0.899, respectively, and slopes ranging 0.88 - 1.3. Co and Zn showed greater scatter. Mo had insufficient points above its reporting limit and offered advantages for toxicity assessments. Bland-Altman diagrams showed flat scatter between 2x standard deviation boundaries with no undue trends except for Mn which had few points above its reporting limit. Bias, defined as the average difference [DBS - plasma] divided by the average value, was relatively low throughout, with values of - 19.3 % (Fe), - 48.7 % (Co), - 19.6 % (Cu), - 6.9 % (Zn), - 21.4 % (Se) and + 40.7 % (Mn). Normal distribution assessment of iguana Cu, Zn, Se and Fe plasma values showed unanticipated divergences between two species. CONCLUSIONS The DBS approach for nutritional element analysis offers a suitable methodology for determining crucial elements Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Zn, Se, and Mo in veterinary samples. Analyses of samples from Conolophus species revealed interesting divergences particularly for Cu, Zn, Se and Fe, elements generally associated with defense against oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas F Lehner
- Michigan State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Toxicology Section, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48910.
| | - Sarah Rebolloso
- Michigan State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Toxicology Section, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48910
| | - Paul P Calle
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Zoological Health Program, Bronx, NY 10460
| | - Karen Ingerman
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Zoological Health Program, Bronx, NY 10460
| | - Gregory A Lewbart
- North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC 27607; Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales COCIBA and Galápagos Science Center GSC, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Juan Pablo Muñoz-Pérez
- Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales COCIBA and Galápagos Science Center GSC, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador; Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia
| | - Carlos A Valle
- Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales COCIBA and Galápagos Science Center GSC, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | - John P Buchweitz
- Michigan State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Toxicology Section, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48910; Department of Pathobiology & Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824
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Samsonova JV, Saushkin NY, Osipov AP. Dried Blood Spots technology for veterinary applications and biological investigations: technical aspects, retrospective analysis, ongoing status and future perspectives. Vet Res Commun 2022; 46:655-698. [PMID: 35771305 PMCID: PMC9244892 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-022-09957-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Dried Blood Spots (DBS) technology has become a valuable tool in medical studies, however, in veterinary and biological research DBS technology applications are still limited. Up-to-date no review has comprehensively integrated all the evidence existing across the fields, technologies and animal species. In this paper we summarize the current applications of DBS technology in the mentioned areas, and provide a scope of different types of dried sample carriers (cellulose and non-cellulose), sampling devices, applicable methods for analyte extraction and detection. Mammals, birds, insects and other species are represented as the study objects. Besides the blood, the review considers a variety of specimens, such as milk, saliva, tissue samples and others. The main applications of dried samples highlighted in the review include epidemiological surveys and monitoring for infections agents or specific antibodies for disease/vaccination control in households and wildlife. Besides the genetic investigations, the paper describes detection of environmental contaminants, pregnancy diagnosis and many other useful applications of animal dried samples. The paper also analyses dried sample stability and storage conditions for antibodies, viruses and other substances. Finally, recent developments and future research for DBS technology in veterinary medicine and biological sciences are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne V Samsonova
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.
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Samsonova JV, Saushkin NY, Osipov AP. Dried Samples of Biological Fluids on Porous Membranes as a Promising Sample Preparation Method for Biomedical and Veterinary Diagnostics. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934822040104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Moittié S, Graham PA, Barlow N, Dobbs P, Liptovszky M, Redrobe S, White K. Comparison of 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration in chimpanzee dried blood spots and serum. Vet Clin Pathol 2020; 49:299-306. [PMID: 32441404 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dried blood spots (DBS) are used in human medicine to measure total 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD) in the blood. However, this easy and affordable sampling technique has not been evaluated in primates to measure vitamin D concentrations. OBJECTIVES We aimed to compare 25-OHD measurements in chimpanzee serum at two different laboratories and determine the precision and accuracy of the DBS method by comparing DBS and serum results. METHODS Blood samples from 17 captive chimpanzees were collected, and 25-OHD3 and 25-OHD2 were measured in serum at two accredited laboratories using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The same analytes were measured on DBS cards, and results were compared with that of serum. Data were assessed using the Spearman correlation, Deming regression, and Bland-Altman analyses. RESULTS The correlation coefficient between the two measurements in serum was rs = .51 (P = .04), and the mean bias was -1.25 ± 14.83. When comparing 25-OHD concentrations measured in DBS and serum at the same laboratory, the rs was 0.7 (P = .002), and the mean bias was 1.42 ± 14.58. Estimated intra-assay and inter-assay coefficients of variation for DBS results were 6% and 12.6%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Although substantial analytical variability was found in 25-OHD measurements regardless of the sample type, the identification of both constant and proportional error and wider limits of agreement with the DBS technique makes the interpretation of DBS results challenging, especially for values close to clinical cut-off points. The DBS and serum methods were not interchangeable, and further studies are needed to validate DBS samples for vitamin D measurements in chimpanzees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Moittié
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Leicestershire, UK.,Twycross Zoo, East Midland Zoological Society, Atherstone, UK
| | - Peter A Graham
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Nicola Barlow
- Sandwell and West Birmingham NHS Hospital, Clinical Biochemistry Department, Birmingham, UK
| | - Phillipa Dobbs
- Twycross Zoo, East Midland Zoological Society, Atherstone, UK
| | | | - Sharon Redrobe
- Twycross Zoo, East Midland Zoological Society, Atherstone, UK
| | - Kate White
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Leicestershire, UK
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Lehner AF, Stensen L, Zimmerman A, Bush A, Buchweitz J. Veterinary utility of dried blood spots for detailed analysis of chlorinated pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls by gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Toxicol Mech Methods 2020; 30:284-296. [PMID: 31994964 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2020.1722773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are organic compounds of anthropogenic origin that resist atmospheric and microbial degradation and thus persist in the environment and in food chains for exceptionally long periods of time. Veterinarians and wildlife researchers need simple methodologies for monitoring and measuring such compounds including two large and diverse categories, organochlorine pesticides (OCs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), compounds that have been largely banned from production and use except for specific exceptions. We present development of methodologies for detection and quantitation of 22 OCs and 10 PCB congeners by tandem quadrupole gas chromatography-mass spectrometric analysis of Dried Blood Spots (DBS). Development was enabled by (1) optimization of suspension and extraction methodologies for DBS; (2) strategic streamlining and condensation of Multiple Reaction Monitoring (MRM) settings on GC/MS/MS; and (3) improvement of GC settings to accommodate all 32 compounds in a single chromatographic run per sample. The method was validated for parameters of linearity, limits of detection and quantitation, recovery and precision, and results from blood were shown to correlate well with those from DBS despite both being only 50 uL in volume. The method was applied successfully to blood samples from nine avian specimens submitted to the MSU Veterinary Diagnostic Lab, and all were shown to bear the burden of varying levels of OCs and/or PCB compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas F Lehner
- Michigan State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Toxicology Section, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Lauren Stensen
- Michigan State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Toxicology Section, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Alan Zimmerman
- Michigan State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Toxicology Section, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Adam Bush
- Michigan State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Toxicology Section, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI, USA
| | - John Buchweitz
- Michigan State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Toxicology Section, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI, USA.,Michigan State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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EVALUATION OF 25-HYDROXYVITAMIN D IN HOFFMANN'S TWO-TOED SLOTHS ( CHOLOEPUS HOFFMANNI) USING DRIED BLOOD SPOTS ANALYZED BY LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY-TANDEM MASS SPECTROMETRY. J Zoo Wildl Med 2020; 50:751-757. [PMID: 31926504 DOI: 10.1638/2019-0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although biochemical analytes have typically been measured using serum or whole blood samples, an increasing number of assays are validated for measurement of analytes from dried blood spots (DBS) on filter paper. DBS techniques are minimally invasive, require only a small sample volume, and simplify processing, storage, and shipment of samples. These qualities make DBS-based assays ideal for sampling of wildlife species in both captive and field settings. In this study, a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry assay was evaluated for measurement of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in sloths. Paired serum and DBS samples were collected from nine healthy captive Hoffmann's two-toed sloths (Choloepus hoffmanni). Statistical analysis using Passing-Bablok regression analysis, Bland-Altman plots, and the Wilcoxon signed-rank tests found good agreement between 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 measurements in serum and DBS samples. Constant and proportional bias were absent. Results from this study support the use of DBS samples for the evaluation of vitamin D status in Hoffmann's two-toed sloths and provide a foundation for further studies to validate this technique.
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Provatas AA, Kolakowski SL, Sternberg FH, Stuart JD, Perkins CR. Analysis of Dried Blood Spots for Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Organochlorine Pesticides by Gas Chromatography Coupled with Tandem Mass Spectrometry. ANAL LETT 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2018.1541994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony A. Provatas
- Center for Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Steven L. Kolakowski
- Center for Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Francis H. Sternberg
- Center for Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - James D. Stuart
- Center for Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Christopher R. Perkins
- Center for Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
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