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Wang S, He H, Chen Y, Wang Y, Cui T, Ma N. TRPV4 modulation participates in paraoxon-induced brain injury via NMDA and NLRP3 regulation. Brain Inj 2024; 38:848-857. [PMID: 38711413 DOI: 10.1080/02699052.2024.2351104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Organophosphorus pesticide poisoning can lead to severe brain damage, but the specific mechanisms involved are not fully understood. Our research aims to elucidate the function of the TRPV4 ion channel in the development of brain injury induced by paraoxon (POX). METHODS In vivo, we examined the survival rate, behavioral seizures, histopathological alterations, NMDA receptor phosphorylation, as well as the expression of the NLRP3-ASC-caspase-1 complex and downstream inflammatory factors in the POX poisoning model following intervention with the TRPV4 antagonist GSK2193874. In vitro, we investigated the effects of GSK2193874 on NMDA-induced inward current, cell viability, cell death rate, and Ca2+ accumulation in primary hippocampal neurons. RESULTS The treatment with the TRPV4 antagonist increased the survival rate, suppressed the status epilepticus, improved pathological damage, and reduced the phosphorylation level of NMDA receptors after POX exposure. Additionally, it inhibited the upregulation of NLRP3 inflammasome and inflammatory cytokines expression after POX exposure. Moreover, the TRPV4 antagonist corrected the NMDA-induced increase in inward current and cell death rate, decrease in cell viability, and Ca2+ accumulation. CONCLUSION TRPV4 participates in the mechanisms of brain injury induced by POX exposure through NMDA-mediated excitotoxicity and NLRP3-mediated inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Wang
- College of Medicine, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
| | - Huanhuan He
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Chen
- College of Medicine, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
| | - Yaru Wang
- College of Medicine, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
| | - Tingting Cui
- College of Medicine, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
| | - Ninghong Ma
- College of Medicine, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
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Ijomone OM, Iroegbu JD, Morcillo P, Ayodele AJ, Ijomone OK, Bornhorst J, Schwerdtle T, Aschner M. Sex-dependent metal accumulation and immunoexpression of Hsp70 and Nrf2 in rats' brain following manganese exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2022; 37:2167-2177. [PMID: 35596948 PMCID: PMC9357062 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Manganese (Mn), although important for multiple cellular processes, has posed environmental health concerns due to its neurotoxic effects. In recent years, there have been extensive studies on the mechanism of Mn-induced neuropathology, as well as the sex-dependent vulnerability to its neurotoxic effects. Nonetheless, cellular mechanisms influenced by sex differences in susceptibility to Mn have yet to be adequately characterized. Since oxidative stress is a key mechanism of Mn neurotoxicity, here, we have probed Hsp70 and Nrf2 proteins to investigate the sex-dependent changes following exposure to Mn. Male and female rats were administered intraperitoneal injections of MnCl2 (10 mg/kg and 25 mg/kg) 48 hourly for a total of eight injections (15 days). We evaluated changes in body weight, as well as Mn accumulation, Nrf2 and Hsp70 expression across four brain regions; striatum, cortex, hippocampus and cerebellum in both sexes. Our results showed sex-specific changes in body-weight, specifically in males but not in females. Additionally, we noted sex-dependent accumulation of Mn in the brain, as well as in expression levels of Nrf2 and Hsp70 proteins. These findings revealed sex-dependent susceptibility to Mn-induced neurotoxicity corresponding to differential Mn accumulation, and expression of Hsp70 and Nrf2 across several brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omamuyovwi M. Ijomone
- Departments of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- The Neuro- Lab, Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Federal University of Technology Akure, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Joy D. Iroegbu
- The Neuro- Lab, Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Federal University of Technology Akure, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Patricia Morcillo
- Departments of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Akinyemi J. Ayodele
- Departments of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Olayemi K. Ijomone
- The Neuro- Lab, Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Federal University of Technology Akure, Akure, Nigeria
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Nigeria
| | - Julia Bornhorst
- Food Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
- TraceAge – DFG Research Unit on Interactions of Essential Trace Elements in Healthy and Diseased Elderly (FOR 2558), Berlin-Potsdam-Jena-Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Tanja Schwerdtle
- TraceAge – DFG Research Unit on Interactions of Essential Trace Elements in Healthy and Diseased Elderly (FOR 2558), Berlin-Potsdam-Jena-Wuppertal, Germany
- Department of Food Chemistry, Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Michael Aschner
- Departments of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
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Cornelissen AS, Garcia EE, Raulli RE, Laney J, Joosen MJA. A delayed treatment model for the evaluation of scopolamine for VX nerve agent intoxication. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2021; 427:115650. [PMID: 34273408 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2021.115650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Most research on medical countermeasures for nerve agent exposure assumes a military scenario, in which (autoinjector) treatment is envisaged to be available immediately. In a civilian setting however, treatment is delayed until arrival of first-aid responders. This may significantly affect treatment efficacy and the requirements for secondary intensive care. The aim of the current study was to develop a guinea pig model to evaluate the efficacy of delayed treatment following nerve agent exposure. We identified a trigger-to-treat based on a progressive stage of the toxidrome following VX exposure, which was associated with the subsiding of clonic movements. This paradigm resulted in treatment consistently being administered between 15 and 25 min post-exposure. Using the model, we investigated the potential for the anticholinergic scopolamine to act as a delayed treatment either as a standalone treatment, or as an adjunct to delayed treatment with Standard of Care (SOC), containing atropine, 2-PAM, and midazolam. The study provides a framework for a small animal model for evaluating the efficacy of treatment administered at a specific stage of the toxidrome, when immediate treatment is absent. As an adjunct, scopolamine treatment did not result in improved survival, but did show a beneficial effect on recovery, in terms of general posture. As a standalone treatment, scopolamine showed a significant, dose-responsive, beneficial effect on survival and recovery. These promising results warrant additional studies to investigate which observed physiological improvements are relevant for the recovery process and residual injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex S Cornelissen
- TNO Defence, Safety and Security, CBRN Protection, Rijswijk, the Netherlands.
| | - Efrain E Garcia
- Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA), Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response (ASPR), Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), United States
| | - Robert E Raulli
- Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA), Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response (ASPR), Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), United States
| | - Judith Laney
- Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA), Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response (ASPR), Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), United States
| | - Marloes J A Joosen
- TNO Defence, Safety and Security, CBRN Protection, Rijswijk, the Netherlands
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Wigenstam E, Forsberg E, Bucht A, Thors L. Efficacy of atropine and scopolamine on airway contractions following exposure to the nerve agent VX. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2021; 419:115512. [PMID: 33785355 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2021.115512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Nerve agents are highly toxic organophosphorus compounds that inhibit acetylcholinesterase resulting in rapid accumulation of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) causing a cholinergic syndrome including respiratory failure. In the present study, respiratory responses and antimuscarinic treatment efficacy was evaluated ex vivo using rat precision-cut lung slices (PCLS) exposed to the nerve agent VX. The respiratory effects were evaluated either by adding exogenous ACh directly to the culture medium or by applying electric-field stimulation (EFS) to the PCLS to achieve a release of endogenous ACh from neurons in the lung tissue. The airway contraction induced by both methods was enhanced by VX and resulted in lingering airway recovery, in particular when airways were exposed to a high VX-dose. Both contractions induced by EFS and exogenously added ACh were significantly reduced by administration of the antimuscarinic drugs atropine or scopolamine. Two additions of atropine or scopolamine after maximal ACh-induced airway response was demonstrated effective to reverse the contraction. By adding consecutive doubled doses of antimuscarinics, high efficiency to reduce the cholinergic airway response was observed. However, the airways were not completely recovered by atropine or scopolamine, indicating that non-muscarinic mechanisms were involved in the smooth muscle contractions. In conclusion, it was demonstrated that antimuscarinic treatment reversed airway contraction induced by VX but supplemental pharmacological interventions are needed to fully recover the airways. Further studies should therefore clarify the mechanisms of physiological responses in lung tissue following nerve agent exposures to improve the medical management of poisoned individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Wigenstam
- Swedish Defence Research Agency, CBRN Defence and Security, Umeå, Sweden
| | - E Forsberg
- Swedish Defence Research Agency, CBRN Defence and Security, Umeå, Sweden
| | - A Bucht
- Swedish Defence Research Agency, CBRN Defence and Security, Umeå, Sweden
| | - L Thors
- Swedish Defence Research Agency, CBRN Defence and Security, Umeå, Sweden.
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Wang S, He H, Long J, Sui X, Yang J, Lin G, Wang Q, Wang Y, Luo Y. TRPV4 Regulates Soman-Induced Status Epilepticus and Secondary Brain Injury via NMDA Receptor and NLRP3 Inflammasome. Neurosci Bull 2021; 37:905-920. [PMID: 33761112 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-021-00662-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Nerve agents are used in civil wars and terrorist attacks, posing a threat to public safety. Acute exposure to nerve agents such as soman (GD) causes serious brain damage, leading to death due to intense seizures induced by acetylcholinesterase inhibition and neuronal injury resulting from increased excitatory amino-acid levels and neuroinflammation. However, data on the anticonvulsant and neuroprotective efficacies of currently-used countermeasures are limited. Here, we evaluated the potential effects of transient receptor vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) in the treatment of soman-induced status epilepticus (SE) and secondary brain injury. We demonstrated that TRPV4 expression was markedly up-regulated in rat hippocampus after soman-induced seizures. Administration of the TRPV4 antagonist GSK2193874 prior to soman exposure significantly decreased the mortality rate in rats and reduced SE intensity. TRPV4-knockout mice also showed lower incidence of seizures and higher survival rates than wild-type mice following soman exposure. Further in vivo and in vitro experiments demonstrated that blocking TRPV4 prevented NMDA receptor-mediated glutamate excitotoxicity. The protein levels of the NLRP3 inflammasome complex and its downstream cytokines IL-1β and IL-18 increased in soman-exposed rat hippocampus. However, TRPV4 inhibition or deletion markedly reversed the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway. In conclusion, our study suggests that the blockade of TRPV4 protects against soman exposure and reduces brain injury following SE by decreasing NMDA receptor-mediated excitotoxicity and NLRP3-mediated neuroinflammation. To our knowledge, this is the first study regarding the "dual-switch" function of TRPV4 in the treatment of soman intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Huanhuan He
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Jianhai Long
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Xin Sui
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Jun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Guodong Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Qian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Yongan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Yuan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China.
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